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Thorianite

Big Photo

Anosy (Fort Dauphin) Region, Tuléar (Toliara) Province, Madagascar
© Peter Haas

Show Thorianite Photos (39)
Formula:
ThO
 
2
System:IsometricColour:Dark gray, brown-black
Hardness:6½ - 7
Name:The name reflects its thorium content.


Uraninite Group. Thorianite-Uraninite Series.

Classification of Thorianite

IMA status:Valid - first described prior to 1959 (pre-IMA) - "Grandfathered"
Strunz 8th edition ID:4/D.31-50
Nickel-Strunz 10th (pending) edition ID:4.DL.05

4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
D : Metal: Oxygen = 1:2 and similar
L : With large (+- medium-sized) cations; fluorite-type structures
Dana 8th edition ID:5.1.1.2

5 : OXIDES CONTAINING URANIUM OR THORIUM
1 : AXO2·xH2O
Hey's CIM Ref.:7.10.10

7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
10 : Oxides of Zr and Th
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Type Occurrence of Thorianite

Type Locality:Balangoda, Ratnapura, Sabaragamuwa Province, Sri Lanka
Year of Discovery:1904

Physical Properties of Thorianite

Lustre:Resinous, Sub-Metallic
Colour:Dark gray, brown-black
Streak:Grey, Grey green to black
Hardness (Mohs):6½ - 7
Tenacity:Brittle
Cleavage:Poor/Indistinct
{001} poor.
Fracture:Irregular/Uneven, Sub-Conchoidal
Density (measured):9.7 g/cm3
Density (calculated):9.87 g/cm3

Crystallography of Thorianite

Crystal System:Isometric
Class (H-M):m3m (4/m 3 2/m) - Hexoctahedral
Cell Parameters:a = 5.6Å
Unit Cell Volume:V 175.62 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Morphology:Cubic crystals, usually rounded to some degree (water worn).
Twinning:Penetration twins on {111} very common.

Optical Data of Thorianite

Type:Isotropic

Chemical Properties of Thorianite

Formula:
ThO
 
2
Essential elements:O, Th
All elements listed in formula:O, Th
CAS Registry number:1314-20-1

CAS Registry numbers are published by the American Chemical Society
Common Impurities:U,Ce,La,Pb,TR

Relationship of Thorianite to other Species

Series:Forms a series with Uraninite (see here)
Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping):

- +
4.DL.05Cerianite-(Ce)
(Ce
4+
 
,Th)O
 
2
4.DL.05Uraninite
UO
 
2
4.DL.05Zirkelite
(Ti,Ca,Zr)O
 
2-x
4.DL.10Calzirtite
CaZr
 
3
TiO
 
9
4.DL.10Tazheranite
(Zr,Ti,Ca)O
 
2
4.DL.10Hiärneite
(Ca,Mn,Na)
 
2
(Zr,Mn
3+
 
)
 
5
(Sb,Ti,Fe)
 
2
O
 
16
Related Minerals - Hey's Index Grouping:

- +
7.10.1Baddeleyite
ZrO
 
2
7.10.2Arkelite
ZrO
 
2
7.10.3Painite
CaZrAl
 
9
[O
 
15
|BO
 
3
]
7.10.4Srilankite
Ti
 
2
ZrO
 
6
7.10.5Zirconolite
CaZrTi
 
2
O
 
7
7.10.6Calzirtite
CaZr
 
3
TiO
 
9
7.10.7Tazheranite
(Zr,Ti,Ca)O
 
2
7.10.8Zirkelite
(Ti,Ca,Zr)O
 
2-x
7.10.9Uhligite
Ca
 
3
(Ti,Al,Zr)
 
9
O
 
20
 ?

Other Names for Thorianite

Synonyms:
α-Thorianiteβ-Thorianiteγ-ThorianiteUraninite (of Coomaraswamy)
Other Languages:
German:Thorianit
Russian:Торианит
Spanish:Thorianita
Varieties:
AldaniteUranothorianite

Other Information

Health Warning:Contains thorium - always wash hands after handling. Avoid inhaling dust when handling or breaking. Never lick or ingest. Avoid prolonged exposure in proximity of the body. Store away from inhabited areas.
External LinksSearch for toxicity information at the United States National Library of Medicine

References for Thorianite

Reference List:Coomaraswamy (1904), Spolia Ceylon.

