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Vesuvianite

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Bellecombe, Châtillon, Aosta Valley, Italy
© Chinellato Matteo

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Formula:
Ca
 
10
(Mg,Fe)
 
2
Al
 
4
Si
 
9
O
 
34
(OH)
 
4
System:TetragonalColour:Brown, yellow, ...
Hardness:6½
Name:Named after its discovery locality, Mount Vesuvius, Campania, Italy.


Vesuvianite Group. Hydroxyl analogue of Fluorvesuvianite.

Classification of Vesuvianite

IMA status:Valid - first described prior to 1959 (pre-IMA) - "Grandfathered"
Strunz 8th edition ID:8/C.26-10
Nickel-Strunz 10th (pending) edition ID:9.BG.35

9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
B : Sorosilicates
G : Sorosilicates with mixed SiO4 and Si2O7 groups; cations in octahedral [6] and greater coordination
Dana 8th edition ID:58.2.4.1

58 : SOROSILICATES Insular, Mixed, Single, and Larger Tetrahedral Groups
2 : Insular, Mixed, Single, and Larger Tetrahedral Groups with cations in [6] and higher coordination; single and double groups (n = 1, 2)
Hey's CIM Ref.:16.23.3

16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
23 : Aluminosilicates of Fe, Ca, and Mg
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Type Occurrence of Vesuvianite

Type Locality:Monte Somma, Somma-Vesuvius Complex, Naples Province, Campania, Italy
Place of Conservation of Type Material:Mining Academy, Freiberg, Germany 23278
Year of Discovery:1795

Occurrences of Vesuvianite

Geological Setting:Skarns or regional metamorphism of limestones.

Physical Properties of Vesuvianite

Lustre:Vitreous, Resinous
Diaphaneity (Transparency):Transparent, Translucent
Colour:Brown, yellow, brown-black, light green, emerald green, white, red, purple, violet, blue-green to blue
Streak:White
Hardness (Mohs):6½
Tenacity:Brittle
Cleavage:Poor/Indistinct
Poor on {110}
Very poor on {100} {001}
Fracture:Irregular/Uneven, Sub-Conchoidal
Density (measured):3.32 - 3.43 g/cm3
Density (calculated):3.42 g/cm3

Crystallography of Vesuvianite

Crystal System:Tetragonal
Cell Parameters:a = 15.52Å, c = 11.82Å
Ratio:a:c = 1 : 0.762
Unit Cell Volume:V 2,847.09 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:2
Morphology:Short pyramidal to long prismatic, columnar, granular, massive.
Twinning:Twinned domains observed at very fine scale.
Crystal Atlas:
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Vesuvianite no.57 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Vesuvianite no.89 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)

About Crystal Atlas

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Radiation - Copper Kα
Data Set:
Horizontal Axis: ° to ° Vertical Axis: % Source Data: Filtered Data: Peaks:
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.

Optical Data of Vesuvianite

Type:Uniaxial (+/-)
RI values: nω = 1.703 - 1.752 nε = 1.700 - 1.746
Maximum Birefringence:δ = 0.003 - 0.006

Chart shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness) and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:High
Dispersion:Strong
Pleochroism:Weak
Comments:O= colorless to yellowish
E= yellowish, greenish, brownish
Comments:May also be biaxial. Sectored.

Chemical Properties of Vesuvianite

Formula:
Ca
 
10
(Mg,Fe)
 
2
Al
 
4
Si
 
9
O
 
34
(OH)
 
4
Essential elements:Al, Ca, H, Mg, O, Si
All elements listed in formula:Al, Ca, Fe, H, Mg, O, Si
Common Impurities:Fe,Be,B,F,Cu,Li,Na,K,Mn,Ti,Cr,Zn,H2O

Relationship of Vesuvianite to other Species

Member of Group:
Vesuvianite Group:
Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping):

