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Uvite

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Formula:
Ca(Mg
 
3
)MgAl
 
5
(Si
 
6
O
 
18
)(BO
 
3
)
 
3
(OH)
 
3
(F/OH)
System:TrigonalColour:Black, greenish-black, ...
Lustre:VitreousHardness:7½
Member of:Tourmaline Group
Name:
Named for the Type Locality area, Uva Province, Sri Lanka.
Series Formula:
Ca(Mg
 
3
)MgAl
 
5
(Si
 
6
O
 
18
)(BO
 
3
)
 
3
(OH)
 
3
(OH)
-
Ca(Mg
 
3
)MgAl
 
5
(Si
 
6
O
 
18
)(BO
 
3
)
 
3
(OH)
 
3
F
A series between Uvite (OH-dominant end-member) and Fluor-uvite

Note: The species uvite has been redefined by the IMA (2011) into two species:

hydroxyl-dominant: uvite - which we refer to as uvite (OH-dominant end-member) to avoid confusion with historical use of the name.

fluorine-dominant: fluor-uvite

Any unanalysed references or photos for uvite should be added to this page, and only moved to the correct species page if analysis can be done to identify the correct end-member.

Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Uvite. Currently in public beta-test.

Classification of Uvite

Strunz 8th edition ID:8/.-
Nickel-Strunz 10th (pending) edition ID:9..

9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
:
:
Dana 7th edition ID:61.3.1.5
Dana 8th edition ID:61.3.1.3

61 : CYCLOSILICATES Six-Membered Rings
3 : Six-Membered Rings with borate groups
Hey's CIM Ref.:17.5.30

17 : Silicates Containing other Anions
5 : Borosilicates
mindat.org URL:http://www.mindat.org/min-4126.html
Please feel free to link to this page.

Type Occurrence of Uvite

Type Locality:Uva Province, Sri Lanka
Place of Conservation of Type Material:ROM, Ontario Canada
Year of Discovery:1929

Occurrences of Uvite

Geological Setting:Calcium-rich rocks subjected to contact metamorphism and addition of boron.

Physical Properties of Uvite

Lustre:Vitreous
Diaphaneity (Transparency):Transparent, Translucent
Colour:Black, greenish-black, brownish-black, brown, green, colourless
Streak:Light-brown, light-green, or white.
Hardness (Mohs):7½
Tenacity:Brittle
Cleavage:None Observed
Fracture:Irregular/Uneven, Conchoidal
Density (measured):2.97 - 3.14 g/cm3
Density (calculated):3.08 g/cm3

Crystallography of Uvite

Crystal System:Trigonal
Class (H-M):3m - Ditrigonal Pyramidal
Space Group:R3m
Cell Parameters:a = 15.954(1) Å, c = 7.214(1) Å
Ratio:a:c = 1 : 0.452
Unit Cell Volume:V 1,590.18 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:3
Morphology:Prismatic to equant crystals, tabular, pyramidal, radiating groups.
X-Ray Powder Diffraction:
Image Loading

Radiation - Copper Kα
Data Set:
Horizontal Axis: ° to ° Vertical Axis: % Source Data: Filtered Data:
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.

Optical Data of Uvite

Type:Uniaxial (-)
RI values: nω = 1.637 - 1.668 nε = 1.619 - 1.639
Maximum Birefringence:δ = 0.018 - 0.029

Chart shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness) and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:Moderate
Pleochroism:Weak
Comments:O= pale yellow
E= colorless

Chemical Properties of Uvite

Relationship of Uvite to other Species

Member of:Tourmaline Group
Other Members of Group:

- +
Chromium-dravite
Na(Mg
 
3
)Cr
3+
6
(Si
 
6
O
 
18
)(BO
 
3
)
 
3
(OH)
 
3
(OH)
Chromo-alumino-povondraite
Na(Cr
 
3
)(Al
 
4
Mg
 
2
)(Si
 
6
O
 
18
)(BO
 
3
)
 
3
(OH)
 
3
O
Darrellhenryite
Na(LiAl
 
2
)Al
 
6
(BO
 
3
)
 
3
Si
 
6
O
 
18
(OH)
 
3
O
Dravite
Na(Mg
 
3
)Al
 
6
(Si
 
6
O
 
18
)(BO
 
3
)
 
3
(OH)
 
3
(OH)
Elbaite
Na(Li
 
1.5
Al
 
1.5
)Al
 
6
(Si
 
6
O
 
18
)(BO
 
3
)
 
3
(OH)
 
3
(OH)
Feruvite
Ca(Fe
2+
 
)
 
3
MgAl
 
5
(Si
 
6
O
 
18
)(BO
 
3
)
 
3
(OH)
 
3
(OH)
Fluor-buergerite
Na(Fe
3+
3
)Al
 
6
(Si
 
6
O
 
18
)(BO
 
3
)
 
3
O
 
3
F
Fluor-dravite
Na(Mg
 
3
)Al
 
6
(Si
 
6
O
 
18
)(BO
 
3
)
 
3
(OH)
 
3
F
Fluor-elbaite
Na(Li
 
1.5
Al
 
1.5
)Al
 
6
(Si
 
6
O
 
18
)(BO
 
3
)
 
3
(OH)
 
3
F
Fluor-feruvite
Ca(Fe
2+
 
)
 
3
MgAl
 
5
(Si
 
6
O
 
18
)(BO
 
3
)
 
3
(OH)
 
3
F
Fluor-liddicoatite
Ca(Li
 
2
Al)Al
 
6
(Si
 
6
O
 
18
)(BO
 
3
)
 
3
(OH)
 
3
F
Fluor-schorl
Na(Fe
2+
3
)Al
 
6
(Si
 
6
O
 
18
)(BO
 
3
)
 
3
(OH)
 
3
F
Fluor-tsilaisite
Na(Mn
2+
 
)
 
3
Al
 
6
(Si
 
6
O
 
18
)(BO
 
3
)
 
3
(OH)
 
3
F
Fluor-uvite
Ca(Mg
 
3
)MgAl
 
5
(Si
 
6
O
 
18
)(BO
 
3
)
 
3
(OH)
 
3
F
Foitite
(□,Na)(Fe
2+
2
Al)Al
 
6
(Si
 
6
O
 
18
)(BO
 
3
)
 
