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Tschermigite

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Carola Mine (Königin Carola Mine; Paul Berndt Mine), Freital, Dresden, Saxony, Germany
© Thomas Witzke

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Formula:
(NH
 
4
)Al(SO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 12H
 
2
O
System:IsometricColour:Colourless, white; ...
Hardness:1½ - 2
Member of:Alum Group
Name:Named after its discovery locality, Tschermig (now Cermniky), near Kadan, Czech Republic.


Note: Specimens frequently offered for sale of 'tschermigite' as large, good quality purple crystals on matrix are artificially created specimens made by growing crystals of this ammonium alum in a laboratory.

Classification of Tschermigite

IMA status:Valid - first described prior to 1959 (pre-IMA) - "Grandfathered"
Strunz 8th edition ID:6/C.14-30
Nickel-Strunz 10th (pending) edition ID:7.CC.20

7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
C : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) without additional anions, with H2O
C : With medium-sized and large cations
Dana 8th edition ID:29.5.5.3

29 : HYDRATED ACID AND NORMAL SULFATES
5 : AB(XO4)2·xH2O
Hey's CIM Ref.:25.6.20

25 : Sulphates
6 : Sulphates of Al and Tl
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Type Occurrence of Tschermigite

Type Locality:Cermniky (Tschermig), Kadaň (Kaaden), Ústí Region, Bohemia (Böhmen; Boehmen), Czech Republic
Year of Discovery:1853

Occurrences of Tschermigite

Geological Setting:In lignite (brown-coal) beds and bituminous shales; in fumaroles; in burning coal seams and coal mine waste heaps.

Physical Properties of Tschermigite

Lustre:Vitreous, Silky
Diaphaneity (Transparency):Transparent
Comment:Crystals vitreous; fibrous masses silky
Colour:Colourless, white; colourless in transmitted light
Hardness (Mohs):1½ - 2
Fracture:Conchoidal
Density (measured):1.645 g/cm3
Density (calculated):1.641 g/cm3

Crystallography of Tschermigite

Crystal System:Isometric
Class (H-M):m3 (2/m 3) - Diploidal
Space Group:Pa3 {P21/a 3}
Cell Parameters:a = 12.24Å
Unit Cell Volume:V 1,833.77 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Morphology:Octahedral (artificial crystals from pure water solutions); fibrous, columnar massive; as efflorescences.
X-Ray Powder Diffraction:
Image Loading

Radiation - Copper Kα
Data Set:
Horizontal Axis: ° to ° Vertical Axis: % Source Data: Filtered Data:
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.

Optical Data of Tschermigite

Type:Isotropic

Chemical Properties of Tschermigite

Formula:
(NH
 
4
)Al(SO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 12H
 
2
O
Essential elements:Al, H, N, O, S
All elements listed in formula:Al, H, N, O, S
Analytical Data:Soluble in water (19.2 g. in 100 ml. H2O at 25°). Melts at ~93° in its water of crystallization.
Relationship of Tschermigite to other Species
Member of:Alum Group
Other Members of Group:

- + 
Alum-(K)
KAl(SO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 12H
 
2
O
Alum-(Na)
NaAl(SO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 12H
 
2
O
Lanmuchangite
Tl
+
 
Al(SO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 12H
 
2
O
Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping):

- + 
7.CC.05Krausite
KFe(SO
 
4
)
 
2
 · H
 
2
O
7.CC.10Tamarugite
NaAl(SO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 6H
 
2
O
7.CC.15Kalinite
KAl(SO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 11H
 
2
O Not confirmed
7.CC.15Mendozite
NaAl(SO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 11H
 
2
O
7.CC.20Lonecreekite
(NH
 
4
)Fe
3+
 
(SO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 12H
 
2
O
7.CC.20Alum-(K)
KAl(SO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 12H
 
2
O
7.CC.20Alum-(Na)
NaAl(SO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 12H
 
2
O
7.CC.20Lanmuchangite
Tl
+
 
Al(SO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 12H
 
2
O
7.CC.25Voltaite
K
 
2
Fe
2+
5
Fe
3+
3
Al(SO
 
4
)
 