- +
9.BG.05Allanite-(Ce)
{CaCe}{Al
 
2
Fe
2+
 
}[O|OH|SiO
 
4
|Si
 
2
O
 
7
]
9.BG.05Allanite-(La)
{CaLa}{Al
 
2
Fe
2+
 
}[O|OH|SiO
 
4
|Si
 
2
O
 
7
]
9.BG.05Allanite-(Y)
{CaY}{Al
 
2
Fe
2+
 
}[O|OH|SiO
 
4
|Si
 
2
O
 
7
]
9.BG.05Clinozoisite
{Ca
 
2
}{Al
 
3
}[O|OH|SiO
 
4
|Si
 
2
O
 
7
]
9.BG.05Dissakisite-(Ce)
{CaCe}{Al
 
2
Mg}[O|OH|SiO
 
4
|Si
 
2
O
 
7
]
9.BG.05Dollaseite-(Ce)
{CaCe}{MgAlMg}[F|OH|SiO
 
4
|Si
 
2
O
 
7
]
9.BG.05Epidote
{Ca
 
2
}{Al
 
2
Fe
3+
 
}[O|OH|SiO
 
4
|Si
 
2
O
 
7
]
9.BG.05Epidote-(Pb)
{CaPb}{Al
 
3
}[O|OH|SiO
 
4
|Si
 
2
O
 
7
]
9.BG.05Khristovite-(Ce)
{CaCe}{MgAlMn
2+
 
}[F|OH|SiO
 
4
|Si
 
2
O
 
7
]
9.BG.05Mukhinite
{Ca
 
2
}{Al
 
2
V
3+
 
}[O|OH|SiO
 
4
|Si
 
2
O
 
7
]
9.BG.05Piemontite
{Ca
 
2
}{Al
 
2
Mn
3+
 
}[O|OH|SiO
 
4
|Si
 
2
O
 
7
]
9.BG.05Piemontite-(Sr)
{CaSr}{Al
 
2
Mn
3+
 
}[O|OH|SiO
 
4
|Si
 
2
O
 
7
]
9.BG.05Manganiandrosite-(La)
{LaMn
2+
 
}{Mn
3+
 
AlMn
2+
 
}[O|OH|SiO
 
4
|Si
 
2
O
 
7
]
9.BG.05Tawmawite
Ca
 
2
(Al,Fe
3+
 
,Cr)
 
3
[O|OH|SiO
 
4
|Si
 
2
O
 
7
]
9.BG.05Manganipiemontite-(Sr)
{CaSr}{Mn
3+
 
AlMn
3+
 
}[O|OH|SiO
 
4
|Si
 
2
O
 
7
]
9.BG.05Ferriallanite-(Ce)
{CaCe}{Fe
3+
 
AlFe
2+
 
}[O|OH|SiO
 
4
|Si
 
2
O
 
7
]
9.BG.05Clinozoisite-(Sr)
CaSrAl
 
3
(Si
 
2
O
 
7
)(SiO
 
4
)O(OH)
9.BG.05Ferriepidote
9.BG.05Manganiandrosite-(Ce)
(Mn
2+
 
,Ca)(Ce,REE)Mn
3+
 
AlMn
2+
 
(Si
 
2
O
 
7
)(SiO
 
4
)O(OH)
9.BG.05Dissakisite-(La)
{CaLa}{Al
 
2
Mg}[O|OH|SiO
 
4
|Si
 
2
O
 
7
]
9.BG.05Vanadoandrosite-(Ce)
{Mn
2+
 
Ce}{V
3+
 
AlMn
2+
 
}[O|OH|SiO
 
4
|Si
 
2
O
 
7
]
9.BG.05Androsite-(La)
9.BG.05Uedaite-(Ce)
Mn
2+
 
CeAl
 
2
Fe
2+
 
[O|OH|SiO
 
4
|Si
 
2
O
 
7
]
9.BG.05Epidote-(Sr)
CaSrAl
 
2
Fe
3+
 
(Si
 
2
O
 
7
)(SiO
 
4
)O(OH)
9.BG.10Zoisite
{Ca
 
2
}{Al
 
3
}[O|OH|SiO
 
4
|Si
 
2
O
 
7
]
9.BG.15Macfallite
Ca
 
2
(Mn
3+
 
,Al)
 
3
[(OH)
 
3
|SiO
 
4
|Si
 
2
O
 
7
]
9.BG.15Sursassite
Mn
 
2
Al
 
3
[(OH)
 
