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Vernadite

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Mramornoye marble-like limestone deposit, Mramornoe Village area, Simferopol area, Crimea Oblast', Ukraine

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Formula:
(Mn
4+
 
,Fe
3+
 
,Ca,Na)(O,OH)
 
2
 · nH
 
2
O
System:HexagonalColour:Black
Hardness:2
Name:
Named after Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadskii (1863-1945), professor of geochemistry, Moscow University (Russia). Founder of the Ukrainian academy of sciences.


According to Giovanoli (1980), vernadite is random-stacked birnessite.

May be confused with feroxyhyte.

Classification of Vernadite

IMA status:Questionable/Doubtful
Strunz 8th edition ID:4/D.10-30
Nickel-Strunz 10th (pending) edition ID:4.FE.40

4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
F : Hydroxides (without V or U)
E : Hydroxides with OH, without H2O; sheets of edge-sharing octahedra
Dana 8th edition ID:4.4.9.1

4 : SIMPLE OXIDES
4 : AX2
Hey's CIM Ref.:7.19.4

7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
19 : Oxides of Mn and Fe
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Type Occurrence of Vernadite

Type Locality:Kusimovskoye Mn deposit, Bashkortostan (Bashkiria) Republic, Southern Urals, Urals Region, Russia
Year of Discovery:1944

Physical Properties of Vernadite

Lustre:Resinous, Dull
Colour:Black
Streak:Chocolate-brown, black
Hardness (Mohs):2
Cleavage:None Observed

Crystallography of Vernadite

Crystal System:Hexagonal
X-Ray Powder Diffraction:
d-spacingIntensity
2.45 (b)
1.42 (b)

Chemical Properties of Vernadite

Formula:
(Mn
4+
 
,Fe
3+
 
,Ca,Na)(O,OH)
 
2
 · nH
 
2
O
Essential elements:H, Mn, O
All elements listed in formula:Ca, Fe, H, Mn, Na, O

Relationship of Vernadite to other Species

Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping):

- +
4.FE.05Amakinite
(Fe
2+
 
,Mg)(OH)
 
2
4.FE.05Brucite
Mg(OH)
 
2
4.FE.05Portlandite
Ca(OH)
 
2
4.FE.05Pyrochroite
Mn(OH)
 
2
4.FE.05Theophrastite
Ni(OH)
 
2
4.FE.10Bayerite
Al(OH)
 
3
4.FE.10Doyleite
Al(OH)
 
3
4.FE.10Gibbsite
Al(OH)
 
3
4.FE.10Nordstrandite
Al(OH)
 
3
4.FE.15Böhmite
AlO(OH)
4.FE.15Lepidocrocite
γ-Fe
3+
 
O(OH)
4.FE.20Grimaldiite
CrO(OH)
4.FE.20Heterogenite
CoO(OH)
4.FE.25Feitknechtite
Mn
3+
 
O(OH)
4.FE.25Lithiophorite
(Al,Li)MnO
 
2
(OH)
 
2
4.FE.30Quenselite
PbMnO
 
2
(OH)
4.FE.35Ferrihydrite
Fe
3+
5
O
 
3
(OH)
 
9
4.FE.40Feroxyhyte
Fe
3+
 
O(OH)
4.FE.45Quetzalcoatlite
Zn
 
6
Cu
 
3
(TeO
 
6
)
 
2
(OH)
 
6
 · Ag
 
x
Pb
 
y
Cl
 
x+2y
Related Minerals - Hey's Index Grouping:

- +
7.19.1Bixbyite
(Mn
3+
 
,Fe
3+
 
)
 
2
O
 
3
7.19.2Janggunite
Mn
 
5-x
(Mn,Fe)
 
1+x
O
 
8
(OH)
 
6
7.19.3Jacobsite
Mn
2+
 
Fe
3+
2
O
 
4
7.19.5Galaxite
(Mn,Fe,Mg)(Al,Fe)
 
2
O
 
4
7.19.6Filipstadite
(Mn,Mg)
 
2
(Sb
 
.5
Fe
 
.5
)O
 
4
7.19.7Manganochromite
(Mn,Fe)(Cr,V)
 
2
O
 
4
7.19.8Zenzénite
Pb
 
3
(Fe,Mn)
 
4
Mn
 
3
O
 
13

Other Names for Vernadite

Other Languages:
German:Vernadit
Simplified Chinese:水羟锰矿
偏锰酸矿
Spanish:Vernadita

Other Information

Health Warning:No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

References for Vernadite

Reference List:

- +
Zapiski Vserossiyskogo Mineralogicheskogo Obshchestva (1937): 66(4): 703-712.

