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Aeschynite-(Y)

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Lohning quarry (Lohninger quarry), Hüttwinkl valley, Rauris valley, Hohe Tauern, Salzburg, Austria
© Stephan Wolfsried

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Formula:
(Y,Ca,Fe,Th)(Ti,Nb)
 
2
(O,OH)
 
6
System:OrthorhombicColour:Pale yellow, ...
Lustre:Resinous, Waxy, Pearly, Sub-MetallicHardness:5 - 6
Member of:Aeschynite Group
Name:For its relationship to Aeschynite-(Ce), with yttrium as the dominant rare-earth element.


The yttrium analogue of aeschynite-(Ce).
The most common aeschynite mineral.

Classification of Aeschynite-(Y)

IMA status:Approved
Strunz 8th edition ID:4/D.21-10
Nickel-Strunz 10th (pending) edition ID:4.DF.05

4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
D : Metal: Oxygen = 1:2 and similar
F : With large (+- medium-sized) cations; dimers and trimers of edgesharing octahedra
Dana 8th edition ID:8.3.6.3

8 : MULTIPLE OXIDES CONTAINING NIOBIUM,TANTALUM OR TITANIUM
3 : AB2O6
Hey's CIM Ref.:18.2.15

18 : Niobates and Tantalates
2 : Niobates and tantalates containing rare earths but not U
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Type Occurrence of Aeschynite-(Y)

Type Locality:Urstad feldspar quarry, Hidra (Hitterø), Flekkefjord, Vest-Agder, Norway

Occurrences of Aeschynite-(Y)

Geological Setting:In granite and granite pegmatites, in ankerite-dolomitic carbonatites, as a detrital mineral in placers.

Physical Properties of Aeschynite-(Y)

Lustre:Resinous, Waxy, Pearly, Sub-Metallic
Diaphaneity (Transparency):Transparent, Translucent
Comment:Submetallic to pearly on crystal faces, resinous to waxy on fracture surfaces.
Colour:Pale yellow, yellow-orange, pale greenish yellow
Streak:White, pale yellow, reddish yellow
Hardness (Mohs):5 - 6
Tenacity:Brittle
Cleavage:Perfect
on {100}, {010} and {001}
Fracture:Irregular/Uneven
Density (measured):4.82 - 4.93 g/cm3
Density (calculated):5.5 g/cm3

Crystallography of Aeschynite-(Y)

Crystal System:Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) - Dipyramidal
Space Group:Pmna {P2/m 2/n 21/a}
Cell Parameters:a = 7.47Å, b = 10.98Å, c = 5.18Å
Ratio:a:b:c = 0.68 : 1 : 0.472
Unit Cell Volume:V 424.87 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:4
Morphology:Crystals to 10 cm, commonly tabular, less commonly prismatic, forms {001}, {010}, {021}, {110}, {210} and {111}, also granular and massive
X-Ray Powder Diffraction:
d-spacingIntensity
1.051 (7)
1.059 (7)
2.503 (4)
2.715 (5)
2.902 (10)
4.34 (5)
5.27 (4)
Comments:Sample from "Southern China"

Optical Data of Aeschynite-(Y)

Type:Biaxial (+)
RI values: nα = 2.190 - 2.280 nβ = 2.210 - 2.300 nγ = 2.340 - 2.500
2V:Measured: 70° to 80°
Maximum Birefringence:δ = 0.150 - 0.220

Chart shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness) and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:Very High
Dispersion:r > v, strong

Chemical Properties of Aeschynite-(Y)

Formula:
(Y,Ca,Fe,Th)(Ti,Nb)
 
2
(O,OH)
 
6
Essential elements:O, Ti, Y
All elements listed in formula:Ca, Fe, H, Nb, O, Th, Ti, Y
Analytical Data:Sample from Urstad, Norway; "Ce2O3" includes (La,Dy)2O3
Nb2O5 (17.99)
Ta2O5 (0.89)
SiO2 (0.38)
TiO2 (32.91)
SnO2 (0.12)
ThO2 (7.69)
UO2 (4.01)
(Y,Er)2O3 (28.76)
Ce2O3 (1.97)
FeO (1.48)
MnO (0.27)
PbO (0.06)
MgO (0.04)
CaO (1.02)
Na2O (0.22)
K2O (0.19)
H2O (1.88)

sum 99.88 wt.-%

Relationship of Aeschynite-(Y) to other Species

Series:Forms a series with Aeschynite-(Ce) (see here)
Forms a series with Tantalaeschynite-(Y) (see here)
Member of:Aeschynite Group
Other Members of Group:

