Vivianite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Vivianite
Formula:
Fe2+Fe2+2(PO4)2 Β· 8H2O
Colour:
Colourless and transparent when fresh, quickly turning pale to deep blue, greenish-blue or bluish-green.
Lustre:
Vitreous, Pearly, Dull
Hardness:
1½ - 2
Specific Gravity:
2.67 - 2.69
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
Named by Abraham Gottlob Werner in 1817 after John Henry Vivian (August 9, 1785 - February 10, 1855), an English (Welsh-Cornish) politician, mine owner, and mineralogist living in Truro, Cornwall and discoverer of the mineral.
(Note: Many references erroneously state that the mineral was named for J. G. Vivian, but the middle initial seems to have been a typographical error.)
(Note: Many references erroneously state that the mineral was named for J. G. Vivian, but the middle initial seems to have been a typographical error.)
Type Locality:
Dimorph of:
Vivianite Group. Forms a series with, e.g., parasymplesite (vivianite-parasymplesite series).
Usually found as deep blue to deep bluish green prismatic to flattened crystals, most crystals rather small to microscopic, larger ones rather rare.
When fresh the mineral may be colourless, or nearly so, and, once exposed, will oxidize with the Fe2+ converting to Fe3+ with a concurrent darkening to dark blue or blue-green - See Alfredo Petrov's article on Vivianite colour change. Exposure to light will ultimately allow this darkening to continue until the specimen is almost black and opaque. This exposure is irreversible and inevitable with any vivianite sample left in the light. While reaction in some samples may be slower than others there is no such thing as a "stable vivianite".
A lower hydrate counterpart is known as 'UM1979-09-PO:FeH'.
Usually found as deep blue to deep bluish green prismatic to flattened crystals, most crystals rather small to microscopic, larger ones rather rare.
When fresh the mineral may be colourless, or nearly so, and, once exposed, will oxidize with the Fe2+ converting to Fe3+ with a concurrent darkening to dark blue or blue-green - See Alfredo Petrov's article on Vivianite colour change. Exposure to light will ultimately allow this darkening to continue until the specimen is almost black and opaque. This exposure is irreversible and inevitable with any vivianite sample left in the light. While reaction in some samples may be slower than others there is no such thing as a "stable vivianite".
A lower hydrate counterpart is known as 'UM1979-09-PO:FeH'.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Vivianite.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
4194
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:4194:8
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
9a9c9eb2-f34c-4e21-87f3-f2eb25104070
IMA Classification of Vivianite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Fe2+3(PO4)2 Β· 8H2O
Classification of Vivianite
8.CE.40
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
C : Phosphates without additional anions, with H2O
E : With only medium-sized cations, RO4:H2O about 1:2.5
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
C : Phosphates without additional anions, with H2O
E : With only medium-sized cations, RO4:H2O about 1:2.5
Dana 7th ed.:
40.3.6.1
40.3.6.1
40 : HYDRATED NORMAL PHOSPHATES,ARSENATES AND VANADATES
3 : A3(XO4)2·xH2O
40 : HYDRATED NORMAL PHOSPHATES,ARSENATES AND VANADATES
3 : A3(XO4)2·xH2O
19.13.11
19 : Phosphates
13 : Phosphates of Fe alone
19 : Phosphates
13 : Phosphates of Fe alone
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMAβCNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMAβCNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMAβCNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Symbol | Source | Reference |
---|---|---|
Viv | IMAβCNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMAβCNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Viv | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185β187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
Physical Properties of Vivianite
Vitreous, Pearly, Dull
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Comment:
Pearly on cleavage {010}, dull when massive.
Colour:
Colourless and transparent when fresh, quickly turning pale to deep blue, greenish-blue or bluish-green.
Streak:
Colourless to bluish white, quickly changing to dark blue or brown
Hardness:
1½ - 2 on Mohs scale
Hardness Data:
Measured
Tenacity:
Sectile
Cleavage:
Perfect
Perfect on {010}, in traces on {106} and {100}.
Perfect on {010}, in traces on {106} and {100}.
Fracture:
Fibrous
Translation gliding:
T(010) t[001]
Comment:
Fibrous nearly perpendicular to [001]; also flexible in thin {010} laminae.
Density:
2.67 - 2.69 g/cm3 (Measured) 2.696 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Vivianite
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.579 - 1.616 nβ = 1.602 - 1.656 nγ = 1.629 - 1.675
2V:
Measured: 63° to 83.5°, Calculated: 78° to 88°
Birefringence:
0.050
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.050 - 0.059
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Dispersion:
r < v weak
Optical Extinction:
X=b, Z^c = 28.5Β°
Pleochroism:
Visible
Comments:
X= blue, deep blue, indigo blue
Y= pale yellowish green, pale bluish green, green-yellow
Z= pale yellowish green, pale yellowish green, olive-yellow.
Y= pale yellowish green, pale bluish green, green-yellow
Z= pale yellowish green, pale yellowish green, olive-yellow.
Comments:
The refractive indices increase with increasing oxidation, the birefringence decreases, and the pleochroism on {010} becomes stronger.