American Mineralogist (1979): 64: 1334.

Giovanoli, R. (1980): Vernadite is random-stacked birnessite. Mineralium Deposita 15, 251-253.

Manceau, A., A.I. Gorshkov, and V.A. Drits (1992): Structural chemistry of Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni in manganese hydrous oxides: Part II. Information from EXAFS spectroscopy and electron and X-ray diffraction. Amer. Mineral., 77, 1144–1157.

Izvestiya Akademii nauk SSSR, geologic. seria: 6: 5-19.

Internet Links for Vernadite

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    • Localities for Vernadite

    The map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.
    Hide Locality List
    (TL) indicates type locality. ? indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. All other localities listed without reference should be considered as uncertain and unproven until references can be found.
    Arctic Ocean
     
    Murdmaa, I.O., Bogdanova, O.Y., Gorshkov, A.I., Novikov, G.V. and Shevchenko, V.P. (2000): Lithology and Mineral Resources 35(6), 594-597.
    Atlantic Ocean
     
    • Mid-Atlantic Ridge complex
    		Bogdanov, Y.A., Vikent’ev, I.V., Lein, A.Y., Bogdanova, O.Y., Sagalevich, A.M., and Sivtsov, A.V. (2008): Geology of Ore Deposits 50(2), 119-134.
    Bogdanov, Y.A., Vikent’ev, I.V., Lein, A.Y., Bogdanova, O.Y., Sagalevich, A.M., and Sivtsov, A.V. (2008): Geology of Ore Deposits 50(2), 119-134.
      • Snake Pit hydrothermal field
    		Bogdanov, Y.A., Vikent’ev, I.V., Lein, A.Y., Bogdanova, O.Y., Sagalevich, A.M., and Sivtsov, A.V. (2008): Geology of Ore Deposits 50(2), 119-134.
    Bogdanov, Y.A., Vikent’ev, I.V., Lein, A.Y., Bogdanova, O.Y., Sagalevich, A.M., and Sivtsov, A.V. (2008): Geology of Ore Deposits 50(2), 119-134.
    Australia
     
    • New South Wales
      • Northumberland Co.
        • Woy Woy
          • Woy Woy Peninsula
    		ENGLAND, B. M. & TURNER, K. E. (1988): An Occurrence of Kolbeckite (Eggonite) ScPO4.2H2O from the Central Coast, New South Wales, Australia. Austral. Mineral. 3(4), 151-156.
    • Northern Territory
      • Gulf of Carpenteria
        • Groote Eylandt
    		Econ Geol (1996) 91:386-401
    China
     
