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Witherite

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Alston Moor District, North Pennines, North and Western Region (Cumberland), Cumbria, England, UK
© Rob Lavinsky

Show Witherite Photos (83)
Formula:
BaCO
 
3
System:OrthorhombicColour:Colourless, white, ...
Lustre:Vitreous, ResinousHardness:3 - 3½
Name:Named after William Withering (1741-1799), English physician and naturalist, who first described the mineral.


Aragonite Group

Found in low-temperature hydrothermal vein deposits.

Classification of Witherite

IMA status:Valid - first described prior to 1959 (pre-IMA) - "Grandfathered"
Strunz 8th edition ID:5/B.04-30
Nickel-Strunz 10th (pending) edition ID:5.AB.15

5 : CARBONATES (NITRATES)
A : Carbonates without additional anions, without H2O
B : Alkali-earth (and other M2+) carbonates
Dana 8th edition ID:14.1.3.2

14 : ANHYDROUS NORMAL CARBONATES
1 : A(XO3)
Hey's CIM Ref.:11.5.2

11 : Carbonates
5 : Carbonates of Sr and Ba
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Type Occurrence of Witherite

Type Locality:Brownley Hill Mine (Bloomsberry Horse Level), Nenthead, Alston Moor District, North Pennines, North and Western Region (Cumberland), Cumbria, England, UK
Year of Discovery:1789

Occurrences of Witherite

Geological Setting:Low-temperature hydrothermal veins.

Physical Properties of Witherite

Lustre:Vitreous, Resinous
Diaphaneity (Transparency):Transparent, Translucent
Colour:Colourless, white, greyish, light yellow; colourless in transmitted light.
Streak:White
Hardness (Mohs):3 - 3½
Cleavage:Distinct/Good
On {010} distinct; on {110} imperfect. Possibly also on {110} and {112}.
Fracture:Irregular/Uneven
Density (measured):4.289 - 4.293 g/cm3
Density (calculated):4.29 g/cm3

Crystallography of Witherite

Crystal System:Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) - Dipyramidal
Cell Parameters:a = 5.31Å, b = 8.9Å, c = 6.43Å
Ratio:a:b:c = 0.597 : 1 : 0.722
Unit Cell Volume:V 303.88 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Morphology:Crystals universally twinned on {110}, yielding pseudo-hexagonal dipyramids; also short prismatic [001] or tabular to lenticular with a convex base. Faces commonly rough and horizontally striated. Globular, tuberose, and botryoidal; structure columnar, granular, or coarse fibrous.
Twinning:On {110}, universal.
Crystal Atlas:
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Witherite no.9 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Witherite no.10 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Witherite no.11 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Witherite no.19 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Witherite no.22 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)

About Crystal Atlas

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Epitaxial Relationships of Witherite

Epitaxial Minerals:
BarytocalciteBaryte
Epitaxi Comments:Witherites in parallel growth on Barytocalcite (Blagill). Baryte on witherite, with baryte [010]{102} parallel with witherite [100]{011} and {031}; also otherwise oriented.
X-Ray Powder Diffraction:
Image Loading

Radiation - Copper Kα
Data Set:
Horizontal Axis: ° to ° Vertical Axis: % Source Data: Filtered Data: Peaks:
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.

Optical Data of Witherite

Type:Biaxial (-)
RI values: nα = 1.529 nβ = 1.676 nγ = 1.677
2V:Measured: 16° , Calculated: 8°
Maximum Birefringence:δ = 0.148

Chart shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness) and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:High
Dispersion:relatively weak

Chemical Properties of Witherite

Formula:
BaCO
 
3
Essential elements:Ba, C, O
All elements listed in formula:Ba, C, O
Common Impurities:Ca,Sr

Relationship of Witherite to other Species

Related to:
  • Aragonite Group
    • Common Associates:
    GalenaFluoriteBaryte
    Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping):
    5.AB.05Calcite
    CaCO
     
    3
    5.AB.05Gaspéite
    (Ni,Mg,Fe)CO
     
    3
    5.AB.05Magnesite
    MgCO
     
    3
    5.AB.05Otavite
    CdCO
     
    3
    5.AB.05Rhodochrosite
    MnCO
     
    3
    5.AB.05Siderite
    FeCO
     
    3
    5.AB.05Smithsonite
    ZnCO
     
    3
    5.AB.05Spherocobaltite
    CoCO
     
    3
    5.AB.10Ankerite
    Ca(Fe
    2+
     
    		 ,Mg,Mn
    2+
     
    		)(CO
     
    3
    		)
     