3
|SiO
 
4
|Si
 
2
O
 
7
]
9.BG.20Julgoldite-(Fe2+)
Ca
 
2
(Fe
2+
 
,Mg)(Fe
3+
 
,Al)
 
2
[(OH)
 
2
|SiO
 
4
|Si
 
2
O
 
7
] · H
 
2
O
9.BG.20Okhotskite
Ca
 
8
(Mn
2+
 
,Mg)
 
4
(Mn
3+
 
,Al,Fe)
 
8
Si
 
12
O
 
56-n
(OH)
 
n
9.BG.20Pumpellyite-(Fe2+)
Ca
 
2
Fe
2+
 
Al
 
2
[(OH)
 
2
|SiO
 
4
|Si
 
2
O
 
7
] · H
 
2
O
9.BG.20Pumpellyite-(Fe3+)
Ca
 
2
(Fe
3+
 
,Mg,Fe
2+
 
)(Al,Fe
3+
 
)
 
2
[(OH,O)
 
2
|SiO
 
4
|Si
 
2
O
 
7
] · H
 
2
O
9.BG.20Pumpellyite-(Mg)
Ca
 
2
MgAl
 
2
[(OH)
 
2
|SiO
 
4
|Si
 
2
O
 
7
] · H
 
2
O
9.BG.20Pumpellyite-(Mn2+)
Ca
 
2
(Mn
2+
 
,Mg)(Al,Mn
3+
 
,Fe
3+
 
)
 
2
[(OH)
 
2
|SiO
 
4
|Si
 
2
O
 
7
] · H
 
2
O
9.BG.20Shuiskite
Ca
 
2
(Mg,Al)(Cr,Al)
 
2
[(OH)
 
2
|SiO
 
4
|Si
 
2
O
 
7
] · 2H
 
2
O
9.BG.20Julgoldite-(Fe3+)
Ca
 
2
(Fe
3+
 
,Mg)(Fe
3+
 
,Al)
 
2
[(OH,O)
 
2
|SiO
 
4
|Si
 
2
O
 
7
] · H
 
2
O
9.BG.20Pumpellyite-(Al)
Ca
 
2
(Al,Fe
2+
 
,Mg)Al
 
2
[(OH,O)
 
2
|SiO
 
4
|Si
 
2
O
 
7
] · H
 
2
O
9.BG.20Poppiite
Ca
 
2
(V
3+
 
,Fe
3+
 
,Mg)(V
3+
 
,Al)
 
2
[(OH,O)
 
2
|SiO
 
4
|Si
 
2
O
 
7
] · H
 
2
O
9.BG.20Julgoldite-(Mg)
Ca
 
2
(Mg,Fe
2+
 
)(Fe
3+
 
,Al)
 
2
[(OH)
 
2
|SiO
 
4
|Si
 
2
O
 
7
] · H
 
2
O
9.BG.25Ganomalite
Pb
 
9
Ca
 
5
Mn[O|SiO
 
4
|(Si
 
2
O
 
7
)
 
4
]
9.BG.30Rustumite
Ca
 
10
(Si
 
2
O
 
7
)
 
2
(SiO
 
4
)Cl
 
2
(OH)
 
2
9.BG.35Wiluite
Ca
 
19
(Al,Mg,Fe,Ti)
 
13
(B,Al,[ ])
 
5
Si
 
18
O
 
68
(O,OH)
 
10
9.BG.35Manganvesuvianite
Ca
 
19
Mn(Al,Mn,Fe)
 
19
(Mg,Mn)
 
2
Si
 
18
O
 
69
(OH)
 
9
9.BG.35Fluorvesuvianite
Ca
 
19
(Al,Mg,Fe
2+
 
)
 
13
[(F,OH,O)
 
10
|(SiO
 
4
)
 
10
|(Si
 
2
O
 
7
)
 
4
]
9.BG.40Vyuntspakhkite-(Y)
Y
 
4
Al
 
3
Si
 
5
O
 
18
(OH)
 
5
9.BG.45Dellaite
Ca
 
6
(Si
 
2
O
 
7
)(SiO
 
4
)(OH)
 