- +
Aeschynite-(Ce)
(Ce,Ca,Fe,Th)(Ti,Nb)
 
2
(O,OH)
 
6
Aeschynite-(Nd)
(Nd,Ce,Ca)(Ti,Nb)
 
2
(O,OH)
 
6
Nioboaeschynite-(Ce)
(Ce,Ca,Th)(Nb,Ti)
 
2
(O,OH)
 
6
Nioboaeschynite-(Nd)
(Nd,Ce,Ca,Th)(Nb,Ti,Fe,Ta)
 
2
(O,OH)
 
6
Nioboaeschynite-(Y)
(Y,Ca,Ce,Nd,Th)(Nb,Ti,Ta)
 
2
(O,OH)
 
6
Rynersonite
Ca(Ta,Nb)
 
2
O
 
6
Tantalaeschynite-(Y)
(Y,Ce,Ca)(Ta,Ti,Nb)
 
2
O
 
6
Vigezzite
(Ca,Ce)(Nb,Ti)
 
2
O
 
6
Common Associates:
ZirconXenotime-(Y)TitaniteThoriteSynchysite Group
MuscoviteMonaziteGadoliniteGadoliniteFergusonite
Euxenite-(Y)CorundumColumbiteBiotiteAllanite
Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping):

- +
4.DF.05Aeschynite-(Ce)
(Ce,Ca,Fe,Th)(Ti,Nb)
 
2
(O,OH)
 
6
4.DF.05Aeschynite-(Nd)
(Nd,Ce,Ca)(Ti,Nb)
 
2
(O,OH)
 
6
4.DF.05Nioboaeschynite-(Ce)
(Ce,Ca,Th)(Nb,Ti)
 
2
(O,OH)
 
6
4.DF.05Nioboaeschynite-(Nd)
(Nd,Ce,Ca,Th)(Nb,Ti,Fe,Ta)
 
2
(O,OH)
 
6
4.DF.05Nioboaeschynite-(Y)
(Y,Ca,Ce,Nd,Th)(Nb,Ti,Ta)
 
2
(O,OH)
 
6
4.DF.05Rynersonite
Ca(Ta,Nb)
 
2
O
 
6
4.DF.05Tantalaeschynite-(Y)
(Y,Ce,Ca)(Ta,Ti,Nb)
 
2
O
 
6
4.DF.05Vigezzite
(Ca,Ce)(Nb,Ti)
 
2
O
 
6
4.DF.10Changbaiite
PbNb
 
2
O
 
6
4.DF.15Murataite-(Y)
(Y,Na)
 
6
Zn(Zn,Fe
3+
 
)
 
4
(Ti,Nb,Na)
 
12
O
 
29
(O,F,OH)
 
10
F
 
4
Related Minerals - Hey's Index Grouping:

- +
18.2.1Fergusonite-(Y)
YNbO
 
4
18.2.2β-Fergusonite-(Y)
YNbO
 
4
18.2.3Fergusonite-(Ce)
(Ce,La,Nd)NbO
 
4
18.2.4β-Fergusonite-(Ce)
(Ce,La,Nd)NbO
 
4
18.2.5Fergusonite-(Nd)
(Nd,Ce)(Nb,Ti)O
 
4
18.2.6β-Fergusonite-(Nd)
(Nd,Ce)NbO
 
4
18.2.7Formanite-(Y)
YTaO
 
4
18.2.8Pyrochlore Group
A
 
2
Nb
 
2
(O,OH)
 
6
Z
18.2.9Ceriopyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977)
18.2.10Strontiopyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977)
18.2.11Loparite-(Ce)
(Na,Ce,Ca,Sr,Th)(Ti,Nb,Fe)O
 
3
18.2.12Fersmite
(Ca,Y)(Nb,Ta,Ti)
 
2
(O,OH)
 
6
18.2.13Aeschynite-(Ce)
(Ce,Ca,Fe,Th)(Ti,Nb)
 
2
(O,OH)
 
6
18.2.14Aeschynite-(Nd)
(Nd,Ce,Ca)(Ti,Nb)
 
