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Tourmaline

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Konar (Kunar; Konarh; Konarha; Nuristan) Province, Afghanistan
© Rob Lavinsky

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System:TrigonalHardness:7
Name:From the Cingalese "tourmali," the name given to colored gem zircons on the island of Sri Lanka (Ceylon). In the early 1800s it was discovered that some of the "zircons" arriving in European gem centers from the far east were actually a previously undescribed mineral.


Trigonal borosilicates of the Cyclosilicate Superclass. The general formula for this group may be written AD3G6(BO3)3[T6O18]Y3Z, where:

A = Ca, Na, K, or is vacant (large cations);

D = Al, Fe2+, Fe3+, Li1, Mg2+, Mn2+ (intermediate to small cations - in valence balancing combinations when the A site is vacant);

G = Al3+, Cr3+, Fe3+, V3+ (small cations);

T = Si (and sometimes minor Al3+, B3+);

Y = O and/or OH;

Z = F, O and/or OH.

[Note-1: Additional G and D site cations are reported substituting in minor amounts for the principal cations of these sites.]

[Note-2: The Y and Z sites are usually combined in the simplified formula for the Group as Z4.]

The structure for the Group is one in which SiO4 tetrahedra are linked into six-member rings having a hexagonal pattern and are stacked up with intervening distorted triangular BO3 groups, linked by D site cations; the SiO4 tetrahedra are linked vertically by G site cations and Y site anions, while the columns are linked horizontally by both D site cations and Y site anions. The A site cations and the Z site anions occupy the channels down the center of the columns (or the A site may be vacant.)

Classification of Tourmaline

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Physical Properties of Tourmaline

Hardness (Mohs):7
Fracture:Irregular/Uneven, Conchoidal
Density (measured):2.9 - 3.1 g/cm3

Crystallography of Tourmaline

Crystal System:Trigonal
Crystal Atlas:
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Tourmaline no.4 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Tourmaline no.309 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)

About Crystal Atlas

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The mindat.org Crystal Atlas allows you to view a selection of crystal drawings of real and idealised crystal forms for this mineral and, in certain cases, 3d rotating crystal objects. You need Java to see these. You can download Java for free - click here to download Java

The 3d models and java code are kindly provided by www.smorf.nl. You can control the movement of the models by holding down the left mouse-button over the 3d model and moving your mouse. Keyboard controls are:

: default positions
t/T: decrease/increase transparency x/X: next/previous texture
b/B: next/previous background w: toggle wireframe
s: toggle sticks m: toggle miller indices
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X-Ray Powder Diffraction:
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Radiation - Copper Kα
Data Set:
Horizontal Axis: ° to ° Vertical Axis: % Source Data: Filtered Data: Peaks:
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.

Relationship of Tourmaline to other Species

Group Members:
Buergerite
[Na][Fe
3+
3
][Al
 
6
][O
 
3
|F|(BO
 
3
)
 
3
|Si
 
6
O
 
18
]
Chromdravite
[Na][Mg
 
3
][(Cr
3+
 
,Fe
3+
 
)
 
6
][(OH)
 
3
|OH|(BO
 
3
)
 
3
|Si
 
6
O
 
18
]
Dravite
[Na][Mg
 
3
][Al
 
6
][(OH)
 
3
|OH|(BO
 
3
)
 
3
|Si
 
6
O
 
18
]
Elbaite
[Na][(Li,Al)
 
3
][Al
 
6
][(OH)
 
3
|OH|(BO
 
3
)
 
3
|Si
 
6
O
 
18
]
Feruvite
[Ca][(Fe
2+
 
 ,Mg)
 
3
][MgAl
 
5
][(OH)
 
3
|OH|(BO
 
3
)
 
3
|Si
 
6
O
 
18
]
Foitite
[ ][Fe
2+
2
(Al,Fe
3+
 
)][Al
 
6
][(OH)
 
3
|OH|(BO
 
3
)
 
3
|Si
 
6
O
 
18
]
Liddicoatite
[Ca][Li
 
2
Al][Al
 
6
][(OH)
 
3
|F|(BO
 
3
)
 
3
|Si
 
6
O
 
18
]
Magnesiofoitite
[ ][Mg
 
2
(Al,Fe
3+
 
 )][Al
 
6
][(OH)
 
3
|OH|(BO
 
3
)
 
3
|Si
 
6
O
 
18
]
Olenite
(Na,[ ])[(Al,Li)
 