    • Anhui Province
      • Chizhou Prefecture
        • Guichi District
    		Jiuling Zhang (1982): Geology and Prospecting 18(2), 26-40
    • Fujian Province
      • Longyan Prefecture
        • Liancheng Co.
          • Liancheng Mn deposit
    		Huacai Chen (1989): Geology and Prospecting 25(10), 6-11; Shouquan Zhu (1990): Geology and Prospecting 26(12), 57
    Lisheng Luo (1988): Geology and Prospecting 24(2), 13-16
    • Guangdong Province
      • Meizhou Prefecture
        • Mei Co.
    		Liangkai Gu (1986): Geology and Prospecting 22(1), 15-18
      • Qingyuan Prefecture
        • Lianzhou Co. (Lian Co.)
    		Liangkai Gu (1986): Geology and Prospecting 22(1), 15-18
      • Zhaoqing Prefecture
        • Gaoyao Co.
    		Liangkai Gu (1986): Geology and Prospecting 22(1), 15-18
    • Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region
      • Chongzuo Prefecture
        • Daxin Co.
    		Jiuling Zhang (1982): Geology and Prospecting 18(2), 26-40
        • Tiandeng Co.
    		Jiuling Zhang (1982): Geology and Prospecting 18(2), 26-40
      • Guigang Prefecture
        • Guiping Co.
    		Hunan Metallurgical Geology Research Team 236 (1977): Geology and Prospecting 13(8), 20-25, 28; Jiuling Zhang (1982): Geology and Prospecting 18(2), 26-40
    • Guizhou Province
      • Zunyi Prefecture
        • Zunyi Co.
    		Jiuling Zhang (1982): Geology and Prospecting 18(2), 26-40
    • Hainan Province (Hainan Island)
      • Baoting Co.
    		Jiuling Zhang (1982): Geology and Prospecting 18(2), 26-40
    • Hubei Province
      • Huanggang Prefecture
        • Luotian Co.
          • Hejiawan
    		Jingqu Yao (1992): Acta Petrologica et Mineralogica 11(3), 257-266
    Jingqu Yao (1992): Acta Petrologica et Mineralogica 11(3), 257-266
      • Wuhan Prefecture
        • Huangpi District
    		Jingqu Yao (1992): Acta Petrologica et Mineralogica 11(3), 257-266
    • Hunan Province
      • Shaoyang Prefecture
        • Beita District
    		Jiuling Zhang (1982): Geology and Prospecting 18(2), 26-40
        • Shaodong Co.
    		Ziqiang Wei (1976): Geology and Prospecting 12(8), 25-29
      • Xiangtan Prefecture
        • Yuhu District
    		Ziqiang Wei (1976): Geology and Prospecting 12(8), 25-29
      • Yiyang Prefecture
        • Heshan District
    		Ziqiang Wei (1976): Geology and Prospecting 12(8), 25-29
    • Liaoning Province (Manchuria; Dongbei Region)
      • Chaoyang Prefecture
        • Chaoyang Co.
    		Fan, D., Ye, J., and Li, J. (1999): Ore Geology Reviews 15(1), 31-53.
    • Yunnan Province
      • Qujing Prefecture
        • Xuanwei Co.
    		Jiuling Zhang (1982): Geology and Prospecting 18(2), 26-40
      • Wenshan Autonomous Prefecture
        • Yanshan Co.
    		Wenxin Yu (1980): Geology and Prospecting 16(3), 20-25; Jiuling Zhang (1982): Geology and Prospecting 18(2), 26-40
    Germany
     
    • Rhineland-Palatinate
      • Eifel
        • Daun
          • Üdersdorf
    		Hentschel, G., Die Minerale der Üdersdorfer Lava, Lapis, Weise Verlag, München, 11/1989
    Greece
     
    • Attikí (Attica; Attika) Prefecture
      • Lavrion (Laurion; Laurium) District
        • Lavrion District Mines
          • Agios Konstantinos [St Constantine] (Kamariza)
    		LAPIS 24 (7/8) 1999; Wendel, W. and Markl, G. (1999) Lavrion: Mineralogische Klassiker und Raritäten für Sammler. LAPIS 24 (7/8):34-52
          • Lavrion (Laurion; Laurium)
    		Hochleitner, R. (1979): Lapis Aktuell: Vernadit von Laurion. Lapis, 4(10), 6; Hochleitner, R. (1980): Lapis Aktuell: Vernadit = Kryptomelan. Lapis, 5(2), 5.
    Japan
     
    • Tokyo Prefecture
      • Izu Archipelago
        • Nishi Shichito Ridge
    		Jose Carlos Mañuz Sanz collection
    Pacific Ocean
     
    • East Pacific Rise
      • Juan de Fuca Ridge complex
    		Novikov, G.V., Vikent’ev, I.V., and Bogdanova, O.Y. (2006): Geology of Ore Deposits 48(4), 304-325.
    • Marcus-Wake ridge
    		Fengyou Chu, Daqian Hu, and Jie Yao (2006): Global Geology 26(3), 245-253
    Romania
     
    • Suceava Co.
      • Suceava district
        • Iacobeni (Jakobeny; Jacobeny; Jakabfalva)
    		http://minerals-of-the-carpathians.eu
    Russia
     