2
(O,OH)
 
6
18.2.16Nioboaeschynite-(Ce)
(Ce,Ca,Th)(Nb,Ti)
 
2
(O,OH)
 
6
18.2.17Nioboaeschynite-(Nd)
(Nd,Ce,Ca,Th)(Nb,Ti,Fe,Ta)
 
2
(O,OH)
 
6
18.2.18Tantalaeschynite-(Y)
(Y,Ce,Ca)(Ta,Ti,Nb)
 
2
O
 
6
18.2.19Vigezzite
(Ca,Ce)(Nb,Ti)
 
2
O
 
6
18.2.20Murataite-(Y)
(Y,Na)
 
6
Zn(Zn,Fe
3+
 
)
 
4
(Ti,Nb,Na)
 
12
O
 
29
(O,F,OH)
 
10
F
 
4

Other Names for Aeschynite-(Y)

Synonyms:
Aeschinite-(Y)Aeschynite-(Yt)BlomstrandineBlomstrandinitePriorite
Taiyite
Other Languages:
German:Aeschynit-(Y)
Äschynit-(Y)
Blomstrandin
Priorit
Italian:Aeschynite-(Y)
Russian:Эшинит-(Y)
Spanish:Priorita

Other Information

Other Information:magnetic
Health Warning:No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

References for Aeschynite-(Y)

Reference List:

- +
Brøgger, W.C. (1879): Untersuchungen norwegischer Mineralien I. Zeitschrift für Krystallographie und Mineralogie 3, 471-487 (+ plates XI-XIII)[ crystallographic description ]

Prior (1899), Mineralogical Magazine: 12: 96.

Brøgger, W.C. (1906): Die Mineralien der Südnorwegischen Granitpegmatitgänge, I. Niobate, tantalate, titanate und titanoniobate. Videnskapsselskapets Skrifter. I.Mat-Naturv. Klasse 1906, 6. p.98-104 (as blomstrandine)

Palache, C., Berman, H. and Frondel, C. (1944): The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Seventh edition, Volume I, 793-797.

Vlasov, K.A., Ed. (1966): Mineralogy of rare elements, Vol. 2, 489-496.

Levinson, A. A. (1966): A system of nomenclature for rare-earth minerals. American Mineralogist 51, 152-158.

Ling-Yi, C. (1974): Taiyite [= aeschynite-(Y)], a new variety of aeschynite-priorite group. Acta Gelogica Sinica 91-94. [Abs. in American Mineralogist (1976), 61, 178].

Sommerauer, J. and Weber, L. (1972): Aeschynit-(Y,Gd,Dy,Er), ein neues Zerrkluftmineral der zentralen Schweizer Alpen. Schweizerische mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen 52, 75-91 (in German with English abstract).

Anthony, J. W. et al. (1997): Handbook of Mineralogy, Vol. 3, 5.

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    • Localities for Aeschynite-(Y)

    The map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.
    Hide Locality List
    (TL) indicates type locality. ? indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. All other localities listed without reference should be considered as uncertain and unproven until references can be found.
    Austria
     
    • Lower Austria
      • Industrieviertel
        • Gloggnitz
          • Schlossberg
    		Kolitsch, U. & Bernhardt, F. (SXRD and EDS; to be published)
    • Salzburg
      • Hohe Tauern
        • Gastein valley
          • Böckstein
    		A. Strasser: Die Minerale Salzburgs, 1989; U. Kolitsch (SXRD-analysis)
    A. Strasser: Die Minerale Salzburgs, 1989
    A. Strasser: Die Minerale Salzburgs, 1989
        • Habach valley
    		Frank Schimak collection
          • Nasenkopf
            • Leckbachgraben (Leckbachrinne)
    		A. Strasser: Die Minerale Salzburgs (1989)
        • Obersulzbach valley
          • Hopffeld area
    		Preite D. (1986) - Hopffeldboden (Salzburg, Austria) - Rivista Mineralogica Italiana, Milano, n. 1, pp. 1-11, 1986
    Natural History Museum Vienna collection
        • Rauris valley
          • Hüttwinkl valley
    		R. Exel: Die Mineralien und Erzlagerstätten Österreichs (1993)
    • Tyrol
      • North Tyrol
        • Ziller valley
    		R. Exel: Die Mineralien und Erzlagerstätten Österreichs (1993)
          • Zamser Grund (Zams valley)
            • Schrammacher
    		Folie, K., Rocchetti, I. (1999): Novità Mineralogiche del Passo di Vizze. Rivista Mineralogica Italiana, 4/1999, 222-230.
    Canada
     