12
 · 18H
 
2
O
7.CC.25Zincovoltaite
K
 
2
Zn
 
5
Fe
3+
3
Al(SO
 
4
)
 
12
 · 18H
 
2
O
7.CC.25Pertlikite
K
 
2
(Fe
2+
 
,Mg)
 
2
Mg
 
4
Fe
3+
2
Al(SO
 
4
)
 
12
 · 18H
 
2
O
7.CC.25Ammoniomagnesiovoltaite
(NH
 
4
)
 
2
Mg
2+
5
Fe
3+
3
Al(SO
 
4
)
 
12
 · 18H
 
2
O
7.CC.30Kröhnkite
Na
 
2
Cu(SO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 2H
 
2
O
7.CC.35Ferrinatrite
Na
 
3
Fe(SO
 
4
)
 
3
 · 3H
 
2
O
7.CC.40Goldichite
KFe(SO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 4H
 
2
O
7.CC.45Löweite
Na
 
12
Mg
 
7
(SO
 
4
)
 
13
7.CC.50Blödite
Na
 
2
Mg(SO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 4H
 
2
O
7.CC.50Nickelblödite
Na
 
2
(Ni,Mg)(SO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 4H
 
2
O
7.CC.50Changoite
Na
 
2
Zn(SO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 4H
 
2
O
7.CC.50Zincblödite
7.CC.55Leonite
K
 
2
Mg(SO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 4H
 
2
O
7.CC.55Mereiterite
K
 
2
Fe(SO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 4H
 
2
O
7.CC.60Boussingaultite
(NH
 
4
)
 
2
Mg(SO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 6H
 
2
O
7.CC.60Cyanochroite
K
 
2
Cu(SO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 6H
 
2
O
7.CC.60Mohrite
(NH
 
4
)
 
2
Fe(SO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 6H
 
2
O
7.CC.60Nickelboussingaultite
(NH
 
4
)
 
2
Ni(SO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 6H
 
2
O
7.CC.60Picromerite
K
 
2
Mg(SO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 6H
 
2
O
7.CC.65Polyhalite
K
 
2
Ca
 
2
Mg(SO
 
4
)
 
4
 · 2H
 
2
O
7.CC.70Leightonite
K
 
2
Ca
 
2
Cu(SO
 
4
)
 
4
 · 2H
 
2
O
7.CC.75Amarillite
NaFe(SO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 6H
 
2
O
7.CC.80Konyaite
Na
 
2
Mg(SO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 5H
 
2
O
7.CC.85Wattevilleite
Na
 
2
Ca(SO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 4H
 
2
O (?)
Related Minerals - Hey's Index Grouping:

- + 
25.6.1Rostite
Al(SO
 
4
)(OH) · 5H
 
2
O
25.6.2Jurbanite
Al(SO
 
4
)(OH) · 5H
 
2
O
25.6.3Khademite
Al(SO
 
4
)F · 5H
 
2
O
25.6.4Meta-aluminite
Al
 
2
(SO
 
4
)(OH)
 
4
 · 5H
 
2
O
25.6.5Aluminite
Al
 
2
(SO
 
4
)(OH)
 
4
 · 7H
 
2
O
25.6.6Meta-alunogen
Al
 
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
3
 · 12H
 
2
O
25.6.7Alunogen
Al
 
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
3
 · 17H
 
2
O
25.6.8Felsőbányaite
Al
 
4
(SO
 
4
)(OH)
 
10
 · 4H
 
2
O
25.6.9Basaluminite
25.6.10Hydrobasaluminite
Al
 
4
(SO
 
4
)(OH)
 
10
 · 12-36H
 
2
O
25.6.11Zaherite
Al
 
12
(SO
 
4
)
 
5
(OH)
 
26
 · 20H
 
2
O
25.6.12Tamarugite
NaAl(SO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 6H
 
2
O
25.6.13Mendozite
NaAl(SO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 11H
 
2
O
25.6.14Alum-(Na)
NaAl(SO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 12H
 
2
O
25.6.15Natroalunite
(Na,K)Al
 
3
(SO
 
4
)
 
2
(OH)
 
6
25.6.16Kalinite
KAl(SO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 11H
 