    • Eastern-Siberian Region
      • Transbaikalia (Zabaykalye)
        • Yeniseisk Autonomous Oblast'
          • Kuznetsk Alatau Range
    		Kuleshov, V.N., and Bych, A.F. (2002): Lithology and Mineral Resources 37(4), 330-343.
    • Far-Eastern Region
      • Magadanskaya Oblast'
        • Kolyma River Basin
          • Ducat District
            • Omsukchan
    		Filimonova, L.G., and Trubkin, N.V. (2008): Geology of Ore Deposits 50(2), 135-144.
      • Primorskiy Kray
    		J. W. Anthony et al.: Handbook of Mineralogy, Vol. III (1997)
    • Northern Region
      • Murmanskaja Oblast'
        • Kola Peninsula
    		www.koeln.netsurf.de/~w.steffens/lovo.htm
    • Urals Region
      • Southern Urals
        • Bashkortostan (Bashkiria) Republic
    		Pekov, I. (1998) Minerals First discovered on the territory of the former Soviet Union 369p. Ocean Pictures, Moscow
    Varentsov, I.M. (1996): Manganese ores of supergene zone: Geochemistry of formation. Springer (Berlin, Heidelberg, New York), 342 pp.
        • Chelyabinsk Oblast'
          • Kusinskii raion
            • Magnitka
    		Lapis 17(2), 38 (1992)
        • Orenburgskaya Oblast'
          • Orsk
            • Khalilovskii District
              • Khabarninskii massif
    		Sharkov, A.A. (2009): Lithology and Mineral Resources 44(1), 19-35.
    Rwanda
     
    • Western Province
      • Gatumba District
    		Jochem Hentsch
    Slovakia
     
    • Banská Bystrica Region
      • Brezno Co.
    		Koděra, M. et al., 1986 a 1990 : Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, diel 1- 3, Veda – Vydavateľstvo SAV, Bratislava, 1990, 1 – 1590k
    • Bratislava Region
      • Malacky Co.
    		Koděra, M. et al., 1986 a 1990 : Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, diel 1- 3, Veda – Vydavateľstvo SAV, Bratislava, 1990, 1 – 1590
    Koděra, M. et al., 1986 a 1990 : Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, diel 1- 3, Veda – Vydavateľstvo SAV, Bratislava, 1990, 1 – 1590k
    Koděra, M. et al., 1986 a 1990 : Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, diel 1- 3, Veda – Vydavateľstvo SAV, Bratislava, 1990, 1 – 1590k
    Koděra, M. et al., 1986 a 1990 : Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, diel 1- 3, Veda – Vydavateľstvo SAV, Bratislava, 1990, 1 – 1590k
    • Trenčín Region
      • Púchov Co.
    		Koděra, M. et al., 1986 a 1990 : Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, diel 1- 3, Veda – Vydavateľstvo SAV, Bratislava, 1990, 1 – 1590k
    Spain
     
    • Catalonia
      • Tarragona
        • Priorat
          • Bellmunt del Priorat
    		Joan Abella i Creus (2008): Minerals I Mines De La Conca De Bellmunt Del Priorat.
    Ukraine
     
    • Crimea Oblast'
      • Crimea peninsula
    		Chukhrov F.V., Gorshkov A.I., Berezovskaya V.V., Sivtsov A.V. (1987) New data on mineralogy of Kerch ores, - Izvestiya AN SSSR, ser. geol., 4, p. 60-77 (in Rus.); Geologiya SSSR (The geology of USSR) (1969) - Nedra (Moscou), 1969, vol. VIII, 575 p.; myself investigation
          • Aktash Lake Area
    		Alexander Tischenko Collection
      • Simferopol area
        • Mramornoe Village area
    		Alexander I. Tischenko (1996)/ Minerals of the Crimea. - World of stones, 1996, #9, p. 9-18.
    USA
     
    • California
      • Trinity Co.
        • Coastal Range
          • Three Forks
    		Huebner, J. Stephen; Flohr, Marta J. (1990) Microbanded manganese formations; protoliths in the Franciscan Complex, California; USGS Professional Paper 1502.
    • Colorado
      • Saguache Co.
    		Rocks & Minerals (July-August, 2002)
    • Nevada
      • Nye Co.
        • Goldfield District
    		NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada
    Mineral and/or Locality
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    Copyright © Jolyon Ralph and Ida Chau 1993-2013. Site Map. Locality, mineral & photograph data are the copyright of the individuals who submitted them. Further information contact the Site hosted & developed by Jolyon Ralph. Mindat.org is an online information resource dedicated to providing free mineralogical information to all. Mindat relies on the contributions of hundreds of members and supporters. Mindat does not offer minerals for sale. If you would like to add information to improve the quality of our database, then click here to register.
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