    • Ontario
      • Renfrew Co.
        • Lyndoch Township
          • Quadeville
    		ontariominerals.com
    China
     
    • Jiangxi Province
      • Ganzhou Prefecture
        • Longnan Co.
          • Longnan REE deposits
    		Deqian Chen, Daoling Yin, Jianxiong Zhou, Xingyuan Lin, Hanqing Zhang and Nicheng Shi (1994): Geological Review 59(1), 82-86
    • Shaanxi Province
      • Weinan Prefecture
        • Hua Co.
    		Dianhao Huang, Yichang Wang, Fengjun Nie, and Xiujie Jiang (1984): Acta Geologica Sinica 63(3)
    Czech Republic
     
    • Bohemia (Böhmen; Boehmen)
      • Liberec Region
        • Jěstěd Ridge
    		Pauliš P., Kopecký S., Černý P. 2007: Uranové minerály České Republiky a jejich naleziště. 1. část. (Kutna Hora, issue 1)
    • Moravia (Mähren; Maehren)
      • Vysočina Region
        • Třebíč
    		Pauliš P., Kopecký S., Černý P. 2007: Uranové minerály České Republiky a jejich naleziště. 1. část. (Kutna Hora, issue 1)]
    Pauliš P., Kopecký S., Černý P. 2007: Uranové minerály České Republiky a jejich naleziště. 1. část. (Kutna Hora, issue 1)
    Pauliš P., Kopecký S., Černý P. 2007: Uranové minerály České Republiky a jejich naleziště. 1. část. (Kutna Hora, issue 1)
    Pauliš P., Kopecký S., Černý P. 2007: Uranové minerály České Republiky a jejich naleziště. 1. část. (Kutna Hora, issue 1)
        • Velké Meziříčí
    		Pauliš P., Kopecký S., Černý P. 2007: Uranové minerály České Republiky a jejich naleziště. 1. část. (Kutna Hora, issue 1)
    France
     
    • Midi-Pyrénées
      • Ariège
        • Luzenac
    		[Le Cahier des Micromonteurs 1990, 4, p.3,8-12]
    • Rhône-Alpes
      • Savoie
        • La Lauzière massif
          • Bonneval-Tarentaise
    		DE ASCENCAO GUEDES R.. (2000). La Lauzière : les espèces minérales, Savoie, France. Le Règne Minéral hors-série n°6, pp. 24-39. Editions du Piat. DE ASCENCAO GUEDES R. (2002). Le quartz de La Baisse, massif de La Lauzière, Savoie, France. Le Règne Minéral n°44, pp. 32-33. Editions du Piat.
        • Tarentaise valley
          • La Léchère (Notre Dame de Briançon)
    		De Ascencao Guedes R., Meisser N. (2002), Les fentes à cristaux de Pierre Château, La Léchère, Tarentaise (Savoie), Le Règne Minéral, n°44, pp: 35-45
    Germany
     
    • Saxony
      • Oberlausitz
        • Löbau
          • Czorneboh
            • Cunewalde
              • Schönberg
    		Witzke, T., Giesler, T. (2008): Neufunde und Neubestimmungen aus der Lausitz, Der Aufschluss, Vol. 59, 245-252
    Italy
     