3
][Al
 
6
][(O,OH)
 
3
|OH|(BO
 
3
)
 
3
|Si
 
6
O
 
18
]
Povondraite
[Na][Fe
3+
3
][Fe
3+
4
Mg
 
2
][(OH)
 
3
|F|(BO
 
3
)
 
3
|Si
 
6
O
 
18
]
Rossmanite
[ ][LiAl
 
2
][Al
 
6
][(OH)
 
3
|OH|(BO
 
3
)
 
3
|Si
 
6
O
 
18
]
Schorl
[Na][Fe
2+
3
][Al
 
6
][(OH)
 
3
|OH|(BO
 
3
)
 
3
|Si
 
6
O
 
18
]
Uvite
[Ca][(Mg,Fe
2+
 
)
 
3
][MgAl
 
5
][(OH)
 
3
|OH|(BO
 
3
)
 
3
|Si
 
6
O
 
18
]
Vanadiumdravite
[Na][Mg
 
3
][V
3+
6
][(OH)
 
3
|OH|(BO
 
3
)
 
3
|Si
 
6
O
 
18
]

Other Names for Tourmaline

Synonyms:
AphriziteAphrysiteAphryziteAsh DrawerBlue Schorl
Ceylonese PeridotChameleoniteIochroiteTaltaliteTourmaline Group
TourmaliniteTurmalineXeuxiteZeuxite
Other Languages:
Basque:Turmalina
Bulgarian:Турмалин
Catalan:Turmalina
Croatian:Turmalini
Czech:Turmalín
Danish:Turmalin
Dutch:Toermalijn
Finnish:Turmaliini
French:Tourmaline
Galician:Turmalina
German:Aphrysit
Aphryzit
Aschentrecker
Aschenzieher
Iochroit
Jochroit
Stangenschörl
Taltalit
Tourmalinit
Turmalingruppe
Xeuxit
Zeuxit
Hebrew:טורמלין
Hungarian:Turmalincsoport
Italian:Tormalina
Japanese:トルマリン
色電氣石
Latvian:Turmalīns
Lithuanian:Turmalinas
Norwegian (Bokmål):Turmalin
Polish:Turmalin
Portuguese:Turmalina
Romanian:Turmalină
Russian:Турмалин
Турмалиню
Samogitian:Tormalėns
Simplified Chinese:電氣石
Slovak:Skupina turmalínu
Slovenian:Turmalin
Spanish:Turmalina
Aphrysita
Aphryzita
Iochroita
Taltalita
Tourmalinita
Xeuxita
Zeuxita
Swedish:Turmaliner
Thai:ทัวร์มาลีน
Ukrainian:Рубеліт
Varieties:
AchroiteChrome-TourmalineIndicoliteMn-TourmalineNickeloan Tourmaline
RubelliteVanadium TourmalineVerdeliteWatermelon Tourmaline

Other Information

Health Warning:No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

References for Tourmaline

Reference List:Buerger, M.J. and Parrish, W. (1937) The unit cell and space group of tourmaline. American Mineralogist: 22: 1139-1150.

Agafonova, T.N. (1949) Crystallographic study of tourmalines. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR Comptes Rendus: 65: 207-209.

Belov, N.V. and Belova, B.N. (1949) Crystal structure of tourmaline. Doklady Akademii Sci. USSR: 69: 185.

Donnay, G. and Buerger, M.J. (1950) The determination of the crystal strcuture of tourmaline. Acta Crystallographica: 3: 5-12.

Ito, T. and Sadanaga, R. (1951) Fourier analysis of the structure of tourmalines. Acta Crystallographica: 4: 5-12.

Epprecht, W. (1953) Die Gitterkonstanten der turmaline. Schweizerische mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen: 33: 481-505.

Buerger, M.J., C.W. Burnham, and D.R. Peacor (1962), Assessment of the several structures proposed for tourmaline: Acta Crystallographica: 15: 583-590.

Manning, P.G. (1969), An optical absorption study of the origin of colour and pleochrism in pink and brown tourmalines: Canadian Mineralogist: 9: 678-690.

Donnay, G. & R. Barton (1972), Refinement of the crystal structure of elbaite and the mechanism of tourmaline solid solution: Mineral. Und Petr. Mitt.: 8: 273-286.

Belov, V.F., Khimich, T.A., Shpko, M.N. Voskresenskaya, I.E., and Okulov, B.N. (1973) Gamma-resonance investigations of ferruginous tourmaline. Soviet Physics and Crystallography: 18: 119-120.