2
9.BG.50Gatelite-(Ce)
CaCe
 
3
Al
 
2
(Al,Mg)(Mg,Fe
2+
 
,Al)[(O,F)|(OH,O)
 
2
|(SiO
 
4
)
 
3
|Si
 
2
O
 
7
]
9.BG.55Västmanlandite-(Ce)
Ca(Ce,La)
 
3
Al
 
2
Mg
 
2
 [F|(OH)
 
2
|(SiO
 
4
)
 
3
|Si
 
2
O
 
7
]
Related Minerals - Hey's Index Grouping:

- +
16.23.1Augite
(Ca,Na)(Mg,Fe
2+
 
,Al,Fe
3+
 
,Ti)[(Si,Al)
 
2
O
 
6
]
16.23.2Dorrite
Ca
 
2
(Mg,Fe
2+
 
)
 
2
Fe
3+
4
[O
 
2
|Al
 
4
Si
 
2
O
 
18
]
16.23.5Ferrohornblende
☐[Ca
 
2
][Fe
2+
4
Al][(OH)
 
2
|AlSi
 
7
O
 
22
]
16.23.6Magnesiohornblende
☐[Ca
 
2
][Mg
 
4
Al][(OH)
 
2
|AlSi
 
7
O
 
22
]
16.23.7Aerinite
Ca
 
5
(Fe
3+
 
,Al,Fe
2+
 
,Mg)(Al,Mg)
 
6
[HSi
 
12
O
 
36
(OH)
 
12
][(CO
 
3
)
 
1.2
(H
 
2
O)
 
12
]

Other Names for Vesuvianite

Synonyms:
GeneviteIdocraseJefreinoffiteJevreinovitePyramidal Garnet
VesuvianaVolcanic Chrysotile
Other Languages:
Croatian:Vezuvijan
Dutch:Vesuvianiet
Finnish:Vesuvianiitti
French:Vésuvianite
Vésuvienne
German:Vesuvian
Egeran
Genevit
Idokras
Jefreinoffit
Jevreinovit
Jewreinowit
Vesuvianit
Hebrew:וזוביאניט
Hungarian:Vezuvián
Italian:Vesuvianite
Idocrasio
Japanese:ベスブ石
ベスブ石、
Lithuanian:Vezuvianitas
Polish:Wezuwian
Portuguese:Vesuvianite
Russian:Везувиан
Serbian (Cyrillic Script):Везувијан
Spanish:Genevita
Jefreinoffita
Jevreinovita
Vesuvianita
Varieties:
Beryllian VesuvianiteCaliforniteCerian VesuvianiteChrome-VesuvianiteCyprine
FrugarditeHigh-Hydrated Si-Deficient VesuvianiteManganoan VesuvianiteXanthite

Other Information

Health Warning:No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

References for Vesuvianite

Reference List:Werner, A.G. (1795) Über Vesuvian

Klaproth, M.H. (1797): Untersuchung des Vesuvians, Vesuvian vom Vesuv, Beiträge zur chemischen Kenntniss der Mineralkörper, Zweiter Band, Rottmann Berlin, 27-32

Vogel, J.H. (1888) Über die chemische Zusammensetzung des Vesuvians. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie: 17: 215 (in German).

Warren, B.E. and Modell, D.I. (1931) The structure of vesuvianite Ca10Al4(Mg,Fe)2Si9O34(OH)4. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie: 78: 422-432.

Gädeke, R. (1938) Die gesetzmässigen Zusammenhänge und Anomalien in der Vesuviangruppe und einigen anderen Kalksilikaten. Chemie der Erde 11: 592-636 (in German).

Kononova, V.A. (1961) On a metamict variety of vesuvianite from an alkaline pegmatite in southwest Tuva. Dokladi Academii Sci SSR: 130: 129-132.

Peters, T. (1961) Differentialthermoanalyse von Vesuvian. Schweizerische Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen: 41: 325-334. (in German).

Chatterjee, N.D. (1962) Vesuvianite-epidote paragenesis as a product of greenschist facies of regional metamorphism in the Western Alps. Beiträge zur Mineralogie und Petrographie: 8: 432-439.