    • Aosta Valley
      • Courmayeur
        • Les Grandes Jorasses Massif
          • Ferret Valley
    		Piccoli, G.C., Maletto, G., Bosio, P., Lombardo, B. (2007): MInerali del Piemonte e della Valle d'Aosta. Associazione Amici del Museo "F. Eusebio" Alba, Ed., Alba (Cuneo) 607 pp.
        • Monte Bianco Massif (Mont Blanc Massif)
          • Veny Valley
    		Piccoli, G.C., Maletto, G., Bosio, P., Lombardo, B. (2007): Minerali del Piemonte e della Valle d'Aosta. Associazione Amici del Museo "F. Eusebio" Alba, Ed., Alba (Cuneo) 607 pp.
    Piccoli, G.C., Maletto, G., Bosio, P., Lombardo, B. (2007): Minerali del Piemonte e della Valle d'Aosta. Associazione Amici del Museo "F. Eusebio" Alba, Ed., Alba (Cuneo) 607 pp.
    • Liguria
      • Savona Province
        • Maremola Valley
          • Magliolo
    		Bracco, R., Callegari, A., Boiocchi, M., Balestra, C., Armellino, G., Ciriotti, M. E. (2006). Costa Balzi Rossi (Magliolo, Val Maremola, Savona, Liguria): una nuova località per minerali di terre rare e scandio. MICRO (località), 2006, 161-178.
    • Lombardy
      • Varese Province
        • Ceresio Valley
    		Guastoni A., Pezzotta F., Demartin F., 2004. Contributo alla mineralogia del granofiro di Cuasso al Monte: recenti determinazioni su esemplari del MSNM. Riv. Mineral. Ital., 28, 4: 194-202.
    • Piedmont
      • Cuneo Province
        • Bagnolo Piemonte
          • Ortieul
    		Piccoli, G.C. (2002): Minerali delle Alpi Marittime e Cozie. Provincia di Cuneo. Amici del Museo "F. Eusebio", Ed., Alba, 366 pp.; Piccoli, G. C., Maletto, G., Bosio, P., & Lombardo, B. (2007). Minerali del Piemonte e della Valle d'Aosta. Associazione Amici del Museo F. Eusebio - Alba, 607 pag.
        • Gesso Valley
    		Piccoli, G. C., & Lombardo, B. (2004). Il massiccio cristallino dell'Argentera. Rivista Mineralogica Italiana, 28 (1): 6-23
      • Torino Province
        • Luserna San Giovanni
    		- Finello, G., Ambrino, P., Kolitsch, U., Ciriotti, M.E., Blaß, G., Bracco, R. (2007): I minerali della “Pietra di Luserna”, Piemonte, Italia nord-occidentale. I. Alcune cave di gneiss della Val Luserna. Micro (località), 2/2007, 181-226.
    No reference listed
        • Sesia-Lanzo zone
          • Lanzo Valley
            • Ala Valley
              • Balme
    		Piccoli, G.C., Maletto, G., Bosio, P., Lombardo, B. (2007): Minerali del Piemonte e della Valle d'Aosta. Associazione Amici del Museo "F. Eusebio" Alba, Ed., Alba (Cuneo) 607 pp.
      • Verbano-Cusio-Ossola Province
        • Baveno
          • Oltrefiume
            • Mount Camoscio
    		American Mineralogist, 84(5-6), 782-789
        • Ossola Valley
          • Baceno
            • Devero Alp (Devero Valley; Val Devero)
    		J. W. Anthony et al.: Handbook of Mineralogy, Vol. III (1997)
          • Beura-Cardezza
    		Weiss, S. (1983): Valle d'Ossola. Kluftmineralien aus Steinbrüchen im Valle d'Ossola. Lapis, 8/1983, 12, 24-28
          • Vigezzo Valley
            • Toceno
    		Rivista Mineralogica Italiana, 23 (1), 42-49.
          • Villadossola
    		Rivista Mineralogica Italiana, 2 157-170.
    • Trentino-Alto Adige
      • Bolzano Province (South Tyrol)
        • Vizze Valley (Pfitsch Valley)
          • San Giacomo
            • Vizze pass (Pfitsch pass)
    		Folie K. Rocchetti I. (1999) Novità mineralogiche dal Passo di Vizze, Rivista Mineralogica Italiana, n° 4, 222-230; Folie K. Rocchetti I. (1999) Novità mineralogiche dal Passo di Vizze, Rivista Mineralogica Italiana, n° 4, 222-230
    Buscaroli, C., Del Pozzo, C., e Tosato, F. (1994): La fergusonite della Wasserfallkopfe in Val di Vizze. Rivista Mineralogica Italiana, 4/1994, 337-341
    Japan
     
    • Honshu Island
      • Chubu Region
        • Gifu Prefecture
          • Nakatsugawa City
    		The Mineral Species of Japan (5th ed) Matsubara
        • Yamanashi Prefecture
          • Kinpuzan district
            • Kofu City
              • Otome mine (Mitake mine)
    		The Mineral Species of Japan (5th ed) Matsubara
      • Kinki region
        • Mie Prefecture
    		Hiromi Yamasaki collection
    Madagascar
     