Belov, V.F., Korvushkin, V.V., Belov, A.F., Korneev, B.V., and Zheludev, I.S. (1975) Nonequivalent positions of the iron ions and electronuclear interactions in tourmaline. Soviet Physics of the Solid State: 16: 1568.

Johnston, J.H. and Duncan, J.F. (1975) Manganese ion site distribution studies in tourmaline by anomalous X-ray scattering methods. Journal of Applied Crystallography: 8: 469-472.

Donnay, G. (1977) Structural mechanisms of pyroelectricity in tourmaline. Acta Crystallographica A, 33: 927-932.

Foit, F.F., Jr. and P.E. Rosenberg (1979), The structure of vanadium-bearing tourmaline and its implications regarding tourmaline solid solutions: American Mineralogist: 64: 788-798.

Afonina, G.G., Makagon, V.M., Bogdanova, L.A., and Vladykin, N.V. (1980) The unit cell parameters of tourmalines with different composition. Zapiski Vserossiyskogo Mineralogicheskogo Obshchestva: 109: 105-112.

Gorskaya, M.G., Frank-Kamenetskaya, O.V., Rozhdestvenskaya, I.V., and Frank-Kamenetskii, V.A. (1982) Refinement of the crystal structure of Al-rich elbaite, and some aspects of the crystal chemistry of tourmalines. Soviet Physics: Crystallography: 27: 63-66.

Manning, D.A.C. (1982) Chemical and morphological variation in tourmalines from the Hub Chapping batholith of peninsular Thailand. Mineralogical Magazine: 45: 139-147.

Gorskaya, M.G., Frank-Kamenetskaya, O.V., and Frank-Kamenetskii, V.A. ( ) Some problems of structural crystallochemistry of tourmalines. Crystal chemistry of minerals. Papers and Proceedings of the General Meeting International Mineralogical Association: 33: 532-540.

Henry, D.J. and Guidotti, C.V. (1985) Tourmaline as a petrogenic indicator mneral: an example from the staurolite-grade metapelites of NW Maine. American Mineralogist: 70: 1-15.

Sesedko, T.A. and Mischenko, K.S. (1986) K voprosu rentgenovskoy diagnostiki turmalinov (X-ray diagnosis of tourmaline). Zapiski Vserossiyskogo Mineralogicheskogo Obshchestva: 115(3): 369-377 (in Russian).

Mattson, S.M. and Rossman, G.R. (1987) Fe 2+ - Fe 3+ interactions in tourmaline. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals: 14: 163-171.

Foit, F.F., Jr. (1989), Crystal chemistry of alkali-deficient schorl and tourmaline structural relationships: American Mineralogist: 74: 422-431.

Afonina, G.G. and Makagon, V.M. (1990) Ordering of tourmaline and the distribution of cations by positions of Y and Z in its structure; according to X-ray powder patterns. Mineralogicheskiy Zhurnal, Kiev: 12(5): 19-25.

Kargal'tsev, S.V., Lebedev, A.S., and Fursenko, D.A. (1990) Relationship of intercation distances and unit cell dimensions of tourmaline. Soviet Geology and Geophysics: 31(8): 105-112.

Lebedev, AS., Kargal'tsev, S.V., Kuzmin, V.I., and Korovuslilcin, V.V. (1990) The effects of the crystallization conditions on the distribution of Al, e(Mg) in octahedron positions of tourmaline structures. Mineralogicheskiy Zhurnal, Kiev: 12(1): 24-33.

Sperlich, R. (1990) Zoning and crystal chemistry of tourmalines in prograde metamorphic sequence of the Central Alps, 51 p. PhD thesis, University of Basel, Switzerland.

Afonina, G.G. and Makagon, V.M. (1992) Unit cell parameters of tourmaline modifications at different degree of ordering. Russian Geology and Geophysics: 33: 53-57.

Henry, D.J. and Dutrow, B.L. (1992) Tourmaline in a low grade clastic metasedimentary rock: an example of the petrogenic potential of tourmaline. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology: 112: 203-218.

Grice, J.D. & T.S. Ercit (1993), Ordering of Fe and Mg in the tourmaline crystal structure: The correct formula: Neues Jahrb. Min. Ab.: 165: 245-266.