Braitsch, O. and Chatterjee, N.D. (1963) Metamorphe Mineralreaktionen in vesuvianführenden Paragenesen. Beiträge zur Mineralogie und Petrographie: 9: 353-373 (in German).

Murdoch, Joseph and Ingram, B.L. (1966) A cerian vesuvianite from California. American Mineralogist: 51: 381-387.

Trommsdorf, V. (1968) Mineralreaktione mit Wollastonit und Vesuvian in einem Kalksilikatfels der alpinen Disthenzone (Claro Tessin), Schweizerische Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen: 48: 655-666 (in German).

Arem, J.E. and Burnham, C.W. (1969) Structural variations in idocrase. American Mineralogist: 54: 1546-1550.

Coda, A., Della Giusta, A., Isetti, G., and Mazzi, F. (1970) On the structure of vesuvianite. Atti dell' Accademica delle Scienze di Torino: 105: 1-22.

Arem, J.E. (1973) Idocrase (vesuvianite) - A 250-year puzzle. Mineralogical Record: 4: 164-174.

Joesten, R. (1974) Pseudomorphic replacement of melilite by idocrase in a zoned calc-silicate skarn. Christmas Mountains, Big Bend region, Texas American Mineralogist: 5: 694-699.

Rucklidge, J.C., Hemingway, B.S., and Fisher, J.R. (1975) The crystal structure of three Canadian vesuvianites. Canadian Mineralogist: 13: 15-21.

Olesch, M. (1978) Obere thermische Stabilität von Vesuvian (Idocrase) bis 2 kbar und Vesuvian + Quarzbis 5 kbar im System CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O. Fortschritte in Mineralogie: 56, Beiheft 1: 99 (in German).

Olesch, M. (1979) Natürliche und synthetische Fe-haltige Vesuviane. Fortschritte in Mineralogie: 57: Beiheft 1: 114-115 (in German).

Valley, J.W. and Essene, E.J. (1979) Vesuvianite, akermanite, monticellite and wollastonite equlibria and high X H2O/CO2 at Cascade slide, Mt Marcy Quad, Adirondack Mts. EOS: 60: 423.

Himmelberg, G.R. and Miller, T.P. (1980) Uranium- and thorium-rich vesuvianite from the Seward Peninsula, Alaska. American Mineralogist: 65: 1020-1025.

Hochella, M.F.J., Liou, J.G., Keskinen, M.J., and Kim, H.S. (1982) Synthesis and stability relations of magnesium idocrase. Economic Geology: 77: 798-808.

Giuseppetti, G. and Mazzi, F. (1983) The crystal structure of a vesuvianite with P4/n symmetry. Tschermaks Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen: 31: 277-288.

Hoisch, T.D. (1985) The solid solution chemistry of vesuvianite. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology: 89: 205-214.

Valley, J.M., Peacor, D.R., Bowman, J.R., Essene, E.J., and Allard, M.J. (1985) Crystal chemistry of a Mg-vesuvianite and implications of phase equilibria in the system CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O-CO2. Journal of Metamorphic Geology: 3: 137-153.

Fitzgerald, S., Rheingold, A.L., and Leavens, P.B. (1986) Crystal structure of a Cu-bearing vesuvianite. American Mineralogist: 71: 1011-1014.

Fitzgerald, S., Leavens, P.B., Rheingold, A.L., and Nelen, J.A. (1987) Crystal structure of a REE-bearing vesuvianite from San Benito County, California. American Mineralogist: 72: 625-628.

Veblen, D.R. and Wiechmann, M.J. (1991) Domain structure of low-symmetry vesuvianite from Crestmore, California. American Mineralogist: 76: 397-404.

Allen, F.M. and Burnham, C.W. (1992) A comprehensive structure-model for vesuvianite: Symmetry variation and crystal growth. Canadian Mineralogist (1992): 30: 1-18,

Groat, L.A., Hawthorne, F.C., and Ercit, T.S. (1992) The chemistry of vesuvianite. Canadian Mineralogist: 30: 19-48.

Canadian Mineralogist (1992): 30: 1065-1075.

Ohkawa, M., Yoshiasa, A., and Takeno, S. (1992) Crystal chemistry of vesuvianite: site preferences of square-pyramidal coordinated sites. American Mineralogist: 77: 945-953.