Dunstan (1904), Nature: 69: 510, 533, 559.

Coomaraswamy (1906), Jb. Min.: I: 165.

Dunstan and Jones (1906), Royal Society of London, Proceedings: 77: 385.

Ogawa (1912), Tohku Im. Univ., Sc. Rep.: 1: 201.

Ogawa (1913), Jb. Min.: II: 12.

Goldschmidt and Thomassen (1923), Vidensk. Selskr., Oslo, Math.-Nat. Kl., No. 2.

Palache, Charles, Harry Berman & Clifford Frondel (1944), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana Yale University 1837-1892, Volume I: Elements, Sulfides, Sulfosalts, Oxides. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York. 7th edition, revised and enlarged: 620-622.

US National Bureau of Standards, Circular (1953): 539(1): 57.

American Mineralogist (1974): 59: 378.

Internet Links for Thorianite

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  • Raman and XRD data at RRUFF project
  • American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database
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  • Thorianite details from Handbook of Mineralogy (PDF)
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    Localities for Thorianite

    Hide Locality List
    The map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.
    (TL) indicates type locality. ? indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. All other localities listed without reference should be considered as uncertain and unproven until references can be found.
    Afghanistan
     
    • Badakhshan (Badakshan; Badahsan) Province
      • Koksha Valley (Kokscha; Kokcha)
    		No reference listed
    Australia
     
    • Tasmania
      • Waratah district
        • Waratah
    		Bottrill, unpub.
    • Victoria
      • Mitta Mitta
    Brazil
     
    • North Region
      • Pará
        • Carajás mineral province
          • Canaã dos Carajás
            • Sossego Mine
    		Monteiro, L.V.S., Xavier, R.P., de Carvalho, E.R., Hitzman, M.W., Johnson, C.A., de Souza Filho, C.R., and Torresi, I. (2008): Mineralium Deposita 43, 129-159.
    Monteiro, L.V.S., Xavier, R.P., de Carvalho, E.R., Hitzman, M.W., Johnson, C.A., de Souza Filho, C.R., and Torresi, I. (2008): Mineralium Deposita 43, 129-159.
          • Parauapebas
    		Grainger, C.J., Groves, D.I., Tallarico, F.H.B., and Fletcher, I.R. (2008): Ore Geology Reviews 33, 451-489.
    • Southeast Region
      • Minas Gerais
        • Poços de Caldas plateau
          • Poços de Caldas
    		Baretto & Fujimori (1986)
    Canada
     
    • Nunavut Territory
      • Baffin Island
        • Kimmirut (Lake Harbour)
    		http://www.gia.edu/gemsandgemology/18578/22211/2278/back_issue_article_detail.cfm
    • Ontario
      • Haliburton Co.
        • Monmouth Township
    		geological survey of canada misc report 39; geological survey of canada economic geology report 29
          • Tory Hill
    		Ref.: Geological Survey of Canada Miscellaneous Report 39.
          • Wilberforce
    		GSC misc report 39
    • Québec
      • Outaouais
        • Pontiac RCM
          • Otter Lake
    		Sabina, Ann P., Geological Survey of Canada paper 70-50.
    China
     
    Zhang Peishan, Yang Zhuming, Tao Kejie, and Yang Xueming (1996): \"Mineralogy and Geology of Rare Earths in China\", Science Press (Beijing), 226 pp.
    • Jiangxi Province
      • Fuzhou Prefecture
        • Chongren Co.
    		Wenbin Zhou, and Zhanshi Zhang (2000): Experimental study and modelling of water-rock interaction in Xiangshan fossil geothermal field, south-eastern China. Proceedings of the World Geothermal Congress, 2319-2324.
    • Liaoning Province (Manchuria; Dongbei Region)
      • Dandong Prefecture
        • Fengcheng Co.
    		[var: Aldanite] http://geopubs.wr.usgs.gov/open-file/of02-189/of02-189.xls
    Czech Republic
     