Hawthorne, F.C., MacDonald, D.J., and Burns, P.C. (1993) Reassignment of cation site-occupancies in tourmaline: Al-Mg disorder in the crystal structure of dravite. American Mineralogist: 78: 265-270.

London, D. & D.A.C. Manning (1995), Compositional variation and significance of tourmaline from SW England: Economic Geology.: 90: 495-519.

MacDonald, D.J. & F.C. Hawthorne (1995), The crystal chemistry of Si?Al substitution in tourmaline: Canadian Mineralogist: 33: 849-858.

Grew, E.S., and Anovitz, L.M. (1996) BORON: Mineralogy, Petrology and Geochemistry, second edition, as revised (2002).

Hawthorne, F.C. (1996), Structural mechanisms for light-element variations in tourmaline: Canadian Mineralogist: 34: 123-132.

Henry, D.J. and Dutrow, B.L. (1996) Metamorphic tourmaline and its petrologic applications. In E.S. Grew and L.M. Anovitz, Eds., Boron: Mineralogy, Petrology and Geochemistry: 33: 503-557. Reviews in Mineralogy, Mineralogical Society of America, Chantilly, Virginia.

Michailidis, K., Kassoli-Fournaraki, A., and Dietrich, R.V. (1996) Origin of zoned tourmalines in graphite-rich metasedimentary rocks from Macedonia, northern Greece. European Journal of Mineralogy: 8: 393-404.

Smith, M.P., Yardley, B.W.D. (1996) The boron isotopic composition of tourmaline as a guide to fluid processes in the southwestern England orefield: An ion microprobe study. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta: 60: 1415-1427.

Sperlich, R., Giere, R., and Frey, M. (1996) Evolution of compositional polarity and zoning in tourmaline during prograde metamorphism of sedimentary rocks in the Swiss Central Alps. American Mineralogist: 81: 1223-1236.

Povondra, P., Vrána, S. (1996) Tourmaline and associated minerals in alkali-feldspar orthogenesis near Hluboke nad Vltavou, southern Bohemia. Journal of the Czech Geological Society: 41: 191-200.

Sperlich, R., Giere, R., and Frey, M. (1996) Evolution of compositional polarity and zoning in tourmaline during prograde metamorphism of sedimentary rocks in the Swiss Central Alps. American Mineralogist: 81: 1222-1236.

Chaussidon, M. and Appel, P.W.U. (1997) Boron isotopic composition of tourmalines from the 3.8 Ga-old Isua supracrustals, West Greenland: implications on the ?11B value of early Archean seawater. Chem. Geol.: 136: 171-180.

Jiang, S., Palmer, M.R., Peng, Q., Yang, J. (1997) Chemical and stable isotope compositions of Proterozoic metamorphosed evaporites and associated tourmalines from the Houxianyu borate deposit, eastern Lianoning, Cina. Chem. Geol.: 135: 189-211.

Wolf, M.B. and London, D. (1997) Boron in granitic magmas: stability of tourmaline in equilibrium with biotite and cordierite. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology: 130: 12-30.

Dyar, M.D., M.E. Taylor, T.M. Lutz, C.A. Francis, C.V. Guidotti, & M. Wise (1998), Inclusive chemical characterization of tourmaline: Mössbauer study of Fe valence and site occupancy: American Mineralogist: 83: 848-864.

Jiang, S. (1998) Stable and radiogenic isotope studies of tourmaline: Overview. Journal of the Czech Geological Society: 43: 75-90.

Novák, M., Selway, J.B., and Houzar, S. (1998) Potassium-bearing, fluorine-rich tourmaline from metamorphosed fluorite layer in leucocratic orthogneiss at Nedvidice, Svratka Unit, western Moravia. Journal of the Czech Geological Society: 43: 37-44.

Dutrow, B.L., Foster, C.T., and Henry, D.J. (1999) Tourmaline-rich pseudomorphs in sillimanite zone metapelites: Demarcation of an infiltration front. American Mineralogist: 84: 794-805.

Dyar, M.D., Guidotti, C.V., Core, D.P., Wearn, K.M., Wise, M.A., Francis, C.A., Johnson, K., Brady, J.B., Robertson, J.D., and Cross, L.R. (1999) Stable isotope and crystal chemistry of tourmaline across pegmatite-country rocks boundaries at Black Mountain and Mount Mica, southwestern Maine, USA. European Journal of Mineralogy: 11: 281-294.

Hawthorne, F.C. & D.J. Henry (1999), Classification of the minerals of the tourmaline group: European Journal of Mineralogy: 11: 201-215.