    • Antananarivo Province
      • Itasy Region
        • Soavinandriana District
          • Ankisabe Commune
    		Guigues, J. (1955): Etude des gisements de pegmatite de Madagascar (Deuxième partie). Travaux du Bureau Géologiques de Madagascar 67, Service Geologique, Tananarive, p 5
    Behier, J. (1963): Carte mineralogique de Madagascar. Archive Service Geologique A. 1871
          • Mahavelona Commune
    		Behier, J. (1963): Carte mineralogique de Madagascar. Archive Service Géologique Madagascar. A 1871
      • Vakinankaratra Region
        • Antsirabé 2 District
          • Sahanivotry Manandona Commune
    		Besairie H. (1966): Les Gites Minéraux de Madagascar. Annales Géologiques de Madagascar, Tananarive. 34, p. 71
        • Betafo District
          • Mahaiza Commune
    		Behier, J. (1963): Carte mineralogique de Madagascar. Archive Service Géologique Madagascar. A 1871
    • Tuléar (Toliara) Province
      • Menabe Region
        • Miandrivazo District
    		Behier, J. (1963): Carte mineralogique de Madagascar. Archive Service Géologique Madagascar. A 1871
    Mongolia
     
    • Hovd Aimag (Khovd Aimag)
      • Altai Mts
    		P.M. Kartashov data
    Norway
     
    • Aust-Agder
      • Arendal
    		Brøgger, W.C. (1906): Die Mineralien der Südnorwegischen Granitpegmatitgänge, I. Niobate, tantalate, titanate und titanoniobate. Videnskapsselskapets Skrifter. I.Mat-Naturv. Klasse 1906, 6, p.110
        • Stokken
    		Brøgger, W.C. (1906): Die Mineralien der Südnorwegischen Granitpegmatitgänge, I. Niobate, tantalate, titanate und titanoniobate. Videnskapsselskapets Skrifter. I.Mat-Naturv. Klasse 1906, 6, p.109
      • Birkenes
        • Vegusdal
    		Butler, J.R. (1958): Rare earths in some niobate-tantalates. Mineralogical Magazine. 31: 763-780
      • Froland
    		Wilke, H.-J. (1976): Mineral-Fundstellen Band 4: Skandinavien. Chr. Weise Verlag, München, 370 pp. (p 58)
      • Iveland
    		J. W. Anthony et al.: Handbook of Mineralogy, Vol. III (1997)
        • Frikstad
    		Revheim, O. (2004): Neue Funde von Gadolinit-(Y) und anderen Mineralien aus dem Steinbruch ”Slobrekka” bei Iveland, Norwegen. Mineralien-Welt 15 (2), 36-43
    Neumann, H. & Sverdrup, T.L.(1960): Contributions to the mineralogy of Norway No. 8. Davidite from Tuftan, Iveland. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 40: 277-288
        • Kåbuland
    		Bjørlykke, H.(1932): Blomstrandin von Kåbuland. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift. 11: 232-239 (p. 236); Hongslo, T. & Langmyhr, F. J. (1960): Contributions to the mineralogy of Norway no. 6. On the chemical composition of blomstrandine and euxenite. Norsk geologisk Tidsskrift 40, 157-164
    Hansen, G. H. (2001): Mineralene i Evje - Iveland. (Minerals of Evje - Iveland). Published by Froland Mineral Center, p.16
          • Knipan (Knipane)
    		Breivik, H., Myre, K. & Gunnufsen, K. (2010): Gammelt og nytt, stort og smått fra Storsynken, Knipane, Iveland. Norsk Bergverksmuseum Skrift. 43: 88-93
    Hansen, G. H.(2001): Mineralene i Evje - Iveland. Published by Froland Mineral Center. 1-88 pp
      • Risør
        • Søndeled
    		Andersen (1926): Feltspart I. Norges Geologiske Undersøkelse. 128a, 1-142 (p. 75); Neumann, H. (1985): Norges Mineraler. Norges geologiske Undersøkelse Skrifter 68, p. 82
    • Buskerud
      • Øvre Eiker
    		Anonymous (1982): Tryterud (F4-11). DG-nytt [A local magazine for the Drammen geological society, Norway]nr 4, 13
    • Telemark
      • Kragerø
        • Lindvikskollen-Kalstadgangen pegmatite
    		Kristiansen, R. (2010): Caysichitt-(Y) og chernovitt-(Y) fra Lindvikskollen- igjen ! Stein, 37 (3): 14-15
    • Vest-Agder
      • Flekkefjord
        • Hidra (Hitterø)
    		Adamson, O. J. (1942): The granite pegmatites of Hitterö, SW Norway. Geologiska Föreningen i Stockholm Förhandlingar 64: 97-116
    Adamson, O. J. (1942): The granite pegmatites of Hitterö, SW Norway. Geologiska Föreningen i Stockholm Förhandlingar 64: 97-116
    Adamson, O. J. (1942): The granite pegmatites of Hitterö, SW Norway. Geologiska Föreningen i Stockholm Förhandlingar 64: 97-116; Hongslo, T. & Langmyhr, F. J. (1960): Contributions to the mineralogy of Norway no. 6. On the chemical composition of blomstrandine and euxenite. Norsk geologisk Tidsskrift 40,157-164
    Adamson, O. J. (1942): The granite pegmatites of Hitterö, SW Norway. Geologiska Föreningen i Stockholm Förhandlingar 64: 97-116
    Adamson, O. J. (1942): The granite pegmatites of Hitterö, SW Norway. Geologiska Föreningen i Stockholm Förhandlingar 64: 97-116
    Brøgger, W.C. (1879): Untersuchungen norwegischer Mineralien I. Zeitschrift für Krystallographie und Mineralogie 3, 471-487 (+ plates XI-XIII); Brøgger, W.C. (1906): Die Mineralien der Südnorwegischen Granitpegmatitgänge, I. Niobate, tantalate, titanate und titanoniobate. Videnskapsselskapets Skrifter. I.Mat-Naturv. Klasse 1906, 6: 97- 104; Adamson (1942); Clark (1993 - "Hey's Mineral Index, 3rd Edition")
    Adamson, O. J. (1942): The granite pegmatites of Hitterö, SW Norway. Geologiska Föreningen i Stockholm Förhandlingar 64: 97-116
      • Lyngdal
        • Austad (Austa)
    		Brøgger, W.C. (1906): Die Mineralien der Südnorwegischen Granitpegmatitgänge, I. Niobate, tantalate, titanate und titanoniobate. Videnskapsselskapets Skrifter. I.Mat-Naturv. Klasse 1906, 6.[p. 107]
    Romania
     