    • Moravia (Mähren; Maehren)
      • Vysočina Region
        • Třebíč
    		Pauliš P., Kopecký S., Černý P. 2007: Uranové minerály České Republiky a jejich naleziště. 1. část. (Kutna Hora, issue 1)
    Pauliš P., Kopecký S., Černý P. 2007: Uranové minerály České Republiky a jejich naleziště. 1. část. (Kutna Hora, issue 1)]
    Egypt
     
    • Red Sea Governorate
      • Eastern Desert
        • Marsa Alam
    		Küster, D. (2009): Ore Geology Reviews 35, 68-86.
      • North Eastern Desert
    Germany
     
    • Rhineland-Palatinate
      • Eifel Mts
        • Laach lake volcanic complex
          • Kruft
    		Blass, G.; Graf, H.W., Neufunde von bekannten Fundorten (VIII), Mineralien-Welt 4/5, 41, 1993
          • Mendig
            • Niedermendig
    		Blass, G.; Graf, H.W., Neufunde von bekannten Fundorten (VIII), Mineralien-Welt 4/5, 41, 1993
    Blass, G.; Graf, H.W., Neufunde von bekannten Fundorten (VIII), Mineralien-Welt 4/5, 41, 1993
              • Wingertsberg Mt.
    		Blass, G.; Graf, H.W., Neufunde von bekannten Fundorten (VIII), Mineralien-Welt 4/5, 41, 1993
    Greenland
     
    • Kitaa (West Greenland) Province
      • Narsaq
    		Bondam, J., Soerensen, H. (1958): Uraniferous Nepheline syenites and related rocks in the Ilimaussaq area, Julianehaab District, southwest Greenland, Proceedings 2. UN International Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy, Vol. 2, 555-559
    Hungary
     
    • Fejér Co.
      • Velencei Mts.
        • Pátka
    		Szakáll & Gatter, 1993
    • Tolna Co.
      • Geresdi Hills
        • Mórágy
    		Szakáll-Gatter-Szendrei: Mineral Species of Hungary, 2005
    Italy
     
    • Aosta Valley
      • Courmayeur
        • Les Grandes Jorasses Massif
          • Ferret Valley
    		Piccoli, G.C., Maletto, G., Bosio, P., Lombardo, B. (2007): Minerali del Piemonte e della Valle d'Aosta. Associazione Amici del Museo "F. Eusebio" Alba, Ed., Alba (Cuneo) 607 pp.
    • Campania
      • Naples Province
        • Somma-Vesuvius Complex
    		www.dinet.it/Mineral-GMC/AMI/vesuvio.html.
            • Ercolano
              • San Vito
    		Luigi Chiappino data
            • Sant'Anastasia
    		Russo, M., Punzo, I. (2004): I minerali del Somma-Vesuvio, AMI
    • Latium
      • Latina Province
        • Ponza Island
    		H.E. Belkin, B. De Vivo, A. Lima : "Magmatic (silicte/saline/sulfur-rich/CO2) immiscibility and zirconium and rare-earth element enrichment from alkaline magam chamber margins : evidence from Ponza Island, Pontine Archipelago, Italy", Eur. J. Mineral. , 1996, 8, 1401-1420.
    • Piedmont
      • Verbano-Cusio-Ossola Province
        • Different Municipalities
    		http://www.unileoben.ac.at/~chemie/zaccarini%20et%20al%20finero%20Platinumsymposium%202005.pdf
    • Trentino-Alto Adige
      • Bolzano Province (South Tyrol)
        • Ultimo Valley (Ulten Valley)
    		Am Min 90:1177-1185
    Kyrgyzstan
     