3
(OH)
 
3
OH
Liddicoatite
Ca(Li
 
2
Al)Al
 
6
(Si
 
6
O
 
18
)(BO
 
3
)
 
3
(OH)
 
3
(OH)
Luinaite-(OH)
Na(Fe
2+
 
)
 
3
Al
 
6
(Si
 
6
O
 
18
)(BO
 
3
)
 
3
(OH)
 
3
(OH)
Magnesiofoitite
(□,Na)(Mg
 
2
Al)Al
 
6
(Si
 
6
O
 
18
)(BO
 
3
)
 
3
(OH)
 
3
(OH)
Olenite
Na(Al
 
3
)Al
 
6
(Si
 
6
O
 
18
)(BO
 
3
)
 
3
O
 
3
(OH)
Oxy-chromium-dravite
Na(Cr)
 
3
(Cr
 
4
Mg
 
2
)(Si
 
6
O
 
18
)(BO
 
3
)
 
3
(OH)
 
3
O
Oxy-dravite
Na(MgAl
 
2
)MgAl
 
5
(Si
 
6
O
 
18
)(BO
 
3
)
 
3
(OH)
 
3
O
Oxy-rossmanite
☐(LiAl
 
2
)Al
 
6
(Si
 
6
O
 
18
)(BO
 
3
)
 
3
(OH)
 
3
O
Oxy-schorl
Na(Fe
2+
 
Al)
 
3
Al
 
6
(Si
 
6
O
 
18
)(BO
 
3
)
 
3
(OH)
 
3
O
Oxy-vanadium-dravite
Na(V)
 
3
(V
 
4
Mg
 
2
)Si
 
6
O
 
18
(BO
 
3
)
 
3
(OH)
 
3
O
Povondraite
NaFe
3+
3
(Mg
 
2
Fe
3+
4
)(Si
 
6
O
 
18
)(BO
 
3
)
 
3
(OH)
 
3
O
Rossmanite
☐(LiAl
 
2
)Al
 
6
(Si
 
6
O
 
18
)(BO
 
3
)
 
3
(OH)
 
3
(OH)
Schorl
Na(Fe
2+
3
)Al
 
6
(Si
 
6
O
 
18
)(BO
 
3
)
 
3
(OH)
 
3
(OH)
Tsilaisite
Na(Mn
2+
 
)
 
3
Al
 
6
(Si
 
6
O
 
18
)(BO
 
3
)
 
3
(OH)
 
3
(OH)
UM2000-64-SiO:BFeHKMg
K, Mg, Fe, Si, B, O, H
Unnamed (Pb-dominant Tourmaline)
(Pb,Na)(Li,Al)
 
3
Al
 
6
(Si
 
6
O
 
18
)(BO
 
3
)
 
3
(OH)
 
3
(F,OH)
Vanadio-oxy-chromium-dravite
Na(V)
 
3
(Cr
 
4
Mg
 
2
)(Si
 
6
O
 
18
)(BO
 
3
)
 
3
(OH)
 
3
O
Vanadio-oxy-dravite
NaV
 
3
(Al
 
4
Mg
 
2
)(Si
 
6
O
 
18
)(BO
 
3
)
 
3
(OH)
 
3
O
Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping):

- +
9..Alumino-ferro-hornblende
☐{Ca
 
2
}{Fe
2+
4
Al}(AlSi
 
7
O
 
22
)(OH)
 
2
9..Aluminobarroisite
☐{CaNa}{Mg
 
3
Al
 
2
}(AlSi
 
7
O
 
22
)(OH)
 
2
9..Alumino-magnesio-hornblende
☐{Ca
 
2
}{Mg
 
4
Al}(AlSi
 
7
O
 
22
)(OH)
 
2
9..Aluminokatophorite
9..Aluminotschermakite
☐{Ca
 
2
}{Mg
 
3
Al
 
2
}(Al
 
2
Si
 
6
O
 
22
)(OH)
 
2
9..Alumino-ferrowinchite
9..Alumino-ferrobarroisite
☐{CaNa}{Fe
2+
3
Al
 
2
}(AlSi
 
7
O
 
22
)(OH)
 
2
9..Magnesiosadanagaite
{Na}{Ca
 
2
}{Mg
 
3
Al
 
2
}(Al
 
3
Si
 
5
O
 
22
)(OH)
 
2
9..Paraspurrite
9..Zinnwaldite
KLiFe
2+
 
Al(AlSi
 
3
O
 
10
)(F,OH)
 
2
9..Helvite
9..Gismondine
9..Ferriwhittakerite
{Na}{Na
 
1+x
Li
 
1-x
}{Fe
3+
2
Mg
 
2
Li}(Si
 
8
O
 
22
)(OH)
 
2
9..Ferri-ottoliniite
◻{NaLi}{Mg
 
3
Fe
3+
2
}(Si
 
8
O
 
22
)(OH)
 
2
9..IMA2007-015
K[CaNa][Fe
2+
3
Al
 
2
][(OH)
 
2
|Al
 
2
Si
 
6
O
 
22
]
9..Sodicpedrizite
9..Sodic-ferropedrizite
9..IMA 2008-041
9..IMA2009-059
9..IMA2009-082
Ba
 
2
(Ca,Mg)(V
3+
 
,Al)
 
2
(Si
 
4
O
 
10
)(OH,F)
 
2
O(CO
 
3
)
 
2
9..IMA2009-091
Related Minerals - Hey's Index Grouping:

- +
17.5.1Manandonite
LiAl
 
4
(BSi
 
3
O
 
10
)(OH)
 
6
17.5.2Reedmergnerite
Na[BSi
 
3
O
 
8
]
17.5.3Searlesite
Na(H
 
2
BSi
 
2
O
 
7
)
17.5.4Olenite
Na(Al
 
3
)Al
 
6
(Si
 
6
O
 
18
)(BO
 
3
)
 
3
O
 
3
(OH)
17.5.5Elbaite
Na(Li
 
1.5
Al
 
1.5
)Al
 
6
(Si
 
6
O
 
18
)(BO
 
3
)
 
3
(OH)
 
3
(OH)
17.5.6Kalborsite
K
 
6
Al
 
4
BSi
 
6
O
 
20
(OH)
 