2
O Not confirmed
25.6.17Alum-(K)
KAl(SO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 12H
 
2
O
25.6.18Alunite
KAl
 
3
(SO
 
4
)
 
2
(OH)
 
6
25.6.19Minamiite
(Na,Ca
 
0.5
,K)Al
 
3
(SO
 
4
)
 
2
(OH)
 
6
Other Names for Tschermigite
Synonyms:
AmmonalunAmmonia AlumAmmonium Alum
Other Languages:
Czech:Čermíkite
German:Ammonalaun
Ammoniakalaun
Tschermigit
Russian:Чермигит
Spanish:Tschermigita
Other Information
Health Warning:No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
References for Tschermigite
Reference List:

- + 
Beudant, Trailé élémentaire de Minéralogie, second edition, (1832): Vol. 2: 497 (as Ammonalun).



von Kobell (1853): 44 (as Tschermigit).



Pfaff (1884) Sitzber. bayer. Ak. Wiss.: 255.



Krickmeyer (1896) Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie, Leipzig, Berlin: 21: 79.



Erickson (1922) Washington Academy of Science Journal: 12: 49.



Liffa and Emszt (1923) Földtani Közlöny, Budapest (Magyarhone Földtani Torsulat): 51-52, 45, 105.



Shannon (1929) Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum: 74: art. 13.



Hintze, Carl (1930): 1[3B]: 4498.



Wendekamm (1933) Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie, Leipzig: 85: 169.



Lipson and Beevers (1935) Proceedings of the Royal Society of London: 148A: 664.



Rost (1937) Ac. Sc. Bohême Bull.



Klug and Alexander (1940) Journal of the American Chemical Society: 62: 1492.



Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 7th edition, revised and enlarged, 1124 pp.: 475-476.



Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR (1977): 235: 930.



Zeitschrift für Kristallographie (1982): 157: 147-166.


Internet Links for Tschermigite
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    • Localities for Tschermigite
    






    


    

    The map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the  symbol to view information about a locality. 
The  symbol next to localities in the list
can be used to jump to that position on the map.

    

    

    
Hide Locality List
     		

    (TL) indicates type locality.  ? indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. All other localities listed without reference should be considered as uncertain and unproven until references can be found.

    Brazil
     
    

    • Minas Gerais
    

      • Poços de Caldas plateau
    

        • Caldas
    
    		Waber et al. (1992) Jour. Geochemical Explor. 45, 53-112
    China
     
    

    • Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region
    

      • Wuhai League (Wuhai Prefecture)
    

        • Wuda District
    

          • Wuda Coal mining area
    
    		American Mineralogist: 90: 1729-1739.
    Czech Republic
     
    

    • Bohemia (Böhmen; Boehmen)
    

      • Central Bohemia Region
    

        • Dubá
    

          • Medonosy
    
    		Breiter K. (1976): Výskyt sulfátů na kvádrových pískovcích svrchní křídy v severozápadních Čechách. Sborník Severočeského musea, Přírodní vědy, roč. 8, s. 99-107.
    


Zacek, V., Oplustil, S., Mayova, A. & Meyer, F. R. (1995): Die Mineralien von Kladno in Mittelböhmen, Tschechische Republik. Mineralien-Welt 6 (1), 13-30 (in German).      
    




          • Libušin
    
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 601.
    



        • Mnichovo Hradiste
    

          • Branzez
    
    		Breiter K. (1976): Výskyt sulfátů na kvádrových pískovcích svrchní křídy v severozápadních Čechách. Sborník Severočeského musea, Přírodní vědy, roč. 8, s. 99-107.
    



Breiter K. (1976): Výskyt sulfátů na kvádrových pískovcích svrchní křídy v severozápadních Čechách. Sborník Severočeského musea, Přírodní vědy, roč. 8, s. 99-107.
    


      • Hradec Králové Region
    

        • Jičín (Jitschin; Gitschin)
    
    		Breiter K. (1976): Výskyt sulfátů na kvádrových pískovcích svrchní křídy v severozápadních Čechách. Sborník Severočeského musea, Přírodní vědy, roč. 8, s. 99-107.
    