    2
    5.AB.10Dolomite
    CaMg(CO
     
    3
    		)
     
    2
    5.AB.10Kutnohorite
    Ca(Mn,Mg,Fe)(CO
     
    3
    		)
     
    2
    5.AB.10Minrecordite
    CaZn(CO
     
    3
    		)
     
    2
    5.AB.15Aragonite
    CaCO
     
    3
    5.AB.15Cerussite
    PbCO
     
    3
    5.AB.15Strontianite
    SrCO
     
    3
    5.AB.20Vaterite
    CaCO
     
    3
    5.AB.25Huntite
    CaMg
     
    3
    		(CO
     
    3
    		)
     
    4
    5.AB.30Norsethite
    BaMg(CO
     
    3
    		)
     
    2
    5.AB.35Alstonite
    BaCa(CO
     
    3
    		)
     
    2
    5.AB.40Olekminskite
    Sr(Sr,Ba)(CO
     
    3
    		)
     
    2
    5.AB.40Paralstonite
    BaCa(CO
     
    3
    		)
     
    2
    5.AB.45Barytocalcite
    BaCa(CO
     
    3
    		)
     
    2
    5.AB.50Carbocernaite
    (Ca,Na)(Sr,Ce,Ba)(CO
     
    3
    		)
     
    2
    5.AB.55Benstonite
    (Ba,Sr)
     
    6
    		(Ca,Mn)
     
    6
    		Mg(CO
     
    3
    		)
     
    13
    5.AB.60Juangodoyite
    Na
     
    2
    		Cu(CO
     
    3
    		)
     
    2
    Related Minerals - Hey's Index Grouping:
    11.5.1Strontianite
    SrCO
     
    3
    11.5.3Norsethite
    BaMg(CO
     
    3
    		)
     
    2
    11.5.4Alstonite
    BaCa(CO
     
    3
    		)
     
    2
    11.5.5Paralstonite
    BaCa(CO
     
    3
    		)
     
    2
    11.5.6Barytocalcite
    BaCa(CO
     
    3
    		)
     
    2
    11.5.7Benstonite
    (Ba,Sr)
     
    6
    		(Ca,Mn)
     
    6
    		Mg(CO
     
    3
    		)
     
    13

    Other Names for Witherite

    Synonyms:
    Aerated barytesBaroliteBarolite (of Kirwan)Sulphato-Carbonate of BarytaViterite
    French names:
    Baryte carbonatée
    German names:
    BarolitKohlensaurer BarytViteritWitherit
    Latin names:
    Terra ponderosa aerata
    Russian names:
    Витерит
    Spanish names:
    BarolitaViteritaWitherita

    Other Information

    Thermal Behaviour:Inverts under CO2 pressure to a hexagonal (?), and then an isometric modification upon heating.
    Other Information:Soluble in dilute HCl.
    Health Warning:Barium Carbonate is toxic if ingested. Handling of Witherite is not a major cause of concern as long as you avoid breathing in dust and you wash your hands after handling.

    MSDS Data sheet on Barium Carbonate - NOTE this refers to the powder which is more dangerous to handle than crystalline Witherite.

    References for Witherite

    Reference List:Withering (1783) Phil. Trans.: 293 (as Terra ponderosa aerata).

    Watt (1790) Mem. Manchester Society: 3: 599 (as Aerated Barytes).

    Werner (1790) Bergmaaennusches Journal, Freiberg (Neues Bergmannische Journal): 2: 225 (as Witherit).

    Kirwan, R. (1794) Elements of Mineralogy. (1784), second edition. London: 1: 134 (as Barolite).

    Des Cloizeaux, A. (1874) Manuel de minéralogie. 2 volumes and Atlas, Paris. volume 2: 75.

    Dana, E.S. (1892) System of Mineralogy, 6th. Edition, New York: 284.

    Jackson (1894) Journal of the Chemical Society, London: 65: 734 (luminescence).

    Mallard (1895) Bulletin de la Société française de Minéralogie: 18: 8.

    Bary (1900) Comptes rendu de l’Académie des sciences de Paris: 130: 776.

    Kunz and Baskerville (1903) Science: 769.

    Mügge (1903) Jb. Min., Beil.-Bd.: 16: 399.

    Boeke (1906) Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie, Hamburg, Leipzig: 50: 244.

    Groth, P. (1908) Chemische Krystallographie. Leipzig. 5 volumes: vol. 2: 209.

    Boeke (1913) Mitt. Naturfor. Ges. Halle: 3: 1.

    Samojloff (1915) Centralblatt für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paleontologie, Stuttgart: 161.