4
Cl
17.5.7Boromuscovite
KAl
 
2
(BSi
 
3
O
 
10
)(OH)
 
2
17.5.8Poudretteite
KNa
 
2
B
 
3
Si
 
12
O
 
30
17.5.9Liddicoatite
Ca(Li
 
2
Al)Al
 
6
(Si
 
6
O
 
18
)(BO
 
3
)
 
3
(OH)
 
3
(OH)
17.5.10Datolite
Ca(HBSiO
 
5
)
17.5.11Danburite
CaB
 
2
Si
 
2
O
 
8
17.5.12Howlite
Ca
 
2
B
 
5
SiO
 
9
(OH)
 
5
17.5.13Bakerite
Ca
 
4
(H
 
5
B
 
5
Si
 
3
O
 
20
)
17.5.14Oyelite
Ca
 
10
Si
 
8
B
 
2
O
 
29
 · 12.5H
 
2
O
17.5.15Kornerupine
Mg
 
3
Al
 
6
(Si,Al,B)
 
5
O
 
21
(OH)
17.5.16Harkerite
Ca
 
12
Mg
 
4
Al(BO
 
3
)
 
3
(SiO
 
4
)
 
4
(CO
 
3
)
 
5
 · H
 
2
O
17.5.17Serendibite
(Ca,Na)
 
2
(Mg,Fe
2+
 
)
 
3
(Al,Fe
3+
 
)
 
3
[O
 
2
|(Si,Al,B)
 
6
O
 
18
]
17.5.18Stillwellite-(Ce)
(Ce,La,Ca)BSiO
 
5
17.5.19Tadzhikite-(Ce)
(Ca,Ce)
 
4
(Ce,Y)
 
2
(Ti
4+
 
,Fe
3+
 
,Al)[B
 
4
Si
 
4
O
 
22
](OH)
 
2
17.5.20Melanocerite-(Ce)
(Ce,Ca)
 
5
(Si,B)
 
3
O
 
12
(OH,F) · nH
 
2
O
17.5.21Okanoganite-(Y)
(Na,Ca)
 
3
(Y,Ce)
 
12
Si
 
6
B
 
2
O
 
27
F
 
14
17.5.22Tritomite-(Ce)
(Ce,La,Y,Th)
 
5
(Si,B)
 
3
(O,OH,F)
 
13
17.5.23Tritomite-(Y)
(Y,Ca,La,Fe)
 
5
(Si,B,Al)
 
3
(O,OH,F)
 
13
17.5.24Cappelenite-(Y)
Ba(Y,Ce)
 
6
Si
 
3
B
 
6
O
 
24
F
 
2
17.5.25Dumortierite
(Al,Fe
3+
 
)
 
7
(SiO
 
4
)
 
3
(BO
 
3
)O
 
3
17.5.26Holtite
Al
 
6
(Al,Ta)(SiO
 
4
,SbO
 
4
,AsO
 
4
)
 
3
(BO
 
3
)O
 
3
17.5.27Dravite
Na(Mg
 
3
)Al
 
6
(Si
 
6
O
 
18
)(BO
 
3
)
 
3
(OH)
 
3
(OH)
17.5.28 Ferridravite
17.5.29Axinite-(Mg)
Ca
 
2
MgAl
 
2
BSi
 
4
O
 
15
OH
17.5.31Garrelsite
Ba
 
3
NaSi
 
2
B
 
7
O
 
16
(OH)
 
4
17.5.32Tienshanite
KNa
 
3
Na
 
6
Ca
 
2
Ba
 
6
Mn
 
6
(Ti
4+
 
,Nb)
 
6
B
 
12
Si
 
36
O
 
114
(O,OH,F)
 
11
17.5.33Leucosphenite
BaNa
 
4
Ti
 
2
B
 
2
Si
 
10
O
 
30
17.5.34Taramellite
Ba
 
4
(Fe
3+
 
,Ti,Fe
2+
 
,Mg)
 
4
(B
 
2
Si
 
8
O
 
27
)O
 
2
Cl
 
x
17.5.35Titantaramellite
Ba
 
4
(Ti,Fe
3+
 
,Fe
2+
 
,Mg)
 
4
(B
 
2
Si
 
8
O
 
27
)O
 
2
Cl
 
x
17.5.36Nagashimalite
Ba
 
4
(V,Ti)
 
4
B
 
2
Si
 
8
O
 
27
(O,OH)
 
2
Cl
17.5.37Chromium-dravite
Na(Mg
 
3
)Cr
3+
6
(Si
 
6
O
 
18
)(BO
 
3
)
 
3
(OH)
 
3
(OH)
17.5.38Wawayandaite
Ca
 
6
Mn
 
2
BBe
 
9
Si
 
6
O
 
23
(OH,Cl)
 
15
17.5.39Werdingite
(Mg,Fe)
 
2
Al
 
14
Si
 
4
B
 
4
O
 
37
17.5.40Axinite-(Mn)
Ca
 
2
Mn
2+
 
Al
 
2
BSi
 
4
O
 
15
(OH)
17.5.41Axinite
17.5.42Tinzenite
(CaMn
2+
 
)
 
2
Mn
2+
 
Al
 
2
BSi
 
4
O
 
15
(OH)
17.5.44Schorl
Na(Fe
2+
3
)Al
 
6
(Si
 
6
O
 
18
)(BO
 
3
)
 
3
(OH)
 
3
(OH)
17.5.45Fluor-buergerite
Na(Fe
3+
3
)Al
 
6
(Si
 
6
O
 
18
)(BO
 
3
)
 
3
O
 
3
F
17.5.46Feruvite
Ca(Fe
2+
 
)
 
3
MgAl
 
5
(Si
 
6
O
 
18
)(BO
 
3
)
 
3
(OH)
 
3
(OH)
17.5.47Axinite-(Fe)
Ca
 
2
Fe
2+
 
Al
 
2
BSi
 
4
O
 
15
OH
17.5.48Homilite
Ca
 
2
(Fe
2+
 
,Mg)B
 
2
Si
 
2
O
 
10
17.5.49Grandidierite
(Mg,Fe
2+
 
)(Al,Fe
3+
 
)
 