    Madagascar
     
    • Tuléar (Toliara) Province
    		M Arliguie M collection (old label)
      • Anosy (Fort Dauphin) Region
        • Amboasary District
    		Behier, J. (1960): Contribution á la mineralogie de Madagascar. Annales Géologiques de Madagascar XXIX, Tananarive
    J. Behier (1960): Contribution à la Mineralogie de Madagascar. Ann.Geol.Mad. XXIX, p 71
          • Behara Commune
    		J Behier: contribution a la mineralogie de Madagascar ?
    Besaire, H.(1966): Gites mineraux de Madagascar. Annales Géologiques de Madagascar XXXIV,Tananarive p 399
          • Maromby Commune
    		J. Behier (1960): Contribution à la Mineralogie de Madagascar. Ann.Geol.Mad. XXIX , p 72
    J.Behier(1963): Carte mineralogique de Madagascar. Archive Serv. Geol.Mad. A 1871
    J. Behier (1960): Contribution à la Mineralogie de Madagascar. Ann.Geol.Mad. XXIX
    J Behier: contribution a la mineralogie de Madagascar
    J. Behier (1960): Contribution à la Mineralogie de Madagascar. Ann.Geol.Mad. XXIX
    Behier, J. (1963): Carte mineralogique de Madagascar. Archive Service Géologique Madagascar. A 1871
    J. Behier (1960): Contribution à la Mineralogie de Madagascar. Ann.Geol.Mad. XXIX
    J. Behier (1960): Contribution à la Mineralogie de Madagascar. Ann.Geol.Mad. XXIX
    J. Behier (1960): Contribution à la Mineralogie de Madagascar. Ann.Geol.Mad. XXIX, p 72
            • Belafa area
    		J. Behier (1960): Contribution à la Mineralogie de Madagascar. Ann.Geol.Mad. XXIX
    Besaire,H. (1966): Gites mineraux de Madagascar. Ann.Geol.Mad. XXXIV
    Besaire,H. (1966): Gites mineraux de Madagascar. Ann.Geol.Mad. XXXIV
    Besaire,H. (1966): Gites mineraux de Madagascar. Ann.Geol.Mad. XXXIV
    Besaire,H. (1966): Gites mineraux de Madagascar. Ann.Geol.Mad. XXXIV
    Besaire,H. (1966): Gites mineraux de Madagascar. Ann.Geol.Mad. XXXIV
    Besaire,H.(1966): Gites mineraux de Madagascar.Ann.Geo.Mad XXXIV,Tananarive
    Besaire,H. (1966): Gites mineraux de Madagascar. Ann.Geol.Mad. XXXIV
    Besaire,H.(1966): Gites mineraux de Madagascar.Ann.Geo.Mad XXXIV,Tananarive
    J. Behier (1960): Contribution à la Mineralogie de Madagascar. Ann.Geol.Mad. XXIX ,p 72
    Behier, J. (1963): Carte mineralogique de Madagascar. Archive Service Géologique Madagascar. A 1871
    Besaire,H. (1966): Gites mineraux de Madagascar. Ann.Geol.Mad. XXXIV
          • Tranomaro area
    		J. Behier (1960): Contribution à la Mineralogie de Madagascar. Ann.Geol.Mad. XXIX , p. 73
          • Tranomaro Commune
    		[var: Uranothorianite] Behier, J. (1960): Contribution á la mineralogie de Madagascar. Annales Géologiques de Madagascar XXIX, Tananarive. p 72 13
    Behier, J. (1960): Contribution á la mineralogie de Madagascar. Annales Géologiques de Madagascar XXIX, Tananarive, p 72
    Behier, J. (1960): Contribution á la mineralogie de Madagascar. Annales Géologiques de Madagascar XXIX, Tananarive, p 72
    Delbos,L (1955): Note sur le gisement d'un mineral nouveau " la hibonite" de' l'Androy Mandrareen" in Rapport Annuel du Service Geologique pour 1955, Tananarivo
    - Behier, J. (1960): Contribution á la mineralogie de Madagascar. Annales Géologiques de Madagascar XXIX, Tananarive. p 72
    [var: Uranothorianite] Behier, J. (1960): Contribution á la mineralogie de Madagascar. Annales Géologiques de Madagascar XXIX, Tananarive, p73
    Besaire,H.(1966): Gites mineraux de Madagascar. Annales Géologiques de Madagascar XXXIV,Tananarive p 396
    Besaire,H.(1966): Gites mineraux de Madagascar. Annales Géologiques de Madagascar XXXIV,Tananarive p 397
    Behier, J. (1960): Contribution á la mineralogie de Madagascar. Annales Géologiques de Madagascar XXIX, Tananarive, p 397
    Behier, J. (1963): Carte mineralogique de Madagascar. Archive Service Géologique Madagascar. A 1871
    Besaire,H. (1966): Gites mineraux de Madagascar. Ann.Geol.Mad. XXXIV p 397
    J. Behier (1960): Contribution à la Mineralogie de Madagascar. Ann.Geol.Mad. XXIX , p 73
    Besaire,H. (1966): Gites mineraux de Madagascar. Ann.Geol.Mad. XXXIV
    [var: Uranothorianite] J. Behier (1960): Contribution à la Mineralogie de Madagascar. Ann.Geol.Mad. XXIX, p. 72
    [var: Uranothorianite] Behier, J. (1960): Contribution á la mineralogie de Madagascar. Annales Géologiques de Madagascar XXIX, Tananarive, p 72
    [var: Uranothorianite] Besaire,H.(1966): Gites mineraux de Madagascar. Annales Géologiques de Madagascar XXXIV,Tananarive
        • Betroka District
          • Ambatomivary Commune
    		Behier, J. (1963): Carte mineralogique de Madagascar. Archive Service Géologique Madagascar. A 1871
    Luc Vandenberghe collection
      • Menabe Region
        • Ankilizato commune
    		M Arliguie collection (old label)
      • Southwestern Region
        • Bekily District
    		Behier, J. (1963): Carte mineralogique de Madagascar. Archive Service Géologique Madagascar. A 1871
          • Beraketa Commune
    		Behier, J. (1963): Carte mineralogique de Madagascar. Archive Service Gélogique Madagascar. A 1871
    Behier, J. (1963): Carte mineralogique de Madagascar. Archive Service Géologique Madagascar. A 1871
    Mongolia
     