Henry, D.J., Kirkland, B.L., and Kirkland, D.W. (1999) Sector-zoned tourmaline from the cap rock of a salt dome. European Journal of Mineralogy: 11: 263-280.

Keller, P., Roda Robles, E., Pesquera Perez, A., and Fontan, F. (1999) Chemistry, paragenesis and significance of tourmaline in pegmatites of the Southern Tin Belt, central Namibia. Chemical Geology: 158: 203-225.

Pieczka, A. (1999) Statistical interpretation of structural parameters of tourmalines: the ordering of ions in the octahedral sites. European Journal of Mineralogy: 11: 243-251.

Pieczka, A. (1999) Modeling of some structural parameters of tourmalines on the basis of their chemical composition: 1. The ordered structural model. 2nd. European Workshop on Tourmaline and Borosilicates Abstracts.

Tagg, S.L., Ch, H., Dyar, M.D., and Grew, E.S. (1999) Tetrahedral boron in naturally occurring tourmaline. American Mineralogist: 84: 1451-1455.

Velickov, B. and Abs-Wurmbach, I. (1999) Some considerations to mechanism of proton-deficiency in touralines. 2nd. European Workshop on Tourmaline and Borosilicates Abstracts.

von Goerne, G., Franz, G., and Robert, J.-L. (1999) Upper thermal stability of tourmaline + quartz in the system MgO-Al2O3-SiO2-B2O3-H2O and Na2O-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2-B2O3-H2O-HCl in hydrothermal solutions and siliceous melts. Canadian Mineralogist: 37: 1025-1040.

Dutrow, B. and Henry, D.J. (2000) Complexly zoned fibrous tourmaline: A record of evolving magmatic and hydrothermal fluids. Canadian Mineralogist: 38: 131-143.

Pieczka, A. (2000) Modeling of some structural parameters of tourmalines on the basis of their chemical composition: 1. The ordered structural model. European Journal of Mineralogy: 12: 589-596.

Clark, C.M. and Hawthorne, F.C. (2001) Bonding character of triangular boron in tourmaline. Goldschmidt Conference, 11, 3015.pdf.

Ertl, A., J.M. Hughes, & B. Marler (2001), Empirical formulae for the calculation of [T-O] and X-O2 bond lengths in tourmaline and relations to tetrahedrally-coordinated boron: Neues Jahrb. Min. Monats.: 12: 548-557.

Ertl, A., Pertlik, F., and Bernhardt, H.-J. (2001b) Ein hell-blauer Olenit-Schörl-Dravit Mischkristall von Ebersdorf, Niederösterreich: Strukturanalyse und Chemie. Mitt. Österr. Mineral. Ges.: 146: 75-77.

Fritz, E. (2001), The compatablity of manganese +II in tourmaline, 93 p., Unpub. M.S. Thesis, Univ. of Oklahoma.

Henry, D.J. and Dutrow, B.L. (2001) Compositional zoning and element partitioning in nickeloan tourmaline from a metamorphosed karstbauxite from Samos, Greece. American Mineralogist: 80: 1130-1142.

Hughes, K.-A., Hughes, J.M., and Dyar, M.D. (2001) Chemical and structural evidence for [4]B?[4]Si substitution in natural tourmalines. European Journal of Mineralogy: 13: 743-747.

Kawakami, T. (2001) Boron depletion controlled by the breakdown of tourmaline in the migmatite zone of the Aoyama area, Ryoke metamorphic belt, southwestern Japan. Canadian Mineralogist: 39: 1529-1546.

Kawakami, T. (2001) Tourmaline breakdown in the migmatite zone of the Ryoke metamorphic belt, Japan. Jour. Met.Geol.: 19: 61-75.

Nakano, T. and Nakamura, E. (2001) Boron isotope geochemistry of metasedimentary rocks and tourmalines in a subduction zone metamorphic suite. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors: 127: 233-252.

Camara, F., Ottolini, L. and Hawthorne, F.C. (2002) Crystal chemistry of three tourmalines by SREF, EMPA, and SMS. American Mineralogist: 87: 1437-1442.

Deksissa, D.J. and Koeberl, C. (2002) Geochemistry and petrography of gold-quartz-tourmaline veins of the Okote area, southern Ethiopia: implications for gold exploration. Mineralogy and Petrology: 75: 101-122.