3
(SiO
 
4
)(BO
 
3
)O
 
2
17.5.50Hyalotekite
(Ba,Pb,Ca,K)
 
6
(B,Si,Al)
 
2
(Si,Be)
 
10
O
 
28
(F,Cl)
17.5.51Hellandite-(Y)
(Ca,Y)
 
6
(Al,Fe
3+
 
)Si
 
4
B
 
4
O
 
20
(OH)
 
4
Related Minerals - Dana Grouping):

- +
61.3.1.1Foitite
(□,Na)(Fe
2+
2
Al)Al
 
6
(Si
 
6
O
 
18
)(BO
 
3
)
 
3
(OH)
 
3
OH
61.3.1.2Magnesiofoitite
(□,Na)(Mg
 
2
Al)Al
 
6
(Si
 
6
O
 
18
)(BO
 
3
)
 
3
(OH)
 
3
(OH)
61.3.1.3Rossmanite
☐(LiAl
 
2
)Al
 
6
(Si
 
6
O
 
18
)(BO
 
3
)
 
3
(OH)
 
3
(OH)
61.3.1.4Liddicoatite
Ca(Li
 
2
Al)Al
 
6
(Si
 
6
O
 
18
)(BO
 
3
)
 
3
(OH)
 
3
(OH)
61.3.1.5Fluor-uvite
Ca(Mg
 
3
)MgAl
 
5
(Si
 
6
O
 
18
)(BO
 
3
)
 
3
(OH)
 
3
F
61.3.1.6Feruvite
Ca(Fe
2+
 
)
 
3
MgAl
 
5
(Si
 
6
O
 
18
)(BO
 
3
)
 
3
(OH)
 
3
(OH)
61.3.1.7Fluor-buergerite
Na(Fe
3+
3
)Al
 
6
(Si
 
6
O
 
18
)(BO
 
3
)
 
3
O
 
3
F
61.3.1.8Povondraite
NaFe
3+
3
(Mg
 
2
Fe
3+
4
)(Si
 
6
O
 
18
)(BO
 
3
)
 
3
(OH)
 
3
O
61.3.1.9Olenite
Na(Al
 
3
)Al
 
6
(Si
 
6
O
 
18
)(BO
 
3
)
 
3
O
 
3
(OH)
61.3.1.10Elbaite
Na(Li
 
1.5
Al
 
1.5
)Al
 
6
(Si
 
6
O
 
18
)(BO
 
3
)
 
3
(OH)
 
3
(OH)
61.3.1.11Dravite
Na(Mg
 
3
)Al
 
6
(Si
 
6
O
 
18
)(BO
 
3
)
 
3
(OH)
 
3
(OH)
61.3.1.12Schorl
Na(Fe
2+
3
)Al
 
6
(Si
 
6
O
 
18
)(BO
 
3
)
 
3
(OH)
 
3
(OH)
61.3.1.13Chromium-dravite
Na(Mg
 
3
)Cr
3+
6
(Si
 
6
O
 
18
)(BO
 
3
)
 
3
(OH)
 
3
(OH)
61.3.1.14Oxy-vanadium-dravite
Na(V)
 
3
(V
 
4
Mg
 
2
)Si
 
6
O
 
18
(BO
 
3
)
 
3
(OH)
 
3
O

Other Names for Uvite

Other Languages:
German:Uvit
Japanese:灰電気石
Russian:Увит
Simplified Chinese:钙镁电气石
Spanish:Uvita
Traditional Chinese:鈣鎂電氣石

Other Information

Fluorescence in UV light:May show a weak mustard-yellow under SW
Electrical:Piezoelectric, pyroelectric
Health Warning:No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

References for Uvite

Reference List:

- +
Chemie der Erde (1929), 4, 208-251.

Dunn, P.J., Appleman, D., Nelen, J. A. & Norberg, J. (1977): Uvite, a new (old) commom member of the tourmaline group and it's implications for collectors. Mineralogical Record 8 (2), 100-108.

Leavens, P.B., Rheingold, A.L., and Dietrich, R.V. (1988) Crystal structure of a uvite-schorl tourmaline. V.M. Goldschmidt conference; program and abstracts: 56.

Taylor, M.C., M.A. Cooper, and F.C. Hawthorne (1995), Local charge-compensation in hydroxyl-deficient uvite: Canadian Mineralogist 33: 1215-1221.

Grew, E.S., and Anovitz, L.M. (1996) BORON: Mineralogy, Petrology and Geochemistry, second edition, as revised (2002).

Clark, C.M., Hawthorne, F.C. and Grice J.D. (2010): Uvite, IMA 2000-030a. CNMNC Newsletter, April 2010, p. 377; Mineralogical Magazine 74, 375-377.

Henry, D., Novák, M., Hawthorne, F.C., Ertl, A., Dutrow, B.L., Uher, P. & Pezzotta, F. (2011): Nomenclature of the tourmaline supergroup minerals. Am. Mineral., 96, 895-913.

Internet Links for Uvite

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    • Localities for Uvite

    The map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.
    Hide Locality List
    (TL) indicates type locality. ? indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. All other localities listed without reference should be considered as uncertain and unproven until references can be found.
    Afghanistan
     
    Rob Lavinsky specimen
    Argentina
     
    • Chubut
      • Gastre Department
        • Los Manantiales District
    		BRODTKORB, M.K. de y PAAR, W.. Angelaite in the paragenesis of Los Manantiales district, Chubut, Argentina: a new mineral species. Rev. Asoc. Geol. Argent. [online]. 2004, vol.59, n.4, pp. 787-78
    • Santa Cruz
      • Macizo del Deseado
    		PENALVA, G. A et al. Intrusive bodies associated with the polymetallic mineralization of the Cerro León deposit, area of Cerro Tranquilo anticline, Santa Cruz: Geophysical evidence. Rev. Asoc. Geol. Argent. [online]. 2008, vol.63, n.1, pp. 14-23.
    Australia
     
    • South Australia
      • Mt Lofty Ranges
        • North Mt Lofty Ranges
          • Kapunda
    		Frost, R.L., S.J. Mills, and K.L. Erickson, (2004), Thermal decomposition of peisleyite: a thermogravimetry and hot stage Raman spectroscopic study. Thermochimica Acta, 419(1-2): p. 109-114.
    • Victoria
      • Dookie
        • Ascot Hills
    Austria
     