    • Harghita Co.
      • Ditrău (Ditró)
    		Szakáll, S. & Kristály, F., Eds. (2010): Mineralogy of Székelyland, Eastern Transylvania, Romania. Csík County Nature and Conservation Society, Miercurea-Ciuc, Romania, 321 pp.
    Russia
     
    • Eastern-Siberian Region
      • Tuva Republic
    		no reference
    • Northern Region
      • Murmanskaja Oblast'
        • Kola peninsula
          • Western Keivy Massif
    		No reference listed
    • Urals Region
      • Southern Urals
        • Chelyabinsk Oblast'
          • Ilmen Mts
    		J. W. Anthony et al.: Handbook of Mineralogy, Vol. III (1997)
    Saudi Arabia
     
    • Mintaqah Tabuk
      • Midyan
    		Küster, D. (2009): Ore Geology Reviews 35, 68-86.
    Slovakia
     
    • Košice Region
      • Rožňava Co.
    		Koděra, M. et al., 1986 a 1990 : Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, diel 1- 3, Veda – Vydavateľstvo SAV, Bratislava, 1990, 1 – 1590k
    South Korea
     
    • Chungcheongbukdo (Chungchong-pukto)
      • Chungju (Chung Won Kum; Chung-ju)
        • Joongwon-gun
          • Mt. Eorae
    		P.M. Kartashov data
    Swaziland
     
    • Hhohho District
    		Prior, G. T. (1899): Minerals from Swaziland: Niobates and Titanates of the Rare Earths, Chemically Allied to Euxenite and Fergusonite; Cassiterite, Monazite, etc. The “Æschynite” from Hitterö. Mineralogical Record, 12: 96-101; J. W. Anthony et al.: Handbook of Mineralogy, Vol. III (1997)
    Sweden
     