    • Dornogovi Aimag
      • Hövsgöl
    		Kynický, J. & Samec, P. (2005): Hydrothermally-metasomatic and exsolution-like mineralization of the carbonatites from selected localities at Gobi. Mongolian Geoscientist. sv. 9, č. 27, s. 52-55.
    Mozambique
     
    • Zambezia Province
      • Alto Ligonha District
    		No reference listed
    Norway
     
    • Akershus
      • Eidsvoll (Eidsvold)
        • Minnesund
    		Kvamsdal, L.O., Eldjarn, K. (2006): Mineralene i smaragdgruvene ved Byrud gård, Minnesund, Norge. STEIN 33 (4), 4-20
    • Aust-Agder
      • Evje og Hornnes
    		Frigstad, O. F. (1999): Amazonittpegmatitter i Iveland-Evje. Bergverksmuseets Skrift 15: 60-73
        • Landsverk
    		Info. board at the mine, 2005.
    • Telemark
      • Kragerø
        • Levang
    		O'Nions & Baadsgaard (1971, p. 10); Neumann (1985, p. 85).
      • Nome
    		Åmli (1974, p. 49); Neumann (1985, p. 85).
      • Skien
    		Jamtveit B., Dahlgren S. and Austrheim H., (1997): "High-grade contact metamorphism of calcareous rocks from the Oslo Rift, Southern Norway".
    Russia
     
    • Eastern-Siberian Region
      • Prebaikalia (Pribaikal'e)
        • Irkutskaya Oblast'
          • Lake Baikal area
            • Slyudyanka (Sludyanka)
    		Pavel M. kartashov data
      • Saha Republic (Sakha Republic; Yakutia)
    		[var: Aldanite] [Clark, 1993 - "Hey's Mineral Index, 3rd Edition"]
    Pavel M. Kartashov data
      • Transbaikalia (Zabaykalye)
        • Buriatia (Buryatia) Republic
          • Mama River Basin
            • Maigunda River
    		[MinRec 32:42]
    • Northern Region
      • Murmanskaja Oblast'
        • Kola Peninsula
          • Afrikanda
          • Kovdor Massif
    		[World of Stones 95:5-6, p64]
    • Urals Region
      • Southern Urals
        • Chelyabinsk Oblast'
          • Ilmen Mts
            • Ilmen Natural Reserve
    		[MinRec 33:167]; The Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 39, pp. 1095-1104 (2001)
    Slovakia
     