Chemistry of Vivianite
Mindat Formula:
Fe2+Fe2+2(PO4)2 Β· 8H2O
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Mn,Mg,Ca
Crystallography of Vivianite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
B2/m
Setting:
C2/m
Cell Parameters:
a = 10.1518(6) Å, b = 13.4327(7) Å, c = 4.7005(3) Å
β = 104.692(2)°
β = 104.692(2)°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.756 : 1 : 0.35
Unit Cell V:
620.03 Γ
Β³ (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Crystals typically prismatic parallel to [001], also flattened {010}, more rarely {100} and equant; often rounded into blade-like or lanceolate shapes by vicinal development; found in stellate clusters, as reniform or globular aggregates, tabular masses or concretions, crusts with fibrous to bladed structure, and earthy to powdery.
Twinning:
Lamellar twinning on {010}, corresponding to approx. (304).
Comment:
Cell parameters from Hongu et al. (2021).
Crystallographic forms of Vivianite
Crystal Atlas:
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0009138 | Vivianite | Mori H, Ito T (1950) The structure of vivianite and symplesite Acta Crystallographica 3 1-6 | 1950 | Ashio, Japan | 0 | 293 | |
0012069 | Vivianite | Fejdi P, Poullen J F, Gasperin M (1980) Affinement de la structure de la vivianite Fe3(PO4)2*8H2O Bulletin de Mineralogie 103 135-138 | 1980 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
0015722 | Vivianite | Bartl H (1989) Water of crystallization and its hydrogen-bonded crosslinking in vivianite Fe3(PO4)2*8H2O; a neutron diffraction investigation Zeitschrift fur Analytische Chemie 333 401-403 | 1989 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
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Radiation - Copper Kα
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
7.93 Γ | (10) |
6.73 Γ | (100) |
4.90 Γ | (10) |
4.08 Γ | (10) |
3.21 Γ | (20) |
2.99 Γ | (10) |
2.96 Γ | (10) |
2.73 Γ | (10) |
Comments:
Data given are for synthetic material.
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
---|---|
Near-surface Processes | |
21 : Chemically precipitated carbonate, phosphate, iron formations | |
25 : Evaporites (prebiotic) | |
Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
47c : [Carbonates, phosphates, borates, nitrates] | |
Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
49 : Oxic cellular biomineralization (see also #44) | <0.54 |
53 : Other minerals with taphonomic origins | <0.4 |
Geological Setting:
A secondary mineral found in a number of geologic environments: The oxidation zone of metal ore deposits, particularly associated with gossan; in granite pegmatites containing phosphate minerals; and in clays and glauconitic sediments, and in recent alluvial deposits replacing organic material, peat, lignite, bog iron ores and forest soils.
Type Occurrence of Vivianite
Synonyms of Vivianite
Other Language Names for Vivianite
Catalan:Vivianita
Czech:Vivianit
Dutch:Vivianiet
German:Vivianit
Blaueisenerde
Eisenblau
Eisen-Phyllit
Glaucosiderit
Glaukosiderit
Mullicit
Mullinit
NatΓΌrliches Berlinblau
Phosphorsaures Eisen
Blaueisenerde
Eisenblau
Eisen-Phyllit
Glaucosiderit
Glaukosiderit
Mullicit
Mullinit
NatΓΌrliches Berlinblau
Phosphorsaures Eisen
Hungarian:Vivianit
Italian:Vivianite
Japanese:θιι±
Portuguese:Vivianite
Romanian:Vivianit
Russian:ΠΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ
Serbian:ΠΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ
Simplified Chinese:θιηΏ
Spanish:Glaucosiderita
Vivianita
Vivianita
Ukrainian:ΠΡΠ²ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡ
Relationship of Vivianite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
Annabergite | Ni3(AsO4)2 Β· 8H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
Arupite | Ni3(PO4)2 Β· 8H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
BabΓ‘nekite | Cu3(AsO4)2 Β· 8H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
BariΔite | (Mg,Fe)3(PO4)2 Β· 8H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
Erythrite | Co3(AsO4)2 Β· 8H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
Erythrite-KΓΆttigite Series | ||
HΓΆrnesite | Mg3(AsO4)2 Β· 8H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
KΓΆttigite | Zn3(AsO4)2 Β· 8H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
ManganohΓΆrnesite | Mn2+3(AsO4)2 Β· 8H2O | Mon. 2/m : P2/m |