    • Carinthia
      • Friesach - Hüttenberg area
        • Hüttenberg
          • Hüttenberger Erzberg
    		H. Meixner: Carinthia II 146./66.:25-26 (1956)
    H. Meixner: Der Karinthin 6:108-120 (1949)
          • Lölling
    		G. Niedermayr, I. Praetzel: Mineralien Kärntens, 1995
      • Koralpe
        • Kamp
          • Fraßgraben
        • Moschkogel - Weinebene area
          • Brandrücken
        • Waldenstein
    		G. Niedermayr, I. Praetzel: Mineralien Kärntens, 1995
      • Villach
        • Afritz Mts
          • Oswaldiberg
    		Ertl, A. (1995): Elbait, Olenit, Dravit-Buergerit-Mischkristalle, Dravit, Uvit und ein neuer Al-Turmalin (?) von österreichischen Fundstellen. - Mitt. Österr. Miner. Ges., 140, 55-72.
        • Landskron
          • Landskron castle
    		G. Niedermayr, I. Praetzel: Mineralien Kärntens, 1995
    • Lower Austria
      • Waldviertel
        • Pölla
          • Altpölla
    		MEIXNER, H. (1976): 377. Uvit aus dem Marmor vom Töppenitzgraben bei Altpölla bei Horn, NÖ. P. 36 in MEIXNER, H. (1976): Neue Mineralfunde aus Österreich XXVI. Carinthia II, 166./86., 11-42.; R. Exel: Die Mineralien und Erzlagerstätten Österreichs (1993)
    • Styria
      • Koralpe
        • Deutschlandsberg
          • Wildbachgraben
    		R. Exel: Die Mineralien und Erzlagerstätten Österreichs (1993)
    • Tyrol
      • North Tyrol
        • Inn valley
          • Brixlegg - Schwaz area
            • Brixlegg - Rattenberg
    		Schnorrer, G. & Poeverlein, R. (2008): Schwaz-Brixlegger Fundstellen. 6. Die Minerale des Gratlspitz bei Brixlegg in Tirol. Aufschluss 59, 7-28.
    Brazil
     
    • Bahia
      • Brumado (Bom Jesus dos Meiras)
        • Serra das Éguas
    		Carlos Barbosa
    [www.johnbetts-fineminerals.com]; Christian Bracke Collection.
    • Espírito Santo
      • Mimoso do Sul
    		No reference listed
    • Minas Gerais
      • Doce valley
        • Conselheiro Pena
      • Jequitinhonha Valley
        • Coronel Murta
          • Barra de Salinas
    		erroneously reported [MinRec 33:209]
    Burma (Myanmar)
     
    • Mandalay Division
      • Pyin-Oo-Lwin District
        • Mogok Township
    		[MinRec 25:61, 25:301]
    Canada
     
    • British Columbia
      • Fort Steele Mining Division
        • Kimberley
    		Economic Geology (1998) volume 93, pages 47-67
      • Slocan Mining Division
        • Zincton
    		Mountjoy, Keith J., British Columbia Geological Survey, 1985, MINFILE Record Summary, No. 082KSW023
    • Nunavut Territory
      • Baffin Island
    		Joel Grice (1989) Famous Mineral Localities of Canada. Fitzhenry & Whiteside, Markham Ontario 190pp
    • Ontario
      • Hastings Co.
        • Dungannon Township
    		[MinRec 13:73, 13:79, 13:80]; http://www.mindat.org/mesg-106-262830.html ("Uvite" from the Tait Farm occurrence has been confirmed to in fact be dravite, by Ercit and Gault, CMN. See R&M, V82 #3, p.235 for a brief summary of their work on Grenville tourmalines.")
      • Renfrew Co.
        • Raglan Township
    		Andrew Haighton Collection
    • Québec
      • Abitibi-Témiscamingue
        • Rouyn-Noranda TE
    		Economic Geology; May 1991; v. 86; no. 3; p. 506-528
      • Estrie
        • Les Sources RCM
          • Asbestos
    		Horváth & Spertini (2008 & 2009)
      • Outaouais
        • Les Collines-de-l'Outaouais RCM
          • Cantley
            • Autoroute 5 extension
    		Can. Museum of Nature specimens - WDS anal.
    • Yukon Territory
      • Watson Lake Mining District
    		Can Min (2002) 40, 1313-1338
    Czech Republic
     
    • Bohemia (Böhmen; Boehmen)
      • Plzeň Region
        • Klatovy (Klattau)
          • Vimperk
    		Šrein, V. et al.: Zlatonosná mineralizace v okolí Horské Kvildy na Šumavě, Česká republika. Bulletin mineralogicko-petrografického oddělení Národního muzea v Praze, 2008, vol. 16, 2, 153-176.
      • South Bohemia Region
        • Frymburk
          • Černá v Pošumaví (Schwarzbach im Böhmerwald)
            • Bližná
    		Novák, M., Selway, J.B., Černý, P., Hawthorne, F.C., and Ottolini, L. (1999) Tourmaline of the elbaite-dravite series from an elbaite-subtype pegmatite at Blizná, southern Bohemia, Czech Republic. European Journal of Mineralogy 11, 557-568.
        • Písek
    		Historic mineral collection National museum of Czech Republic
    • Moravia (Mähren; Maehren)
      • Vysočina Region
    		Houzar, S., Novák, M., Doležalová, H., Hrazdil, V., Pfeiferová, A.: Přehled mineralogie, petrografie a geologie nedvědických mramorů, svratecké krystalinikum. Acta Musei Moraviae, Sci. geol., 2006, roč. 91, s. 3-77.
        • Nové Město na Moravě
    		Houzar, S., Novák, M.: Turmalíny z metamorfovaných karbonátových hornin. Minerál, 1995, roč. 3, č. 3, s. 165-166.
    France
     
    • Languedoc-Roussillon
      • Aude
        • Tuchan
          • Montgaillard
    		Les Anciennes mines de Padern - Montgaillard ( Aude ) FRANCE
    Germany
     