    Madelung and Fuchs (1921) Annalen der Physik, Halle, Leipzig: 65: 289.

    Goldschmidt, V. (1923) Atlas der Krystallformen. 9 volumes, atlas, and text. Heidelberg. vol. 9: 80.

    Hintze, Carl (1926) Handbuch der Mineralogie. Berlin and Leipzig. 6 volumes: 1 [3A]: 3045.

    Szebellédy (1926) Inaugural Dissertation, Budapest [Min. Abs.: 3: 261 (1927)].

    Wilson (1928) Physical Review, a Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics: 31: 305.

    Cork and Gerhard (1931) American Mineralogist: 16: 71.

    Köhler and Leitmeier (1934) Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie, Leipzig: 87: 146.

    Colby and LaCoste (1935) Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie, Leipzig: 90: 1.

    Hackspill and Wolf (1937) Comptes rendu de l’Académie des sciences de Paris: 204: 1820.

    Faivre (1946) Comptes rendu de l’Académie des sciences de Paris: 222: 227.

    Sidorenko (1947) Comptes rendus de l’académie des sciences de l’U.R.S.S., n.s.: 55: 149.

    Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: Halides, Nitrates, Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Arsenates, Tungstates, Molybdates, Etc. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 7th edition, revised and enlarged: 194-196.

    American Mineralogist (1971): 56: 758.

    Holl C.M., J.R. Smyth, H.M.S. Laustsen, S.D. Jacobsen, & R.T. Downs (2000), Compression of witherite to 8 GPa and the crystal structure of BaCO3-II: Physics and Chemistry of Minerals: 27: 467-473.

    Reviews in Mineralogy, Mineralogical Society of America 11.

    Bulletin de la Société française de Minéralogie et de Cristallographie (1988): 111: 139.

    Internet Links for Witherite

    Search Engines:
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    • External Links:
  • Look for Witherite on Webmineral
  • Look for Witherite on Athena Mineralogy
  • Look for Witherite on Wikipedia
  • Look for Witherite on Mineralien Atlas
  • Raman and XRD data at RRUFF project
  • American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database
  • Search for Witherite in the Natural History Museum (London) online catalogue
  • Witherite details from Handbook of Mineralogy (PDF)
    • Mineral Dealers:
  • Fabre Minerals - search for Witherite specimens
  • Rare and Unusual minerals at Mineralogical Research Company
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  • Wright's Rock Shop - excellent mineral specimens since 1970
  • e-Rocks - Mineral Auctions and Sales
  • Top quality minerals from Kristalle of California
  • Search for Witherite on minvision.com
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    Localities for Witherite

    Hide Locality List
    The map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.
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    (TL) indicates type locality. ? indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. All other localities listed without reference should be considered as uncertain and unproven until references can be found.
    Australia
     
    • South Australia
      • Flinders Ranges
        • North Flinders Ranges
          • Mt Painter area
    		No reference listed
      • Mt Lofty Ranges
        • South Mt Lofty Ranges
          • Glen Osmond
    Austria
     
    • Carinthia
      • Klagenfurt
        • Magdalensberg massif
          • Mairist
    		G. Niedermayr, I. Praetzel: Mineralien Kärntens, 1995
    • Salzburg
      • Hohe Tauern Mts
        • Rauris valley
          • Hüttwinkl valley
            • Alteck Mt. - Hoher Sonnblick Mt. area
              • Kolm-Saigurn
    		A. Strasser: Die MInerale Salzburgs (1989)
      • Saalfelden
        • Leogang
          • Hütten
            • Schwarzleograben
    		E. Fugger: "Die Mineralien des Herzogthumes Salzburg", 11. Jahresber. d. k. k. Ober-Realschule in Salzburg (1878)
    • Styria
      • Mariazell
        • Gollrad
    		http://www.vstm.at/Sammeln/Gollrad.htm
        • Niederalpl
    		R. Exel: Die Mineralien und Erzlagerstätten Österreichs (1993)
      • Neuberg an der Mürz
    		historic locality
      • Peggau
    		R. Exel: Die Mineralien und Erzlagerstätten Österreichs (1993)
    • Tyrol
      • North Tyrol
        • Inn valley
          • Brixlegg - Schwaz area
            • Brixlegg - Rattenberg
    		Lapis 19(7/8):13-78 (1994)
            • Schwaz
    		Lapis 19(7/8):13-78 (1994)
    Brazil
     
    • Southeast Region
      • Minas Gerais
        • Doce valley
          • Galiléia
            • Laranjeiras
    		No reference listed
    Canada
     