Plyusnina, L.P., Likhoydov, G.G., and Nekrasov, I.Y. (1992) Vesuvianite equilibria: experiments, calculations and petrologic applications. Doklady Rossiyskoy Akademii Nauk 234: 172-175.

Groat, L.A., Hawthorne, F.C., Ercit, T.S., and Putnis, A. (1993) The symmetry of vesuvianite. Canadian Mineralogist: 31: 617-635.

Groat, L.A., Hawthorne, F.C., and Ercit, T.S. (1994a) Excess Y-group cations in the crystal structure of vesuvianite. Canadian Mineralogist 32: 497-504.

Groat, L.A., Hawthorne, F.C., and Ercit, T.S. (1994b) The incorporation of boron into the vesuvianite structure. Canadian Mineralogist: 32: 505-523.

Henmi, C., Kusachi, I., and Henmi, K. (1994) Vesuvianite from Kushiro, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan. Abstracts General Meeting International Mineralogical Association Pisa, Italy, 172.

Ohkawa, M., Yoshiasa, A., and Takeno, S. (1994) Structural investigation of high- and low-symmetry vesuvianite. Mineralogical Journal: 17: 1-20.

Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Monatshefte (1995): 264.

Groat, L.A., Hawthorne, F.C., Lager, G.A., Schutz, A.J., and Ercit, T.S. (1996) X-ray and neutron crystal-structure refinements of a boron-bearing vesuvianite. Canadian Mineralogist: 34: 1059-1070.

Bogoch, R., Kumarapeli, S., and Matthews, A. (1997) High-pressure K-feldspar-vesuvianite bearing assemblage in the central metasedimentary belt of the Grenville Province, Saint Jovite area, Quebec. Canadian Mineralogist: 35: 1269-1275.

Groat, L.A and Hawthorne, F.C. (1998) Diffuse reflections and the symmetry of vesuvianite. Phase Transitions: 67: 137-151.

Tribaudino, M. and Prencipe, M. (1999) A high-temperature in situ single-crystal study of P4/n vesuvianite. European Journal of Mineralogy: 11: 1037-1042.

Armbruster, T. and Gnos, E. (2000a) Tetrahedral vacancies and cation ordering in low-temperature Mn-bearing vesuvianites: indication of a hydrogranet-like substitution. American Mineralogist: 85: 570-577.

Armbruster, T. and Gnos, E. (2000b) 'Rod' polytypism in vesuvianite: crystal structure of a low-temperature P4nc vesuvianite with pronounced octahedral cation ordering. Schweizerische Mineralogische und Petroraphische Mitteilungen: 80: 109-116.

Armbruster, T. and Gnos, E. (2000c) P4/n and P4nc long range ordering in low-temperature vesuvianite. American Mineralogist: 85: 563-569.

Tribaudino, M. and Prencipe, M. (2001) The compressional behavior of P4/n vesuvianite. Canadian Mineralogist: 39: 145-151.

Bellatreccia, F. (2003) La Cristallochimica delle Vesuvianiti. PhD thesis, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Roma, Italia.

Borovikova, E.Yu., Kurazhkovskaya, V.S., and Alferova, M.S. (2003) Infrared spectra and factor group analysis of vesuvianites in OH region. International Symposium on Light Elements in Rock-Forming Minerals (LERM 2003), Abstract, 8.

Galuskin, E.V., Galuskina, I.O., Sitarz, M., and Stadnicka, K. (2003a) Si-deficient, OH-substituted, boron-bearing vesuvianite from the Wiluy River, Yakutia, Russia. Canadian Mineralogist: 41: 833-842.

Galuskin, E.V., Armbruster, T., Malsy, A., Galuskina, I.O., and Sitarz, M. (2003b) Morphology, composition and structure of low-temperature P4/nnc High-fluorine vesuvianite whiskers from polar Yakutia, Russia. Canadian Mineralogist: 41: 843-856.

Gnos, Edwin and Thomas Armbruster (2006): Relationship among metamorphic grade, vesuvianite "rod polytypism," and vesuvianite composition. American Mineralogist: 91: 862-870.

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    Localities for Vesuvianite

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