Monteneroite | Cu2+Mn2+2(AsO4)2 Β· 8H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
Pakhomovskyite | Co3(PO4)2 Β· 8H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
Parasymplesite | Fe2+3(AsO4)2 Β· 8H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
152 photos of Vivianite associated with Siderite | FeCO3 |
126 photos of Vivianite associated with Pyrite | FeS2 |
110 photos of Vivianite associated with Ludlamite | Fe2+3(PO4)2 Β· 4H2O |
82 photos of Vivianite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
64 photos of Vivianite associated with Triphylite | LiFe2+PO4 |
41 photos of Vivianite associated with Hureaulite | Mn2+5(PO3OH)2(PO4)2 Β· 4H2O |
31 photos of Vivianite associated with Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
31 photos of Vivianite associated with Rockbridgeite | Fe2+Fe3+4(PO4)3(OH)5 |
20 photos of Vivianite associated with Childrenite | Fe2+Al(PO4)(OH)2 Β· H2O |
19 photos of Vivianite associated with Fluorapatite | Ca5(PO4)3F |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
8.CE.X | BabΓ‘nekite | Cu3(AsO4)2 Β· 8H2O |
8.CE. | Monteneroite | Cu2+Mn2+2(AsO4)2 Β· 8H2O |
8.CE.05 | Chudobaite | (Mg,Zn)5(AsO4)2(HAsO4)2 Β· 10H2O |
8.CE.05 | Geigerite | Mn2+5(AsO4)2(HAsO4)2 Β· 10H2O |
8.CE.10 | Newberyite | Mg(PO3OH) Β· 3H2O |
8.CE.15 | Brassite | Mg(HAsO4) Β· 4H2O |
8.CE.20 | PhosphorrΓΆsslerite | Mg(PO3OH) Β· 7H2O |
8.CE.20 | RΓΆsslerite | Mg(HAsO4) Β· 7H2O |
8.CE.25 | Metaswitzerite | Mn2+3(PO4)2 Β· 4H2O |
8.CE.25 | Switzerite | Mn2+3(PO4)2 Β· 7H2O |
8.CE.30 | Lindackerite | CuCu4(AsO4)2(HAsO4)2 Β· 9H2O |
8.CE.30 | OndruΕ‘ite | CaCu4(AsO4)2(HAsO4)2 Β· 10H2O |
8.CE.30 | VeselovskΓ½ite | ZnCu4(AsO4)2(HAsO4)2 Β· 9H2O |
8.CE.30 | Pradetite | CoCu4(AsO4)2(HAsO4)2 Β· 9H2O |
8.CE.30 | Klajite | MnCu4(AsO4)2(HAsO4)2 Β· 9-10H2O |
8.CE.30 | HlouΕ‘ekite | (Ni,Co)Cu4(AsO4)2(AsO3OH)2 Β· 9H2O |
8.CE.35 | Bobierrite | Mg3(PO4)2 Β· 8H2O |
8.CE.40 | Annabergite | Ni3(AsO4)2 Β· 8H2O |
8.CE.40 | Arupite | Ni3(PO4)2 Β· 8H2O |
8.CE.40 | BariΔite | (Mg,Fe)3(PO4)2 Β· 8H2O |
8.CE.40 | Erythrite | Co3(AsO4)2 Β· 8H2O |
8.CE.40 | Ferrisymplesite | Fe3+3(AsO4)2(OH)3 Β· 5H2O |
8.CE.40 | HΓΆrnesite | Mg3(AsO4)2 Β· 8H2O |
8.CE.40 | KΓΆttigite | Zn3(AsO4)2 Β· 8H2O |
8.CE.40 | ManganohΓΆrnesite | Mn2+3(AsO4)2 Β· 8H2O |
8.CE.40 | Parasymplesite | Fe2+3(AsO4)2 Β· 8H2O |
8.CE.40 | Pakhomovskyite | Co3(PO4)2 Β· 8H2O |
8.CE.45 | Symplesite | Fe2+3(AsO4)2 Β· 8H2O |
8.CE.50 | Cattiite | Mg3(PO4)2 Β· 22H2O |
8.CE.55 | Koninckite | Fe3+PO4 Β· 3H2O |
8.CE.60 | KaΕkite | FeAsO4 Β· 3.5H2O |
8.CE.60 | Hilarionite | Fe3+2(SO4)(AsO4)(OH) Β· 6H2O |
8.CE.65 | Steigerite | Al(VO4) Β· 3H2O |
8.CE.70 | Metaschoderite | Al2(PO4)(VO4) Β· 6H2O |
8.CE.70 | Schoderite | Al2(PO4)(VO4) Β· 8H2O |
8.CE.75 | Malhmoodite | FeZr(PO4)2 Β· 4H2O |
8.CE.75 | Zigrasite | MgZr(PO4)2 Β· 4H2O |
8.CE.75 | UM2009-11-PO:CaHZr | CaZr[PO4]2 Β· 4H2O |
8.CE.80 | Santabarbaraite | Fe3+3(PO4)2(OH)3 Β· 5H2O |
8.CE.85 | MetakΓΆttigite | (Zn,Fe,Fe)3(AsO4)2 Β· 8(H2O,OH) |
8.CE.90 | Slavkovite | Cu13(AsO4)6(AsO3OH)4 Β· 23H2O |
Fluorescence of Vivianite
Not Fluorescent.
Other Information
Notes:
Readily soluble in acids. Melting point = 1114Β°. Darkens in colour in H2O2.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Vivianite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-4194.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Vivianite
Reference List:
Cronstedt, Axel Fredrik (1758) FΓΆrsΓΆk till en Mineralogie eller Mineral Rikets UpstΓ€llning. J. A. Carlbohm, Stockholm.
Werner, Abraham Gottlob (1817) Letztes Mineral-System - Aus dessen Nachlasse auf oberbergamtliche Anordnung herausgegeben und mit ErlΓ€uterungen versehen.p.41 - as Vivianit
Lacroix, Alfred (1910) MinΓ©ralogie de la France et des ses colonies, Paris. 5 volumes: vol. 4: 522.
Wolfe, C. W. (1940) Classification of minerals of the type A3(XO4)2Β·nH2O. American Mineralogist, 25 (11) 738-753
HONGU, Hidetomo, YOSHIASA, Akira, KITAHARA, Ginga, MIYANO, Yumiko, HAN, Karin, MOMMA, Koichi, MIYAWAKI, Ritsuro, TOKUDA, Makoto, SUGIYAMA, Kazumasa (2021) Crystal structure refinement and crystal chemistry of parasymplesite and vivianite. Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences, 116 (4) 183-192 doi:10.2465/jmps.200904
Localities for Vivianite
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
β - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality.
Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Antarctica | |
| Barczuk A. & Tatur A. 2003: BIOGENIC ... |
Argentina | |
| OYARZABAL et al. (H2O) +1 other reference |
Australia | |
| |
| Beyer et al. (1996) |
| |
| |
| Norrish et al. (1957) +1 other reference |
| Noble et al. (1983) |
| |
| R Bottrill 2017 unpub MRT rept |
| Birch et al. (1990) +1 other reference |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
crocoite.com | |
| Bottrill (2000) |
Bottrill et al. (2008) | |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Birch et al. (1993) |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Sorrell (n.d.) |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| |
| |
Geological Survey of Victoria - 1979 - ... | |
| Simpson (1920) |
Austria | |
| Huber et al. (1977) +1 other reference |
Exel (1993) | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
Walter (1998) | |
| Prasnik et al. (2010) |
| Pichler (2009) |
| BrandstΓ€tter F. et al. (2015) |
| L. Weber (1983) |
H. Meixner: Der Karinthin 45/46:241-244 (1962) | |
| H. Meixner: Der Karinthin 45/46:241-244 (1962) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
H. Meixner: Der Karinthin 45/46:241-244 (1962) | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Exel (1993) |
| C.Auer (2012) |
| Niedermayr (1987) |
| Exel (1993) |
| |
Goldmann et al. (2008) | |
| LΓΆffler et al. (2011) |
| Hackenberg 2003 |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
Niedermayr et al. (2009) | |
| Hackenberg 2003 |
| K.A.Redlich (1908) |
| Aufschluss 1972 (SB) |
| Jakely (2010) |
| G. Branstetter coll. |
Lapis 8 (4) | |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Pichler A. (2003) |
| Exel (1993) |
| Chris Auer |
Aufschluss 1972 (SB) | |
| C. Auer (2023) |
| Chris Auer collection |
Exel (1993) | |
| C. Auer (2023) |
| POSTL +1 other reference |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Meixner (1975) |
| E.J.Zirkl +1 other reference |
| Exel (1993) |
| Arthofer (2005) |
Heinz Meixner | |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
peter neschebn collection | |
Neschen (n.d.) | |
Belarus | |
| Steffen Moeckel catalogue - 14.06.2009 |
Belgium | |
Hatert et al. (2002) | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
Buttgenbach (1947) +1 other reference | |
Yannick Verbelen collection. +2 other references | |
Don Windeler collection (https://www.mindat.org/photo-896036.html) | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
Hatert et al. (2002) | |
Vochten et al. (1979) +1 other reference | |
| www.mineralogie.be (2013) |
| Erik Vercammen collection |
| Corin (1933) +1 other reference |
Hatert et al. (2002) | |
| Van Tassel R. (1981) +6 other references |
| Housen (1997) +1 other reference |
Hatert et al. (2002) | |
Hatert et al. (2002) | |
| Drapiez (1823) +1 other reference |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| van Tassel et al. (1979) +1 other reference |
Hatert et al. (2002) | |
| Buttgenbach (1932) +1 other reference |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
Bolivia | |
| Collections of Alfredo Petrov and Dr. ... |
| Econ Geol (1988) +1 other reference |
| SUGAKI et al. (1988) +1 other reference |
| Federico Ahlfeld and Jorge MuΓ±oz Reyes (1955) |
| Federico Ahlfeld and Jorge Munoz Reyes: Las Especies Minerales de Bolivia (Banco Minero de Bolivia, 1955) |
Federico Ahlfeld and Jorge MuΓ±oz Reyes (1955) +1 other reference | |
| Montgomery (n.d.) |
| Wilson (2001) |
Alfredo Petrov | |
Wilson (2001) | |
| Wilson (2001) +4 other references |
| JimΓ©nez-Franco et al. (2018) |
- (specimens on display in mining company office, allegedly from Santa Fe mine, but some or all of these may have been from the neighboring Morococala mine) +1 other reference | |
| Agustin Arando and Alfredo Petrov ... |
Salomon Rivas y Federico Ahlfeld (1998) | |
Wilson (2001) +1 other reference | |
| Wilson (2001) |
| Alfredo Petrov/ Rock Currier/John ... |
| Ahlfeld & Munoz Reyes (1955) |
| Alfredo Petrov and Jaroslav Hyrsl ... |
| Wilson (2001) |
| Spencer et al. (1907) +2 other references |
| Mineralogical Record: 4: 27 +5 other references |
| Spencer et al. (1907) +2 other references |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | |
| RadosavljeviΔ et al. (2014) |
Brazil | |
| Sergio Varvello collection +1 other reference |
| Orris et al. (2002) |
| database and grade and tonnage models: ... +2 other references |
| Cassedanne et al. (1982) |
Larson (2004) | |
Sergio Varvello collection | |
Atencio et al. (2004) | |
| Sergio Varvello photo |
| Cassedanne (1983) |
| Cassedanne et al. (1981) |
| Cassedanne et al. (1999) +1 other reference |
| Cassedanne et al. (1973) |
| Atencio et al. (2006) |