    • Košice Region
      • Eastern Slovenské Rudohorie Mts
        • Betliar
    		Kubiš M., Broska I.: 2006: Petrography, mineralogy and geochemistry of Betliar granite body (Gemeric unit, Western Carpathians,Slovakia). Miner. Polonica-Special Papers, vol. 28. p.121- 123
      • Southern Slanské Mts
    		Koděra, P., Rojkovičová, Ľ.,Košárková, M., 1998: Mineralógická správa lokality Byšta, Au-Ag. Manuscript, Archiv Geofond, Bratislava, 68 p
    South Africa
     
    • Limpopo Province
      • Phalaborwa
        • Loolekop
    • Northern Cape Province
      • Sutherland
    Spain
     
    • Catalonia
      • Tarragona
        • Conca de Barberà
          • Vimbodí
            • Poblet Monastery
    		C.. Canet et al. , The Canadian Mineralogist, 2003, V41, pp. 581-595
    C.. Canet et al. , The Canadian Mineralogist, 2003, V41, pp. 581-595
    C.. Canet et al. , The Canadian Mineralogist, 2003, V41, pp. 581-595
    Sri Lanka
     
    • Sabaragamuwa Province
      • Ratnapura
    		[Circular of the USA National Bureau of Standards,539,V.1,57(1953); Clark, 1993 - "Hey's Mineral Index"]
    Sweden
     
    • Småland
      • Jönköping
        • Gränna
    		No reference listed
      • Vetlanda
        • Alseda
    		J.Langhof: REE-mineralogy in Mo-granite pegmatites in Vetlanda-area, Småland,Sweden. 1991
    J.Langhof: REE-mineralogy in Mo-granite pegmatites in Vetlanda-area, Småland,Sweden. 1991
          • Slättåkra
    		H.-J.Wilke: Die Mineralien und Fundstellen von Schweden.1997
    USA
     