        • Trutnov (Trautenau)
    

          • Radvanice
    
    		Jirásek, J.: Thermal Changes of the Rocks in the Dump Pile of the Kateřina Colliery in Radvanice (Eastern Bohemia). Ostrava: VSB – Technical University of  Ostrava, Institute of Geological Engineering - 541, 2001. 69 p.    
    


      • Liberec Region
    
    		Scharm, B.: Přehled minerálů nalezených v oblasti uranových koncentrací v severočeské křídě. Bulletin mineralogicko-petrografického oddělení Národního muzea v Praze, 1995, roč. 3, s. 169-172. 
    



        • Turnov
    
    		Breiter K. (1976): Výskyt sulfátů na kvádrových pískovcích svrchní křídy v severozápadních Čechách. Sborník Severočeského musea, Přírodní vědy, roč. 8, s. 99-107.
    


      • Plzeň Region
    

        • Sušice (Schüttenhofen)
    
    		Hofmanovi P. a R.: Příspěvek k mineralogii lokality Hamr u Sušice. Minerál, 2009, 17, 1, 3-7.
    


      • Ústí Region
    

        • Kadaň (Kaaden)
    
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 476, 1103; Duda, Rejl, Slivka: "Mineralien", 1991
    

    • Moravia (Mähren; Maehren)
    

      • South Moravia Region
    

        • Brno (Brünn)
    
    		http://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/tschermigite.pdf
    


Handbook of Mineralogy
    Democratic Republic of Congo (Zaïre)
     
    

    • Kivu
    
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 399, 476.
    France
     
    

    • Nord-Pas-de-Calais
    

      • Pas-de-Calais
    
    		Naze-Nancy Masalehdani, M., Mees, F., Dubois, M., Coquinot, Y., Potdevin, J.-L., Fialin, M. & Blanc-Valleron, M.-M. (2009): Condensate minerals from a burning coal-waste heap in Avion, Northern France. Can. Mineral. 47, 573-591.
    

    • Rhône-Alpes
    

      • Savoie
    

        • Chambéry
    

          • Aix-les-Bains
    
    		Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, v. 69, no. 2, p. 243–249.
    Germany
     
    

    • Baden-Württemberg
    

      • Black Forest
    

        • Wolfach
    

          • Oberwolfach
    

            • Rankach valley
    
    		Walenta, K. (1992): Die Mineralien des Schwarzwaldes. Weise (Munich), 336 pp. (in German)
    

    • North Rhine-Westphalia
    

      • Aachen
    

        • Alsdorf
    
    		Blaß, G. and Strehler, H. (1993): Mineralbildungen in einer durch Selbstentzündung brennenden Bergehalde des Aachener Steinkohlenreviers. Mineralien-Welt 4 (4), 35-42. (in German); Dr.Thomas Witzke on www.strahlen.org; Sindern, S., Warnsloh, J. M., Witzke, T., Havenith, V., Neef, R. & Etoundi, Y. (2005): Mineralogy and geochemistry of vents formed on the burning coal mining waste dump Anna I, Alsdorf, Germany. Eur. J. Mineral. 17, Beih. 1, 130. 
    

    • Saxony
    

      • Dresden
    

        • Freital
    
    		Thalheim, K.; Reichel, W. & Witzke, T. (1991): Die Minerale des Döhlener Beckens.- Schriften des Staatlichen Museums für Mineralogie und Geologie zu Dresden, Nr. 3
    

    • Thuringia
    

      • Gera
    

        • Ronneburg U deposit
    
    		T. Witzke & F. Rüger: Lapis 1998(7/8), 26-64
    Hungary
     
    

    • Baranya Co.
    

      • Mecsek Mts.
    

        • Komló
    
    		Mineral Species of Hungary, 2005
    



        • Pécs
    
    		Szakáll, S. & Kristály, F. (2008): Ammonium sulphates from burning coal dumps at Komló and Pécs-Vasas, Mecsek Mts., South Hungary. Mineralogia, Special Papers, Vol. 32 (2nd Central-European Mineralogical Conference 2008 (CEMC)), 154.
    

    • Komárom-Esztergom Co.
    

      • Gerecse Mts.
    