    • Northwest Territories
    • Ontario
      • Thunder Bay District
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 196.
    Robert Hauck, Sterling Hill Mining Museum, based on data provided by current owner.
        • O'Connor Township
    		Dana, E.S. (1892) System of Mineralogy, 6th. Edition, New York: 1101.
        • Rabbit Mountain
    • Yukon Territory
      • Watson Lake Mining District
        • Itsy Mts.
          • MacMillian Pass
    China
     
    • Chongqing Municipality
      • Chengkou Co.
    		http://www.chuanyumining.com/template/resou-e.htm
    • Hubei Province
      • Shiyan Prefecture
        • Zhushan Co.
    		Lü Zhi-cheng, Liu Cong-qiang, Liu Jia-jun, Zhao Zhi-qi, Wu Feng-chang, and Li Jian (2005): Geochimica 34(6), 557-573.
    • Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region
      • Baotou League
        • Darhan Muminggan United Banner
          • Bayan Obo
    • Shaanxi Province
      • Ankang Prefecture
        • Ziyang Co.
    		Lü Zhi-cheng, Liu Cong-qiang, Liu Jia-jun, Zhao Zhi-qi, Wu Feng-chang, and Li Jian (2005): Geochimica 34(6), 557-573.
    • Sichuan Province
      • Dazhou Prefecture
        • Wanyuan Co.
    		T. Juxing et al.: Mineral Deposits 17(3): 264-276 (1998)
    Czech Republic
     
    • Bohemia (Böhmen; Boehmen)
      • Central Bohemia Region
        • Příbram
          • Březové Hory (Birkenberg)
            • Březové Hory deposit
    		[Bull.N.M.Praha 2002, 10, p.43-77]
      • Pardubice Region
        • Třemošnice
    		Fengl, M.: Mineralogie těžených fluoritových ložisek (2.). Minerál, 1998, roč. 6, č. 4, s. 243-252.
    Democratic Republic of Congo (Zaïre)
     
    • Katanga (Shaba)
      • Katanga Copper Crescent
        • Southern area
          • Lubumbashi (Elizabethville)
            • Kipushi
    		No reference listed
    France
     
    • Auvergne
      • Cantal
        • Lanobre
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 195; "Les minéraux, leurs gisements, leurs associations", P. Bariand, F. Cesbron et J. Geffroy (1977), Editions Minéraux et Fossiles, BRGM
      • Haute-Loire
        • Brioude - Massiac area
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 195.
        • Paulhaguet
          • La Chomette
          • Mazerat-Aurouze
            • Aurouze
    		P.G. Pélisson : "Etude Minéralogique et Métallogénique du District Filonien Polytype de Paulhaguet (Haute-Loire, Massif Central Français)", Doctorate Thesis, Orléans, France, 1989
          • Salzuit
    Germany
     
    • Hesse
      • North Hesse
        • Richelsdorf District
          • Süss
            • Richelsdorf Smelter
    		S. Weiß: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", Weise (Munich), 1990
    • Lower Saxony
      • Harz Mts
        • Clausthal-Zellerfeld
          • Bad Grund
            • Wildemann
              • Hütschen valley
    		No reference listed
        • St Andreasberg District
          • St Andreasberg
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 195; Weiss: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", Weise (Munich), 1990; Dana 7:II:195.
    • Saxony
      • Erzgebirge
    		Wittern: "Mineralfundorte in Deutschland", 2001
          • Brand-Erbisdorf
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 195.
        • Schlema-Hartenstein District
      • Vogtland
        • Oelsnitz
          • Schönbrunn
    		Lapis, 17 (7/8), 13-25+90.
    Italy
     
    • Sardinia
      • Cagliari Province
        • Donori
    Japan
     
    • Honshu Island
      • Tohoku region
        • Akita Prefecture
          • Hinshu
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 195; Ryoichi SADANAGA and Michiaki BUNNO (1974) THE WAKABAYASHI MINERAL COLLECTION Bulletin No. 7 The University Museum, The University of Tokyo
    Mexico
     
    • Baja California Norte
      • Tres Pozos
    Namibia
     
    • Otjikoto (Oshikoto) Region
      • Tsumeb
    		Mineralogical Record () Tsumeb: 8: 34/85.
    • Otjozondjupa Region
      • Grootfontein District
        • Kombat
    		Mineralogical Record: 22: 421.
    Russia
     