Cameroon | |
| Fransolet et al. (1984) |
Canada | |
| Bannatyne (1985) |
| Bannatyne (1985) |
| Marsh (1863) |
| Richardson et al. (1988) +1 other reference |
| Hoffmann (1900) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Robinson et al. (1992) +1 other reference |
Robinson et al. (1992) | |
150-152. +2 other references | |
| Robinson et al. (1992) |
Robinson et al. (1992) | |
| Robinson et al. (1992) |
| Robinson et al. (1992) |
China | |
| Huatian Wang et al. (1990) |
| Huatian Wang et al. (1990) |
Huatian Wang et al. (1990) | |
| Rao et al. (2017) |
| Gongsheng Yan (1987) |
| Zongshun Xu (1992) |
| Huatian Wang et al. (1990) |
Czech Republic | |
| Povondra et al. (eds.) +1 other reference |
| RΓSENBERG et al. (1996) |
| Breiter K. |
| ΔernΓ½ et al. (Weisser Stein) |
Palache et al. (1951) | |
| Lapis 2002 (7/8) |
| Sejkora et al. (2006) |
| Sejkora et al. (2006) |
| VrtiΕ‘ka L (2018) |
| JirΓ‘sek et al. (Slezsko, ΔeskΓ‘ republika) |
| Rusek P. +1 other reference |
| MΓ‘tl |
| Prachař +7 other references |
Duda +1 other reference | |
| Weber |
| Houzar et al. (ΔΓ‘st 1. Historie dolovΓ‘nΓ a mineralogie) |
| JΓlek |
| Miroslav BlaΕΎek collection +1 other reference |
| Staně +4 other references |
StanΔk | |
Staně +5 other references | |
DR Congo | |
| Deliens (1996) |
Europe | |
Berbain et al. (2012) | |
Finland | |
| Teertstra et al. (1993) |
Alviola Reijo 1974. Selostus ... | |
| Lahti (1981) |
Lahti (1981) | |
Lahti (1981) | |
SandstrΓΆm et al. (2009) | |
| Ilkka Mikkola collection |
| Haapala (1966) |
| Lahti +1 other reference |
| Ilkka Mikkola collection |
MΓ€kitie et al. (1.86-1.79 Ga) | |
France | |
| |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Aubert (1969) |
| R. Pierrot |
| SXRD analyse. M. Blondieau +1 other reference |
| Laurent (1995) |
| - (n.d.) |
| |
| Paul Poulain +1 other reference |
| Le règne Minérale +1 other reference |
| Germain C. (1995) |
| Chauris (2014) |
| Chauris (2014) |
| Le Roc'h P. () |
| Jeannot WOLF collection |
| J. Wolf collection |
| Sorrell (n.d.) |
| Chollet Pascal Collection |
| FONTAN F (1976) |
| Belot (1978) |
| perso.wanadoo.fr (2004) |
Guide geologique de la Haute Vienne | |
| perso.wanadoo.fr (2005) |
A. Lacroix (1962) | |
| Inventaire MinΓ©ralogique de la France ... |
| Bull. Soc. Franç. Minéralo. ... |
Inventaire mineralogique de l'Ariege (Editions BRGM 1984) | |
Christophe Boutry collection | |
| Belot (1978) +1 other reference |
| Berbain et al. (1998) |
| R. Pierrot +1 other reference |
| Jean Claude Dol |
| Berbain et al. (2005) |
Berbain et al. (2005) | |
Berbain et al. (2012) | |
| Berbain et al. (2012) |
| Collection Francois BARILLET |
| P. Devismes : "Atlas photographique des ... |
| Audra et al. (2019) |
Germany | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Verein der Hegauer Mineralienfreunde (1983) +1 other reference |
| Himmel et al. (1933) |
| Medenbach et al. (1982) |
| Habel (2011) |
| ObermΓΌller et al. (1993) |
| WeiΓ (1990) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| WeiΓ (1990) |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| F. MΓΌller: "Bayerns steinreiche Ecke" et al. (Hof) |
| 54. +1 other reference |
| WeiΓ (1990) |
| Geipel (1982) +1 other reference |
in the collection of J. Esche | |
Collection of Volker Betz | |
| von Voith (1836) |
| |
| Dill et al. (2009) |
DILL et al. (2008) +1 other reference | |
| Walter Schwarzmeier collection (https://www.mineralienatlas.de/forum/index.php/topic,59376.msg396426/topicseen.html#new) |
| Th. Witzke collection |
| Dill H.G.: "Mineralogical and chemical ... +2 other references |
www.berthold-weber.de (2001) | |
| Harald G. Dill and Radek Skoda (2015) |
Wittern (2001) +1 other reference | |
| Laubmann et al. (1920) |
| collection H.J. Haas |
| Rank (1985) |
| Weber (2013) |
| Aufschluss 1980 (6) |
| Aufschluss 1980 (6) |
| WeiΓ (1990) |
| Lapis 1979 (11) |
| WeiΓ (1990) |
| WeiΓ (1990) |
| Wittern et al. (1986) +1 other reference |
| |
| WeiΓ (1990) |
| Schnorrer-KΓΆhler (1989) |
| Wittern (2001) |
Wittern (2001) | |
| Schnorrer-KΓΆhler (1991) |
| Schnorrer (1993) +2 other references |
| WeiΓ (1990) |
| BlaΓ et al. (1995) |
| BlaΓ et al. (1995) |
| BlaΓ et al. (1995) |
| WeiΓ (1990) |
| WeiΓ (1990) |
| Blass et al. (Eicher Sattel) |
| Weiss: "Mineralienfundstellen et al. (Munich) |
Schnorrer-KΓΆhler (1991) +1 other reference | |
| WeiΓ (1990) |
| |
| Thomas Kleser Collection |
| C.Auer (2019) |
| Thomas et al. (2000) |
| Witzke et al. (2013) |
| 86. +1 other reference |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| T. Witzke & F. RΓΌger: Lapis 1998 (7/8) |
| T. Witzke & F. RΓΌger: Lapis 1998 (7/8) |
Andreas Gerstenberg collection | |