    		Szakáll & Jánosi: Minerals of Hungary, 1995
    


Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 476; Szakáll & Jánosi: Minerals of Hungary, 1995
    Italy
     
    

    • Campania
    

      • Phlegrean Volcanic Complex
    

        • Naples Province
    

          • Phlegrean Fields
    

            • Pozzuoli
    
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 476.
    

    • Sicily
    

      • Catania Province
    

        • Etna Volcanic Complex
    
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 476.
    

    • Tuscany
    

      • Livorno Province
    

        • Elba Island
    

          • Rio Marina
    

            • Rio Mine (Rio Marina Mine)
    
    		Rögner, P., Möckel, S., Ciriotti, M.E. (2007): Note di mineralogia elbana: tschermigite al cantiere Antenna, miniera di Rio Marina. Micro (notizie mineralogiche), 2/2007, 89-92.
    


      • Pisa Province
    

        • Pomarance
    
    		Coradossi, N. (1973). Nuovi ritrovamenti di composti di ammonio in zone geotermiche. Rendiconti della Società Italiana di Mineralogia e Petrologia, 29, 129.
    


      • Siena Province
    

        • Chiusdino
    
    		Brizzi G., Ciselli I, Santucci A. (1986) - Ultime novità da le Cetine di Cotorniano - Riv. Miner. Ital., Milano, fasc. 3, pp.145-155
    Japan
     
    

    • Hokkaido
    

      • Sorachi Province
    

        • Mikasa City
    
    		Shimobayashi, N., Ohnishi, M., Miura, H. (2011) Ammonium sulfate minerals from Mikasa, Hokkaido, Japan: boussingaultite, godovikovite, efremovite and tschermigite. Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences, 106, (in press).
    Poland
     
    

    • Upper Silesia (Śląskie)
    

      • Upper Silesian Coal Basin
    

        • Katowice area
    
    		Parafiniuk, J. and Kruszewski, Ł. (2009): Ammonium minerals from burning coal-dumps of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (Poland). Geol. Quart., 53, 341-356. http://www.pgi.gov.pl/images/stories/G_Q/53_3/parafiniuk.pdf (esp. p. 347)]
    




          • Łaziska
    
    		Lukasz Kruszewski Minerals arising in cause of underground fires of "Skalny" coal mine dump in Laziska, Upper Silesia. Mag. Thesis (unpublished); Parafiniuk, J. and Kruszewski, Ł. (2009): Ammonium minerals from burning coal-dumps of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (Poland). Geol. Quart., 53, 341-356. http://www.pgi.gov.pl/images/stories/G_Q/53_3/parafiniuk.pdf]
    Portugal
     
    

    • Aveiro District
    

      • Albergaria-a-Velha
    
    		- J. Marques de Sá & C. Leal Gomes (2010): LES MINES DE CUIVRE ET NICKEL DE PALHAL ET TELHADELA, PORTUGAL. Le Regne Mineral, nº92, xx-xx. 
    Russia
     
    

    • Far-Eastern Region
    

      • Kamchatka Oblast'
    
    		Active Volcanoes of Kamchatka, vol 2, p 140, S.A. Fedotov
    

    • Urals Region
    

      • Southern Urals
    

        • Chelyabinsk Oblast'
    
    		Cesnokov, B., Kotrly, M. and Nisanbajev, T. (1998): Brennende Abraumhalden und Aufschlüsse im Tscheljabinsker Kohlenbecken - eine reiche Mineralienküche. Mineralien-Welt, 9 (3), 54-63 (in German).
    Slovakia
     
    

    • Prešov Region
    

      • Slanské Mts
    

        • Červenica (Czerwenitza)
    

          • Dubník
    
    		Koděra,  M.  et al., 1986 a  1990 : Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, diel  1- 3, Veda – Vydavateľstvo SAV, Bratislava, 1990, 1 – 1590
    South Africa
     
    

    • Mpumalanga Province
    

      • Pilgrim's Rest District
    

        • Sabie
    
    		Minerals of South Africa
    Spain
     
    

    • Aragón
    

      • Teruel
    

        • Libros
    
    		Calvo, M. (2008) Minerales de Aragón. Prames (Zaragoza) 463 pages
    Switzerland
     
    

    • Ticino (Tessin)
    

      • Lago Maggiore
    

        • Brissago
    
    		Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): "Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz", Wepf (Basel), p. 413.
    