    • Baden-Württemberg
      • Black Forest
        • Waldshut
          • Detzeln
    		Hess, E., Graeser, S. & Gabriel, W. (2011): Das Porphyrwerk Detzeln im Steinatal und seine Mineralien. Lapis 36 (4), 25-35; 54.
    • Bavaria
      • Lower Bavaria
        • Bavarian Forest
          • Waldkirchen
            • Röhrnbach
    		Habel, M. (2009): Der Granodioritbruch der Fa. Josef Uhrmann OHG, Steinerleinbach bei Röhrnbach. Mineralien-Welt 20 (2), 66-86.
    • Rhineland-Palatinate
      • Lahn valley
        • Bad Ems District
          • Frücht
    		Der Aufschluss Vol.55, March/April 2004
    Greenland
     
    • Kitaa Province (West Greenland)
    		[MinRec 18:357]
    Israel
     
    • Negev
    		Gross, S. (1977): The Mineralogy of the Hatrurim Formation, Israel. Geological Survey of Israel, Bulletin no. 70, 80 pp.
    Italy
     
    • Lombardy
      • Lecco Province
        • Vendrogno
    		Del Caldo, A., Moro, C., Gramaccioli, C.M., Boscardin, M. (1973): Guida ai Minerali. Fratelli Fabbri, Ed., Milano, 208 pp.
    • Sicily
      • Catania Province
        • Northern Iblean plateau
    		Sicurella, G., Russo, S., Ciriotti, M.E., Blass, G. (2010): Mineralogia della formazione di Monte Caliella, Palagonia (Catania, Sicilia). Micro (località), 2/2010, 371-408
    • Tuscany
      • Pisa Province
        • Volterra
          • Gambassi Terme
            • Podere Giuseppe
    		Betti C., Pagani G. (2000): Minerali del Senese. - Protagon Ed. Toscani, Siena.
    Japan
     
    • Kyushu Region
      • Oita prefecture
        • Ono-gun
    		Minakawa & Adachi (1995) Sanko-Gakkai Kou'en-Youshi, 58.
    Kenya
     
    • Rift Valley Province
      • South Rift Valley
    Madagascar
     
    • Antananarivo Province
      • Vakinankaratra Region
        • Sahatany Pegmatite Field (Mt Ibity area)
          • Sahatany Valley
            • Marirana
    		Ranorosoa N (1986): Etude mineralogique des pegmatites du champ de la Sahatany, Madagascar. These de Doctorat de l`Universite Paul Sabatier, Toulose
    • Fianarantsoa Province
      • Horombe Region
        • Ihosy District
          • Sahambano Commune
    		Nicollet, Christian (1990): Occurences of grandidierite, serendibite and tourmaline near Ihosy, southern Madagascar. Mineralogical Magazine 54: 131-133
    Mexico
     
    • Chihuahua
      • Mun. de Aquiles Serdán
        • Santa Eulalia District
          • East Camp
    		Megaw, P.K.M., 1990b, Geology and geochemistry of the Santa Eulalia mining district, Chihuahua, Mexico.: Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Arizona, 549 p
      • Mun. de Ocampo
        • Ocampo
    		A.I.M.E. Transactions: 48: 125-135 (1915)]: 98
    • Sonora
      • Mun. de Santa Cruz
        • Santa Cruz
    		Panczner, Wm. D. ;Minerals of Mexico; Van Nostrand Rdinhold Co., New York. p.184
    Panczner(1987):184-390.
    Nepal
     
    • Bheri Zone
    		[MinRec 16:417]
    Norway
     
    • Akershus
      • Asker
    		Eldjarn, K. (1994): Uvitt-dravitt fra Borgenåsen, Asker. STEIN 21 (2), 148-151
    • Aust-Agder
      • Arendal
        • Løddesøl
    		Bugge, J.A.W.(1945): Løddesøl skarnforekomst. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift. 25: 35-57; Larsen, A.O.,Nordrum, F.S. & Austrheim, H. (1999): Turmaliner i Norge. Bergverksmuseets Skrift 15: 21-30
    • Buskerud
      • Nedre Eiker
    		Nordrum, F.S. (2000). Nyfunn av mineraler i Norge 1999-2000. Bergverksmuseets Skrift 17:59-63
    • Sør-Trøndelag
      • Meldal
    		Jørgensen, L. B. & Sagvold, E. B. (2001): Geologiske severdigheter og mineralforekomster i Løkkenfeltet. Orkla Industrimuseum 42p;Nordrum, F.S. (2009): Nyfunn av mineraler i Norge 2008-2009. STEIN 36 (2), 6-17
    Nordrum, F.S. (2001): Noen funn av mineraler i Norge 2000-2001, part II. STEIN 28 (3): 16- 24
    Pakistan
     
    • Gilgit-Baltistan (Northern Areas)
      • Baltistan
        • Skardu District
    		[MinRec 19:271]
      • Gilgit District
    		Dudley Blauwet, Bill Smith and Carol Smith (2004) Table of mineral localities of the northern areas of Pakistan and other selected sites. (in "Pakistan: Minerals, Mountains & Majesty", Lapis International, East Hampton, Connecticut)
    Poland
     
    • Lower Silesia (Dolnośląskie)
      • Rudawy Janowickie Mts
        • Czarnów
          • Rędziny
    		Gołębiowska B., Pieczka A., Parafiniuk J. 2006: Cu(Ag)-Pb-Bi(Sb) sulphosalts from Rędziny (Western Sudetes, Poland). Mineralogia Polonica - Special Papers, vol. 28, 78-80
    Portugal
     
    • Viseu District
      • São Pedro do Sul
        • Manhouce
    		Pedro Alves collection
    Russia
     
    • Far-Eastern Region
      • Kamchatka Oblast'
    		American Mineralogist, Volume 82, pages 1038–1041, 1997
    • Urals Region
      • Middle Urals
        • Sverdlovskaya Oblast'
          • Rezh District
            • Lipovka pegmatite field
    		I.A. Baksheev and O.E. Kudryavtseva : "Composition of some pegmatitic, hydrothermal and metamorphic dravites from the Urals, Russia", Bull. Liaison SFMC, Vol. 16, 2004.
    Slovakia
     