| |
Greece | |
| Rieck et al. (2020) |
| Rieck et al. (2020) |
| Theodorou et al. (2004) |
| M.G. Stamatakis (2001) |
Hungary | |
| GEODA |
| SzakΓ‘ll: Minerals of RudabΓ‘nya |
| SzakΓ‘ll-Gatter-Szendrei: Mineral ... |
| SzakΓ‘ll-Gatter-Szendrei: Mineral ... |
| GEODA |
| SzakΓ‘ll & Gatter: Hun. Min. Spec. |
Indonesia | |
| Clode et al (1999) +1 other reference |
Iraq | |
| Ismail et al. (2010) |
Italy | |
| Balenzano et al. (1974) |
| Rivista Mineralogica Italiana (3) |
| Maida (2002) |
| VIGNOLA et al. (2007) |
Guida ai Minerali - Come collezionarli +2 other references | |
| Scaini G. (1970) |
Scaini G. (1972) +4 other references | |
| Balsamo Crivelli (1864) +1 other reference |
| Guastoni et al. (2007) |
| G. Blass EDX (2009) |
G. Blass EDX (2009) | |
| Mattioli V. (1979) +1 other reference |
| Natale G. (1985) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Gemellaro (1856) |
| Exel (1987) |
| Bertoldi G. e Boscardin M. (1989) +1 other reference |
Bertoldi G. e Boscardin M. (1989) | |
| Cipriani et al. (1974) +4 other references |
Cipriani et al. (1974) +5 other references | |
| Marco Bonifazi collection |
| The Mineralogical Record: 17 (4) +1 other reference |
| Meli R. et al. (Firenze) |
| Brizzi et al. (1991) |
| Meli R. (Val d'Orcia, Siena) |
Cipriani et al. (1974) +6 other references | |
Cipriani et al. (1974) +6 other references | |
| Boscardin M. (2014) |
Reato S. (2014) | |
| Boscardin M. et al. (2011) |
| Boscardin M. et al. (2011) |
Boscardin et al. (2000) +2 other references | |
Japan | |
| Satoshi Matsubara (1965) |
| Ohe Rikosha specimens. |
S. Matsubara (2000) | |
Ganko-Gakkai Koen-Yoshi (Abstracts of the Meetings of Japanese Association of Mineralogists...) | |
S. Matsubara (2000) | |
| Matsubara & Kato (1980) |
| Masutomi Museum specimens (Kyoto) +1 other reference |
| Specimen on sale at Tokyo International ... |
| Dr. Kameki Kinoshita collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| crystalline nodules from sediment +1 other reference |
| - (Vivianite concretions from here are represented in innumerable japanese collections.) |
| TsunashirΕ Wada (1904) |
| Kusachi et al. (1999) |
| Terashima collection |
| Dr. Kameki Kinoshita collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| Dana 6:A3:44 +3 other references |
Kosovo | |
| FΓ©raud J. (1979) |
Luxembourg | |
| Heinen (1996) |
Madagascar | |
| Collection Collection MusΓ©e National ... +1 other reference |
| Behier (1963) |
Behier (1963) | |
Behier (1959) | |
Malawi/Mozambique/Tanzania | |
www.uoguelph.ca (2004) | |
Malaysia | |
| Bridge et al. (1983) |
Mexico | |
| |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Anisimov et al. (2001) |
| E. Perez-Segura (2009) |
Namibia | |
| in the collection of F.J.Emmerich |
| Mineralogical Research Co. specimen |
| von Bezing (2007) |
Netherlands | |
Palache et al. (1951) | |
| T.G. Nijland |
| T.G. Nijland |
| T.G. Nijland |
| T.G. Nijland |
| |
| T.G. Nijland |
| H.L. Bongaerts (1990) |
New Zealand | |
| Sorrell (n.d.) |
| Sorrell (n.d.) |
| Judy Rowe collection |
| List of the minerals of New Zealand (1913) |
Norway | |
| Frigstad (1985) |
| Sæbø (1984) |
| BrΓΈgger et al. (1875) |
| Neumann (1985) |
Peru | |
| collections of Rock Currier +1 other reference |
| Min.Rec. 28 (1997) +2 other references |
| Guido del Castillo (2004) +1 other reference |
Poland | |
| Gurdziel et al. (2016) |
| WΕodek et al. (2015) |
Hintze 1933: Handbuch der Mineralogie (...) | |
Pieczka et al. (2015) +1 other reference | |
Barsch O. | |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| L. Kruszewski collection |
| Cu +2 other references |
Portugal | |
| Alves et al. (2017) |
| American Mineralogist +1 other reference |
| Alfredo Bensaude Museum / IST Lisbon |
| collection of Pierre Rosseel |
| Schnorrer-KΓΆhler (1991) |
| Maijer 1965 |
| Frank K. Mazdab collection |
| |
| Self-find by Nuno Afonso +1 other reference |
| 4 +4 other references |
| Pedro Alves collection. |
| Neiva et al. (2000) |
| |
various photographs | |
Mineralien Atlas | |
| Pedro Alves collection. |
| Pedro Alves analytical data and ... |
| Identified in RebentΓ£o Mine |
| Pedro Alves collection and analytical ... |
Romania | |
| MINERALOGY OF VIVIANITE FROM ROSIA ... +2 other references |
| www.gl.rhbnc.ac.uk (2003) |
| Onac et al. (1995) |
| www.minerals-of-the-carpathians |
| RΔdulescu |
| Marincea et al. (1997) |
| Huber et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
| www.geocities.com (1999) |
| Udubasa et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
| Calin N et al. (2014) |
Russia | |
| Rudmin +7 other references |
| Izbrodin et al. (2010) |
| webmineral.ru (2020) |