    • Wallis (Valais)
    

      • Collonges
    
    		Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): "Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz", Wepf (Basel), p. 413.
    Tajikistan
     
    

    • Viloyati Sogd (Viloyati Sughd; Viloyati Khodzhent; Viloyati Leninabad)
    

      • Gissar Range
    
    		Lukasz Kruszewski (PXRD)
    


      • Zeravshan Range
    

        • Yagnob River
    
    		D.I.Belakovskiy data
    USA
     
    

    • California
    

      • Lake Co.
    

        • Sulphur Creek District (Sulfur Creek District; Wilbur Springs District)
    

          • Clear Lake Oaks
    
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 476; Becker, George F. (1888b), Geology of the quicksilver deposits of the Pacific slope: USGS Monograph 13, atlas: 389; Murdoch, Joseph & Robert W. Webb (1966), Minerals of California, Centennial Volume (1866-1966): California Division Mines & Geology Bulletin 189: 374.
    


      • Sonoma Co.
    

        • Mayacmas Mts (Mayacamas Mts)
    

          • West Mayacmas District
    
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 399, 476.
    






              • Geyser Canyon (Geyser Creek Canyon)
    
    		Allen, Eugene T. & Arthur L. Day (1927), Steam wells and other thermal activity at “The Geysers,” California: Carnegie Institution Washington Publication 378: 45; Vonsen, Magnus (1941) Preliminary report on minerals of The Geysers of Sonoma County, California. Mineralogist: 9: 246; Vonsen, Magnus (1946), Minerals at “The Geysers,” Sonoma  County, California: California Division Mines Report 42: 289; Pemberton, H. Earl (1983), Minerals of California; Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 265.
    

    • Colorado
    

      • Garfield Co.
    

        • Glenwood Springs
    
    		GSA Field Guide 10 (2007) pp 101-110
    

    • New Mexico
    

      • Quay Co.
    
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 476; Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed.
    

    • Pennsylvania
    

      • Carbon Co.
    
    		Reed, Juliet C., Annotated Bibliography of Minerals New to the Pennsylvania List - 1965-1974, Min. Soc. of PA, Inc. (1976): 73; Montgomery, Arthur (1969), "Pickeringite," in Mineralogy of Pennsylvania, 1922-1965: 28; Lapham, Davis M. (Oct, 1972), Keystone Newsletter.
    


      • Columbia Co.
    
    		Matt Livingood,  Jason Winicaties, and Jared Stein, located at:http://www.offroaders.com/album/centralia/study/ESL201Paper.htm
    


      • Dauphin Co.
    
    		Reed, Juliet C., Annotated Bibliography of Minerals New to the Pennsylvania List - 1965-1974, Min. Soc. of PA, Inc. (1976): 73; Montgomery, Arthur (Sep, 1972), "PA Minerals" (PM), PM(117), Keystone Newsletter.
    


      • Luzerne Co.
    
    		Reed, Juliet C. (1976), Annotated Biblio. of Mins. New to the Pa List 1965-1974, The Mineralogical Soc. of PA, Inc.: 73-74; Finkelman, Robert B., et al (1974), "Observations on Mins. from Burning Anthracite Seams & Culm in PA," Geol. Soc. Am. Abstracts w. Programs, Vol. 5(1): 27-28.
    


      • Schuylkill Co.
    
    		Reed, Juliet C., Annotated Bibliography of Minerals New to the Pennsylvania List - 1965-1974, Min. Soc. of PA, Inc. (1976): 73; Montgomery, Arthur (1969), "Pickeringite," in Mineralogy of Pennsylvania, 1922-1965: 28; Lapham, Davis M. (Oct, 1972), Keystone Newsletter.
    

    • Tennessee
    

      • Sevier Co.
    

        • Great Smoky Mts
    
    		Coskren, T. D. & Lauf, R. J. (2000): The Minerals of Alum Cave Bluff, Great Smoky Mountains, Tennessee. Mineralogical Record, 31, 163-175.
    

    • Utah
    

      • Kane Co.
    
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 563.
    

    • Wyoming
    

      • Sweetwater Co.
    
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 476.
    

    


    

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