    • Alaska
      • Haines Borough
        • Juneau District
          • Skagway District
    		U.S. Geological Survey, 2008, Alaska Resource Data File (ARDF): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1225.
      • Matanuska-Susitna Borough
        • Yentna District
    		[var: Uranothorianite] U.S. Geological Survey, 2008, Alaska Resource Data File (ARDF): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1225.
    [var: Uranothorianite] U.S. Geological Survey, 2008, Alaska Resource Data File (ARDF): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1225.
    [var: Uranothorianite] U.S. Geological Survey, 2008, Alaska Resource Data File (ARDF): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1225.
    [var: Uranothorianite] U.S. Geological Survey, 2008, Alaska Resource Data File (ARDF): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1225.
    [var: Uranothorianite] U.S. Geological Survey, 2008, Alaska Resource Data File (ARDF): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1225.
      • Nome Borough
        • Koyuk District
    		[var: Uranothorianite] U.S. Geological Survey, 2008, Alaska Resource Data File (ARDF): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1225.
    [var: Uranothorianite] U.S. Geological Survey, 2008, Alaska Resource Data File (ARDF): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1225.
    [var: Uranothorianite] U.S. Geological Survey, 2008, Alaska Resource Data File (ARDF): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1225.
      • Northwest Arctic Borough
        • Fairhaven District
    		[var: Uranothorianite] U.S. Geological Survey, 2008, Alaska Resource Data File (ARDF): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1225.
    [var: Uranothorianite] U.S. Geological Survey, 2008, Alaska Resource Data File (ARDF): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1225.
    [var: Uranothorianite] U.S. Geological Survey, 2008, Alaska Resource Data File (ARDF): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1225.
    [var: Uranothorianite] U.S. Geological Survey, 2008, Alaska Resource Data File (ARDF): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1225.
    [var: Uranothorianite] U.S. Geological Survey, 2008, Alaska Resource Data File (ARDF): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1225.
    [var: Uranothorianite] U.S. Geological Survey, 2008, Alaska Resource Data File (ARDF): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1225.
    [var: Uranothorianite] U.S. Geological Survey, 2008, Alaska Resource Data File (ARDF): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1225.
    [var: Uranothorianite] U.S. Geological Survey, 2008, Alaska Resource Data File (ARDF): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1225.
    [var: Uranothorianite] U.S. Geological Survey, 2008, Alaska Resource Data File (ARDF): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1225.
    [var: Uranothorianite] U.S. Geological Survey, 2008, Alaska Resource Data File (ARDF): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1225.
      • Prince of Wales-Outer Ketchikan Borough
        • Ketchikan District
    		[var: Uranothorianite] U.S. Geological Survey, 2008, Alaska Resource Data File (ARDF): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1225.
      • Yukon-Koyukuk Borough
        • Chandalar District
    		[var: Uranothorianite] U.S. Geological Survey, 2008, Alaska Resource Data File (ARDF): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1225.
        • Circle District
    		U.S. Geological Survey, 2008, Alaska Resource Data File (ARDF): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1225.
        • Hughes District
    		[var: Uranothorianite] U.S. Geological Survey, 2008, Alaska Resource Data File (ARDF): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1225.
    [var: Uranothorianite] U.S. Geological Survey, 2008, Alaska Resource Data File (ARDF): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1225.
    [var: Uranothorianite] U.S. Geological Survey, 2008, Alaska Resource Data File (ARDF): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1225.
        • Koyukuk District
    		[var: Uranothorianite] U.S. Geological Survey, 2008, Alaska Resource Data File (ARDF): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1225.
        • McGrath District
    		[var: Uranothorianite] U.S. Geological Survey, 2008, Alaska Resource Data File (ARDF): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1225.
    U.S. Geological Survey, 2008, Alaska Resource Data File (ARDF): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1225.
    U.S. Geological Survey, 2008, Alaska Resource Data File (ARDF): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1225.
    [var: Uranothorianite] U.S. Geological Survey, 2008, Alaska Resource Data File (ARDF): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1225.
        • Shungnak District
    		[var: Uranothorianite] U.S. Geological Survey, 2008, Alaska Resource Data File (ARDF): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1225.
    • Colorado
      • Fremont Co.
        • Gem Park Area
    		U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
      • Larimer Co.
        • Crystal Mountain Pegmatite District (Storm Mountain District)
          • Storm Mountain
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckel, E. B.
    • Maine
      • Sagadahoc Co.
        • Topsham
    		"Maine Mineral Localites, 3rd Ed." by Thompson, W.B., et.al., 1998
    • Montana
      • Beaverhead Co.
        • Bloody Dick District (Lehmi Pass District; Bobbit District; Beaverhead District)
    		www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/gold/pdf/2054.pdf.
      • Granite Co.
        • Sapphire Mountains Area
    		U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
    • Nevada
      • Eureka Co.
        • Lynn District
    		NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
    • Pennsylvania
      • Northampton Co.
        • Forks Township
          • Easton
    		Lapham & Geyer, 1965. Mineral Collecting in Pennsylvania
              • C.K. Williams & Co. Quarry (Williams Quarry)
    		Rocks & Min.: 11:90.
    • Rhode Island
      • Washington Co.
        • Westerly
    		Overstreet, 1967. USGS Prof. Pap. 530.
    • Texas
      • Burnet Co.
    		Self-Collected by Franklin Roberts
      • Culberson Co.
        • Apache Peak area
    		Rocks & Minerals: 66(3): 196-224.
      • Hudspeth Co.
    		R&M 66:3 pp 196-224
    • Virginia
      • Roanoke Co.
    		Minerals of Virginia 1990 by R. V. Dietrich
    • Washington
      • Okanogan Co.
        • Golden Horn Batholith
    		Micro Probe Volume VI Number 8
      • Pend Oreille Co.
        • Granite Mountain
    		Metal Mines of Washington-Preliminary Report; Derkey, Joseph, Lasmanis
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