| Minyuk et al. (2013) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Dmitry Tonkacheev |
| Rundqvist (1997) |
Fagel et al. (2005) +2 other references | |
Strakhovenko +4 other references | |
Pekin et al. (2010) +1 other reference | |
Pekin et al. (2010) +1 other reference | |
Pekin et al. (2010) +1 other reference | |
| www.geokniga.org (n.d.) +2 other references |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Feklichev et al. (1998) |
Ivan Novikov analytical data | |
| Feklichev et al. (1998) +2 other references |
| ... |
| Subbotin et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
Mikhailova et al. (2015) | |
| Zozulya et al. (2024) |
| Shen et al. (2021) |
Rwanda | |
| Royal Museum for Central Africa |
| Bertossa (1968) +1 other reference |
Slovakia | |
| Martin Ε tevko-unpublished |
| Grecula |
| ΔuΔa (1993) |
| KodΔra (1986) |
| KodΔra (1986) |
| KodΔra (1986) |
KodΔra (1986) | |
| KΓΊΕ‘ik D. et al. (in Slovak) |
| KodΔra (1986) |
South Africa | |
| Visser et al. (1986) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
Spain | |
| Roda et al. (2001) |
| Christian Rewitzer collection |
| Merino et al. (2013) |
| Hamid +9 other references |
| Roza Llera +3 other references |
| Juan Usoz +2 other references |
| Communication from Miguel Morales |
| Calvo Rebollar (1996) |
| Van der Berg et al. (2020) |
Sweden | |
| Mason (1940) |
| Swedish Nat.Musuem |
| The Swedish Museum of Natural History ... |
Swedish Nat.Musuem | |
| Gustafson (1989) +1 other reference |
| |
| SandstrΓΆm (2002) |
| Mason (1941) |
| Smeds et al. (1998) |
| SandstrΓΆm et al. (2010) |
Switzerland | |
| Marco Bonifazi +1 other reference |
| Vignola et al. (2008) |
Stalder et al. (1998) | |
Taiwan | |
| |
Tanzania | |
UK | |
| www.bedsrigs.org.uk (n.d.) |
| George et al. (1981) |
| Henwood (1843) +3 other references |
| Dines (1956) |
| Phillips (1823) +1 other reference |
| Hall (1868) +1 other reference |
| Hall (1868) +1 other reference |
Henwood (1843) +2 other references | |
Collected by David Clough 8 May 2005 +3 other references | |
Collins (1871) | |
Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society (1870) +1 other reference | |
Peter Trebilcock Collection. | |
Peter Trebilcock collection | |
Hall (1868) +2 other references | |
| Hartley (1984) +1 other reference |
Stanley et al. (1991) | |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Ford et al. (1993) |
| Hall (1868) +1 other reference |
Quirk (1986) | |
| Render (n.d.) |
| F. Rutley: "Elements of Mineralogy" (1900) |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Time Team Series 9 Episode 1 |
| [J.Ralph personal collection] |
| Day (1999) |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Hall (1868) |
| |
| [Specimen in the Natural History Museum |
| Article in WSM&LC Journal |
| Livingstone (1980) +1 other reference |
F. Rutley: "Elements of Mineralogy" (1900) | |
Ukraine | |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Nikita Vladimirovich Chukanov (2005) |
Popov S.P. (1938) +1 other reference | |
| Shnykov E.F. at al. (1971) |
| Britvin et al. (2020) |
| Lyckberg et al. (2009) |
USA | |
| Rocks & Min 70:5 pp 320-333 +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Min 70:5 pp 320-333 |
| Howard (2007) |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:108. |
| Murdoch (1966) |
| Murdoch (1966) |
| Lowell (1916) +1 other reference |
Lowell (1916) +1 other reference | |
| Murdoch (1966) +1 other reference |
| Blake et al. (1882a) +3 other references |
| Murdoch (1966) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 312. +2 other references |
| Jahns et al. (1951) |
| Jahns et al. (1951) |
| www.gemandmineral.com/stewartmine.html. |
| Alfred Stevenson collection |
| Murdoch (1966) |
| Murdoch (1966) |
| Bradley (1940) +1 other reference |
| [β¦ (abstract) +3 other references |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Dana 6:1089. |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Rocks & Min.: 62: 234. |
| Januzzi et al. (1976) |
Januzzi (1994) | |
| Brush and Dana (1878) +2 other references |
| Januzzi et al. (1976) |
Januzzi et al. (1976) | |
| Rocks & Min.: 70:403 +1 other reference |
| Schooner (circa 1980s) |
| Schooner (1955) |
| Dana (1892) +1 other reference |
Bernstein (1976) | |
AmMin 20:311-312 | |
| Marc V. Hurst (2012) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Min News 21:8 pp 1 +1 other reference |
Am Min 53:2096-2101 | |
| Rocks & Min.: 64:194. |
| Cook (1978) |
| Cook (1978) |
| Cook (1978) |
| Cook (1978) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Ream (1995) |
| - (2005) |
Ream (2004) | |
| Ream (2004) |
| Ream (1995) +1 other reference |
- (2005) | |
| Ream (1995) +1 other reference |