    • Banská Bystrica Region
      • Brezno Co.
        • Beňuš
    		Koděra, M. et al., 1986 a 1990 : Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, diel 1- 3, Veda – Vydavateľstvo SAV, Bratislava, 1990, 1 – 1590
      • Rimavská Sobota Co.
        • Hnúšťa
    		Bouška V., Povondra P., Lisý E., 1973: Uvit z Hnúště. Acta Univ. Carol. Geol., 3, 163-170. Uher P., Janák M,. Ozdín D., 2002: Calcian dravite from metacarbonate rocks of the Mútnik magnesite-talc deposit, Hnúšťa, Slovakia. Neues Jahrb. Miner., Monatsh., 2, 68-84. Uher P. & Ozdín D., 2000: Dravit z Hnúšte – Mútnika: Revízia „uvitu“. Natura Carpatica, 41, 15-20. (in Slovak)
    Spain
     
    • Valencian Community
      • Castellón
        • Sacañet
          • Canales
    		MTI Mineralogía Topográfica Ibérica
    Sri Lanka
    Dunn, P.J., Appleman, D., Nelen, J. A. & Norberg, J. (1977): Uvite, a new (old) commom member of the tourmaline group and it's implications for collectors. Mineralogical Record 8 (2): 100-108
    • Sabaragamuwa Province
      • Ratnapura District
        • Ratnapura
    		Ceylon Aluvial Mine, (Book, Co. 2002)
    Chemie der Erde (1929) 4, 208-251; Min.Rec.(1977) 8, 100-108
    Sweden
     
    • Närke
      • Örebro
        • Glanshammar
    		Torbjörn Lorin collection, Personally analyzed, XRD and SEM-EDS
    • Södermanland
      • Utö
    Switzerland
     
    • Wallis (Valais)
      • Binn Valley
        • Im Feld (Imfeld; Feld; Fäld)
    		Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): "Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz", Wepf (Basel), p. 418-419; Raber, T. (2011): Chromhaltige Turmaline aus dem Lengenbach. Schweizer Strahler 45 (4), 2-5.
    Tajikistan
     
    • Viloyati Mukhtori Gorno-Badakhshan (Viloyati Badakhshoni Kuni)
      • Pamir Mts
        • Pyandzh River Valley
          • Kukh-i-Lal (Kukhilal; Kuhi-lal)
    		Pavel M. Kartashov data
    Tanzania
     
    Jeff Scovil
    UK
     
    • England
      • Cornwall
        • St Just District
          • St Just
            • Botallack
              • Botallack Mine
    		Tindle, A.G. (2008) Minerals of Britain and Ireland. Terra Publishing, Hemel Hempstead, Hertfordshire. 624pp.
    • Wales
      • Conwy (Gwynedd; Caernarvonshire)
        • Llandudno
          • Great Orme
    		Mineralogical Magazine 1996 60 : 978-982.
    Ukraine
     
    • Crimea Oblast'
      • Crimea peninsula
        • Alushta
    		Alexander I. Tischenko (1996). Minerals of the Crimea. - World of stones, 1996, #9, p.9-18.
    USA
     