Ertle, A., J.M. Hughes, F. Pertlik, F.F. Foit, Jr., S.E. Wright, F. Brandstätter, & B. Marler (2002), Polyhedron distortions in tourmaline: Canadian Mineralogist: 40: 153-162.

Hawthorne, F.C. (2002), Bond-valence constraints on the chemical composition of tourmaline: Canadian Mineralogist: 40: 789-797.

Tindle, A.G., Breaks, F.W., and Selway, J.B. (2002) Tourmaline in petalite-subtype gramitic pegmatites: evidence of
fractionation and contamination from Pakeagama Lake and Separation Lake areas of northwestern Ontario, Canada. Canadian Mineralogist: 40: 753-788.

Bebout, G.E. and Nakamura, E. (2003) Record in metamorphic tourmalines of subduction-zone devolatilization and boron cycling. Geology: 31: 407-410.

Cempírek, J. and Novák, M. (2003) Mineral assemblages and chemical composition of Al-rich tourmaline from abyssal pegmatites of the Bohemian Massif. In: LERM 2003, International Symposium on Light Elements in Rock-Forming Minerals (Nové M?sto na Morav?), 12-13. (abstract).

Ertle, A., J.M. Hughes, S. Prowatke, G.R. Rossman, D. London, & E.A. Fritz (2003b), Mn-rich tourmaline from Austria: Structure, chemistry, optical spectra, & relations to synthetic solid solutions: American Mineralogist: 88: 1369-1376.

Rustemeyer, P. (2003) Faszination Turmalin, 309 p. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Berlin. ISBN: 3827414245.

Torres-Ruiz, J., Pesquera, A., Gil-Crespo, P.P., and Velilla, N. (2003) Origin and petrogenetic implications of tourmaline-rich rocks in the Sierra Nevada (Betic Cordillera, southeastern Spain). Chemical Geology: 197: 55-86.

Novák, M., Povondra, P., and Selway, J.B. (2004) Schorl - oxy-schorl to dravite - oxy-dravite tourmaline from granitic pegmatites; examples from the Moldanubicum, Czech Republic. European Journal of Mineralogy: 16: 323-333.

Bosi, F., Agrosì, G., Lucchesi, S., Melchiorre, G., and Scandale, E. (2005) Mn-tourmaline from island of Elba (Italy). Crystal chemistry. American Mineralogist: 90: 1661-1668.

Agrosì, G., Bosi, F., Lucchesi, S., Melchiorre, G., and Scandale, E. (2006) Mn-tourmaline crystals from island of Elba (Italy): Growth history and growth marks. American Mineralogist: 91: 944-952.

van Hinsberg, V.J., Schumacher, J.C.,Kearns, S., Mason, P.R.D., and Franz, G. (2006) Hourglass sector zoning in metamorphic tourmaline and resultant major and trace-element fractionation. American Mineralogist: 91: 717-728.

http://www.geol.lsu.edu/henry/Research/tourmaline/TourmalineToday.htm
[Note: the nomenclature therein is not IMA-approved]

Manning, P.G. (1969), An optical absorption study of the origin of colour and pleochrism in pink and brown tourmalines: Canadian Mineralogist: 9: 678-690.

Articles/Blogs about Tourmaline

Article entries:
Rock, Paper, ScissorsPaul Gilmore
Tourmaline by E. E. Tompkins 1938Scott L. Ritchie
Tourmaline... Gem With The Electric Personality by J. Laudermilk 1953Scott L. Ritchie
So Cal Tourmaline & Gem Minerals Exhibit in USNM by W. T. Schaller 1919Scott L. Ritchie
Black Tourmaline from Little Cahuilla Mountain by K. L. Gochenour 1988Scott L. Ritchie
The Stewart Lithia Tourmaline Mine by E. R. Swoboda 2000Scott L. Ritchie
The J. G. Braye Residence and Bunk House by J. S. Lewis & E. M. Ramsey 1988Scott L. Ritchie

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    Localities for Tourmaline

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    Copyright © Jolyon Ralph and Ida Chau 1993-2009. Site Map. Locality, mineral & photograph data are the copyright of the individuals who submitted them.Further information contact the Site hosted & developed by Jolyon Ralph. Mindat.org is an online information resource dedicated to providing free mineralogical information to all. Mindat relies on the contributions of hundreds of members and supporters. If you would like to add information to improve the quality of our database, then click here to register. Current server date and time: 7th Nov 2009 01:45:04