Collins (2012) | |
| Collins (2012) |
| |
| Coveney et al. (1984) |
| Anderson (1994) |
| JOURNAL OF SEDIMENTARY RESEARCH |
| R&M 69:3 pp 156-162 |
| Rocks and Minerals (1999) +1 other reference |
| King |
| Maine Pegmatite Workshop 2004 |
W. B. Thompson et al. (2005) | |
| Mineral News (1995) +1 other reference |
| King et al. (1994) +1 other reference |
King et al. (1994) +1 other reference | |
Cameron +3 other references | |
King et al. (1994) +1 other reference | |
| |
| |
| Cameron +2 other references |
C. Burtic & R. Dionne collections. +1 other reference | |
| Cameron +1 other reference |
King (n.d.) | |
Tim Blake | |
| Thompson et al. (1998) |
Thompson et al. (2005) | |
| King et al. (1994) |
| King et al. (1994) |
| Minerals of the Washington D.C. area |
| Barwick (1951) |
| Bob Massey micromount collection |
| reference needed |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Emerson (1895) |
| Gleba (2008) |
| Harvard Museum of Natural History |
| Morris (1983) |
Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) |
| The Mineralogy of The Butte District +1 other reference |
| The Minerals and Gemstones of Nebraska ... |
Fulmer (1893) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Buck et al. (2006) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Osterberg (1990) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Smith (2005) |
| |
American Mineralogist 50:1698β1707 +1 other reference | |
| P. Cristofono et al. (2011) |
| Rocks & Min.: 17:250. +1 other reference |
Cameron et al. (1954) | |
Cameron et al. (1954) +1 other reference | |
| Cameron et al. (1954) |
Morrill. P. +1 other reference | |
| Smith (2005) |
Smith (2005) | |
Cameron et al. (1954) | |
Rocks & Minerals: 16:208-211. +7 other references | |
Whitmore et al. (2004) | |
Geological Society of America Abstracts ... +2 other references | |
Cameron et al. (1954) | |
Cameron et al. (1954) | |
Smith (2005) | |
Nicolay & Stone (1967) | |
Smith (2005) +1 other reference | |
Cameron et al. (1954) | |
| Cameron et al. (1954) |
| Holden (1920) +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Minerals 80:4 pp234-241 +2 other references |
| Cameron et al. (1954) +1 other reference |
| Smith (2005) |
| Excalibur Mineral Co. specimen. |
| New Jersey State Geologist's Annual Report (1893) +1 other reference |
Locality description: "[...] all the ... | |
| Potash in the Greensands of New Jersey |
| Kunz |
| Manchester (1931) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
The Minerals of NYC & Its Environs et al. (1931) | |
The Minerals of NYC & Its Environs et al. (1931) | |
| Manchester (1931) |
A Quest for New Jersey Minerals (1978) | |
Manchester (1931) | |
Manchester (1931) | |
Manchester (1931) | |
New Jersey State Geologist's Annual Report (1893) +2 other references | |
| C.G.Segeler (personal communication) |
Manchester (1931) | |
| Dana 6:1066. |
The Minerals of NYC & Its Environs et al. (1931) | |
| |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
Manchester (1931) | |
| John H. Betts (2009) |
| Marian Lupulescu et al. (2010) |
| Wilson et al. (1978) |
| Horton et al. (1981) +3 other references |
Genth | |
| Forsyth Gem and Mineral Club |
Wise et al. (2022) | |
Smithsonian Institution Mineral ... | |
USGS Bulletion No.74 +1 other reference | |
| Smithsonian institution Mineral ... |
| Carlson (2015) |
| Carlson (2015) |
| Carlson (2015) |
| Carlson (2015) |
| Carlson (2015) |
Carlson (2015) | |
| Lapis 17 (1) |
| Rocks & Min.: 24:257-258. |
| Min.Rec.:21:103 +2 other references |
| Geyer |
| Smith et al. (2000) |
| Campbell et al. (1985) |
Roberts et al. (1965) | |
| Rocks & Minerals: 60: 117. |
Campbell et al. (1985) +1 other reference | |
| Smith et al. (2000) |
| - (2005) |
| USGS Bull 380D +1 other reference |
| Campbell et al. (1985) |
Smith et al. (2000) | |
| Peacor et al. (1984) |
Smith et al. (2000) | |
Rocks & Minerals: 57: 160 &/or 60: 110 ... +1 other reference | |
USGS Prof Paper 297A +1 other reference | |
| Travis A. Paris (2011) |
| Nutt et al. (2012) |
Kelly Nash | |
| a new aubrite. American Mineralogist ... +1 other reference |
| Arthur E. Smith (2009) |
Rocks & Min. | |
| Joe Marty et al. (1999) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Rocks & Min.:60:166. |
Dietrich (1990) | |
Dietrich (1990) | |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
Dietrich (1990) | |
Bland 1966 et al. (1972) | |
Gems and Minerals of America- Jay Ellis ... | |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Rosemeyer (1997) |
| James Cheshire collection |
| Sumaila (2017) |
Uzbekistan | |
| Solodov et al. (2001) |
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