    • Alaska
      • Northwest Arctic Borough
        • Shungnak District
          • Ruby Creek Prospect
    		U.S. Geological Survey, 2008, Alaska Resource Data File (ARDF): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1225.
      • Yukon-Koyukuk Borough
        • Koyukuk District
    		U.S. Geological Survey, 2008, Alaska Resource Data File (ARDF): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1225.
        • Melozitna District
    		U.S. Geological Survey, 2008, Alaska Resource Data File (ARDF): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1225.
    • Arkansas
      • Hot Spring Co.
        • Magnet Cove
    		“Smith, A.E., Jr., 1996, Collecting Arkansas Minerals: A R“Smith, A.E., Jr., 1994, “Through the Scope: Collecting Microminerals at Cove Creek, Magnet Cove, Arkansas”: Rocks & Minerals, 69:180-185.eference and Guide.” and
    • California
      • Inyo Co.
        • Death Valley National Park
          • Furnace Creek District (Furnace Creek Borate District)
            • Black Mts
              • Ryan
    		Am Min 64:3-4 pp 369-375; American Mineralogist: 55: 349-357
    • Colorado
      • Clear Creek Co.
        • Georgetown District
    		U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 223
          • Illinois Mine
    		U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 223
          • Marshall (Ocean Wave; Welch; Dunaway; Kirtley; Argentine; Wide West; Equator)
    		U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 223
          • Summit (Magnet; Woodley; Mascotte; Comet)
    		U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 223
    U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 223
        • Lamartine District
    		U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 223
        • Lawson District (Dumont District)
    		U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 223
      • Gunnison Co.
        • Dorchester District
          • Taylor Park
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
        • Quartz Creek District
          • Gold Hill Cumberland Pass
    		U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 289
        • Quartz Creek Pegmatite District
    		USGS Professional Paper 265
      • Lake Co.
        • St. Kevin - Independence
    		USGS Bull 1027E
      • Teller Co.
        • Cripple Creek District
          • Victor
    		U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 223
    U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 223
    • Connecticut
      • Middlesex Co.
        • East Hampton
          • Airline Railroad
    		Rowan M. Lytle Collection
    • Kentucky
      • Crittenden Co.
        • Illinois - Kentucky Fluorspar District
    		Rocks & Minerals 81:420-440
    • Maine
      • Androscoggin Co.
        • Auburn
          • East Mount Apatite District
    		USGS Bull 445
    • Maryland
      • Baltimore Co.
        • Baltimore
          • Bare Hills
    • Massachusetts
      • Middlesex Co.
        • Marlborough
    		 Akbite, Collected by L.White 1980 , Dr. Carl Francis, Curator, Harvard University pers. comm. 2009. Allanite, Collected by L.White 1980. Dr. Carl Francis,Curator, Harvard University, pers. comm. 1996. Chabazite (Ca) Var. Phacolite, Collected by L.White 1980. Dr. Carl Francis, Curator, Harvard University, pers. comm. 2010
    • Nevada
      • Lander Co.
        • Battle Mountain District
          • Copper Canyon mine
    		USGS Prof Paper 798-C
      • Nye Co.
        • Round Mountain District
          • Outlaw Mine
    		Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 27, pp. 355-376(1988)
    • New Hampshire
      • Carroll Co.
        • Madison
    		USGS Bull 1312D
        • Wakefield
    		USGS Prof Paper 255
      • Coos Co.
        • Stark
    		Rocks & Minerals (2005) 80:242-261 New Hampshire Mineral Locality Index
      • Grafton Co.
        • Bethlehem
    		Rocks & Minerals (2005) 80:242-261 New Hampshire Mineral Locality Index
        • Orange
          • Keyes Mica mines
    		USGS Prof Paper 255
        • Rumney
    		USGS Prof Paper 255
    USGS Prof Paper 255
    • New Jersey
      • Sussex Co.
        • Franklin Mining District
          • Franklin
    		Palache(1935):112; Dunn(1995):Pt2:163.
    Palache(1935):112; Rocks & Min.: 21:760-761.
    Dunn(1995):Pt2:161.
          • Ogdensburg
            • Sterling Hill
    		Palache(1935):112; Dunn(1995):Pt3:425-427.
    Palache(1935):112; Dunn(1995):Pt3:425-427.
    Sight identification from a find circa 1989.
        • Hamburg
          • Hardistonville
    		Rocks & Min.: 21:668-669.
        • Hardyston Township
          • Rudeville
    		Warren Cummings, personal communication, 2008
    Rocks & Min.: 21:416, 576-577.
    • New Mexico
      • Lincoln Co.
        • Red Cloud District
          • Gallinas Mts
    		NMBMGMR Open-file Report - 532
      • Socorro Co.
        • Iron Mountain No. 2 District
    		USGS Bull 945C
    • New York
      • Essex Co.
    		Rocks & Minerals 82:472-483
    Rocks & Minerals 82:472-483
        • Mineville District
          • Moriah Township
    		NY State Museum spec. no. 17824
    George Robinson & Steven Chamberlain (2007) Gazetteer of major New York State mineral localities. Rocks & Minerals, 82, #6, 472-483.
    NY State Museum spec. no. 12583; Lupulescu, M. & Rakovan, J. (2008) The 35th Rochester Mineralogical Symposium, Contributed Papers in Specimen Mineralogy, 10.
    NY State Museum spec. no. 51.4.6.0-9
      • New York City
        • Manhattan (New York Co.)
    		[MinRecord 28:457]
      • Orange Co.
        • Town of Warwick
    		The Minerals of New York City & Its Environs, New York Mineralogical Club Bull., Vol. 3, No. 1, Manchester, J.G. (1931): 63.
    Rhein Collection
    NY State Museum spec. no. 1987
            • Edenite Hill
    		Van King
          • Pine Island
    		Rocks & Min.: 15: 162-164.; Rocks & Minerals 82:472-483
      • St. Lawrence Co.
        • Balmat-Edwards Zinc District
    		NY State Museum spec. no. 15248
    NY State Museum spec. no.18485
        • Colton
    		Rocks & Minerals 82:472-483
        • De Kalb Township
          • Bigelow
    		Rocks & Minerals 82:472-483; Rocks & Minerals 85:250-259
    M.Darby Dyar et al. (1998), American Mineralogist 83, 848-864; S.L.Tagg et al. (1999), American Mineralogist 84, 1451-1455
        • Fowler
    		Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 22, pp. 327-331 (1984)
          • Little York village
    		Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 22, pp. 327-331 (1984
        • Gouverneur
          • Elmsdale
    		FredricA Schuster
    Rocks & Minerals 82:472-483
    Rocks & Minerals 82:472-483
        • Macomb Township
          • Macomb
    		George Robinson & Steven Chamberlain (2007) Gazetteer of major New York State mineral localities. Rocks & Minerals, 82, #6, 472-483.
    George Robinson & Steven Chamberlain (2007) Gazetteer of major New York State mineral localities. Rocks & Minerals, 82, #6, 472-483.
          • Yellow Lake
    		S. Chamberlain & M. Walter (2011) Road-cut Mineral occurrences of St. Lawrence County, New York Part 4 Yellow Lake South Road cut. Rocks & Minerals 86:349-358
        • North Gouverneur
    		Rocks & Minerals 82:472-483
        • Pierrepont
    		[www.johnbetts-fineminerals.com]; Rocks & Min. (2007) 82:233-234; Talk by Steve Chamberlain at the 2012 Rochester Mineralogical Symposium (rather dravite than uvite)
    Steve Chamberlain et al (2009) "Minerals of the Phosphate vein, Bower Powers Farm, Pierrepont, St. Lawrence Co., NY." The 36th Rochester Mineralogical Symposium, April 23-26, programme abstracts, 13-15.
    Walter, M.R. and Chamberlain, S.C. (2010) Contributed Papers in Specimen Mineralogy: Part 3, 36th Rochester Mineralogical Symposium. (in Rocks & Minerals, 85, #6, 556.)
        • Talcville
    		George Robinson & Steven Chamberlain (2007) Gazetteer of major New York State mineral localities. Rocks & Minerals, 82, #6, 472-483.; George Robinson & Steven Chamberlain (2007) Gazetteer of major New York State mineral localities. Rocks & Minerals, 82, #6, 472-483.
        • West Pierrepont
    		George Robinson & Steven Chamberlain (2007) Gazetteer of major New York State mineral localities. Rocks & Minerals, 82, #6, 472-483.; George Robinson & Steven Chamberlain (2007) Gazetteer of major New York State mineral localities. Rocks & Minerals, 82, #6, 472-483.
      • Warren Co.
        • Horicon township
    		Rocks & Minerals 82:472-483
        • Thurman Township
    		NY State Museum spec. no. 18069
    • Utah
      • Salt Lake Co.
        • Oquirrh Mts
          • Bingham District (West Mountain District)
    		North, Jerry (2010) Displays of Nature : History, Minerals & Crystals of Utah's Bingham Canyon Copper Mine.
    • Wisconsin
      • Marathon Co.
    		Rocks & Min. (2007) 82:233
    Zambia
     
    • North-Western Province
      • Mwinilunga District (Mwinlunga)
        • Jivunda
    		Hori Mineralogy specimens (Tokyo); Hainschwang, T. et al. (2007): Gems & Gemology, XLIII, 36-46.
    Zimbabwe
     
    • Mashonaland West
      • Karoi District (Urungwe; Hurungwe District)
        • Mwami (Miami)
    		No reference listed
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