    • Småland
      • Växjö
        • Asa
    		See above.
    • Uppland
      • Österåker
    		Nysten, P. (1996): Paragenetic setting and crystal chemistry of milarites from Proterozoic granitic pegmatites in Sweden. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Monatshefte 1996, 564-576.
    • Västergötland
      • Ale
        • Nödinge
    		No reference listed
      • Svenljunga
        • Överlida
    		Kjellman (1996), Uppsala Univ.
    Switzerland
     
    • Bern
      • Hasli Valley
        • Grimsel area
          • Gerstenegg
    		Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): "Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz", Verlag Wepf & Co. (Basel), p. 55
    • Grischun (Grisons; Graubünden)
      • Vorderrhein Valley
        • Tujetsch (Tavetsch)
          • Nalps Valley
    		Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): "Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz", Verlag Wepf & Co. (Basel), p. 55
    Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): "Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz", Verlag Wepf & Co. (Basel), p. 55
    • Ticino (Tessin)
      • Leventina
        • Bedretto Valley
          • Ronco
    		J. W. Anthony et al.: Handbook of Mineralogy, Vol. III (1997)
    Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): "Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz", Verlag Wepf & Co. (Basel), p. 55
        • Central St Gotthard Massif
          • Fontana
    		Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): "Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz", Verlag Wepf & Co. (Basel), p. 55
          • Lucendro Valley
    		Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): "Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz", Verlag Wepf & Co. (Basel), p. 55
    Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): "Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz", Verlag Wepf & Co. (Basel), p. 55
      • Lugano lake
        • Carona
    		Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): "Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz", Verlag Wepf & Co. (Basel), p. 55
    • Wallis (Valais)
      • Binn Valley
        • Kriegalp Valley (Chriegalp Valley)
    		van der Burgt, A. & Cuchet, S. (2005): Neu: Gadolinit, Aeschynit und Synchisit vom Fleschsee, Binntal (Schweiz). Lapis 30 (4), 19-27, 50. (in German)
    No reference listed
    S Wolfsried collection
      • Goms
        • Oberwald
    		Stephan Wolfsried collection (EDS G. Blaß, SXRD U. Kolitsch)
      • Le Trient Valley
    		Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): "Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz", Verlag Wepf & Co. (Basel), p. 55
      • Les Bagnes Valley
        • Entremont Valley
          • Ferret Valley
            • La Fouly
    		Cuchet, S., Schnyder, C. & Meisser, N. (2003): Les minéraux de L'A Neuve. Schweizer Strahler / Le Cristallier Suisse, Nr. 3, 28-37.; Cuchet, S., Schnyder, C. & Meisser, N. (2003): Les minéraux de L'A Neuve. Schweizer Strahler / Le Cristallier Suisse, Nr. 3, 28-37.
      • Martigny
        • Mont Chemin
    Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): "Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz", Wepf (Basel), p. 394.
      • Raron
    		Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): "Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz", Verlag Wepf & Co. (Basel), p. 55
      • Vernayaz
        • Miéville
    		Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): "Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz", Verlag Wepf & Co. (Basel), p. 54
    Ukraine
     
    • Zaporozh'e Oblast'
      • Priazovie
        • Eliseevka
          • Eliseevskoe pegmatite field
    		Lazarenko E.K. e.a. Mineralogy of Priazovie, - Kiev, "Naukova Dumka", 1981, p. 432.
    USA
     
    • Arizona
      • Mohave Co.
        • Cerbat Mts (Cerbat Range)
          • Wallapai District
            • Kingman area
              • Kingman Feldspar Mine (Kingman group of claims)
    		Rocks & Min. (2007) 82:236-237
    • Arkansas
      • Pulaski Co.
        • Little Rock
          • Granite Mountain area
    		Henry Barwood - unpublished (2010)
    • Colorado
      • Chaffee Co.
        • Buena Vista
          • Trout Creek Pass pegmatite District
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
      • Clear Creek Co.
        • Dailey District (Jones Pass District)
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.; USGS Open-File Report 80-661
      • Fremont Co.
        • Goldie Gulch
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckel, E. B.
      • Park Co.
        • Tarryall Springs District (Puma City)
    		Meeves, H., et al (1966), Reconnaissance of beryllium-bearing pegmatite deposits in six western states, US Bur. Mines Info. Circ. 8298: 31 (Table A-1).
    • Michigan
      • Marquette Co.
        • Republic
    		Mineralogy of Michigan (2004) Heinrich & Robinson; Snelgrove, A. K., W.A. Seaman and V.L. Ayres (1943), Mich. Geol. Survey Progr. Rept.
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