    • Eastern-Siberian Region
      • Saha Republic (Sakha Republic; Yakutia)
        • Aldan Shield
          • Torgo River Basin
            • Davan
              • Chara River (Charo River)
    		[Lapis 1993:4 p.13-20]
    • Northern Caucasus Region
      • Karachai-Cherkess (Karachay-Cherkessia) Republic
        • Arkhyz
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 195.
        • Djalankol
    		Groth (1891) Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Kristallgeometrie, Kristallphysik, Kristallchemie (1891): 18: 631; Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 195.
    • Northern Region
      • Murmanskaja Oblast'
        • Kola Peninsula
          • Khibiny Massif
    		Pekov, I.V. & Podlesnyi, A.S. (2004): Kukisvumchorr Deposit: Mineralogy of Alkaline Pegmatites and Hydrotermalites. Mineralogical Almanac, vol. 7, 140 pages + xxiv photo's pages
    Slovakia
     
    • Banská Bystrica Region
      • Southern Low Tatra Mts
        • Jarabá
    		Koděra, M. et al., 1986 a 1990 : Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, diel 1- 3, Veda – Vydavateľstvo SAV, Bratislava, 1990, 1 – 1590k
    • Košice Region
      • Eastern Slovenské Rudohorie Mts
    		Koděra et all.,1990: Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, I-III, 1590p
        • Vyšná Slaná
    		Koděra et all.,1990: Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, I-III, 1590p
    • Žilina Region
      • Northern Low Tatra Mts
    		Novotný P. & Pauliš P., 2005: Witherit z Vyšné Boce, Slovenská republika. Zprávy Vlastivědného muzea v Olomouci, 283, 68-71.
    South Africa
     
    • Limpopo Province
      • Phalaborwa
    UK
     
    • England
      • Cheshire
        • Alderley Edge
    		No reference listed
      • Co. Durham
        • Durham Coalfield
          • Annfield Plain
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 195.
          • Brandon
          • Craghead
          • Deerness Valley
    		Dunham, Sir K. C. Geology of the North Pennine Orefield, Volume 1 Tyne to Stainmore (2nd Edition), pp 278-279
    No reference listed
          • South Moor
          • Tantobie
        • North Pennines
          • Lunedale
    		Dunham KC. 1990. Geology of the Northern Pennine Orefield. Vol 1 Tyne to Stainmore. HMSO
          • Teesdale
            • Cowgreen area
    		Dunham, Sir K. C. Geology of the North Pennine Orefield, Volume 1 Tyne to Stainmore (2nd Edition), pp 232, 234-235.
    Dunham, Sir K. C. Geology of the North Pennine Orefield, Volume 1 Tyne to Stainmore (2nd Edition), pp 90, 231-234.
      • Cumbria
        • North and Western Region (Cumberland)
          • Caldbeck Fells
            • Potts Gill
    		No reference listed
          • Mungrisdale
    		BMS Database
          • North Pennines
            • Alston Moor District
              • Nent Valley
    BMS Database
              • Nenthead
    		GREEN, D.I., McCALLUM, D. and WOOD, M. (2000) Famous mineral localities: The Brownley Hill Mine, Alston Moor District, Cumbria, England. Mineralogical Record, 31, 231-250.
    Dunham, Sir K. C. Geology of the North Pennine Orefield, Volume 1 Tyne to Stainmore (2nd Edition), pp 136-138, 143-144
        • South Eastern Region (Westmorland)
          • North Pennines
            • Escarpment District
              • Dufton
    		[Specimen in the Natural History Museum, London]
              • Hilton
                • Scordale
    Dunham K C, Geology of the Northern Pennine Orefield, Vol 1, Tyne to Stainmore. HMSO
              • Milburn
                • Dun Fell
    		Dunham, Sir K. C. Geology of the North Pennine Orefield, Volume 1 Tyne to Stainmore (2nd Edition), pp 106, 112.
          • Ullswater
            • Glenridding
    		No reference listed
      • North Yorkshire
        • North Pennines
          • Arkengarthdale
            • Hoove Hill
            • Whaw
              • Northside Mines
    		Dunham Sir K C. Geology of the Northern Pennine Orefield. Vol 2. Stainmore to Craven. HMSO
          • Richmond
    Dunham, Sir K. C. Geology of the North Pennine Orefield, Volume 2 Stainmore to Craven (2nd Edition), pp 156-158.
          • Swaledale
            • Gunnerside Gill
    		Dunham, Sir K. C. Geology of the North Pennine Orefield, Volume 2 Stainmore to Craven (2nd Edition), pp 130, 139-140.
              • Friarfold Mine
    Dunham, Sir K. C. Geology of the North Pennine Orefield, Volume 2 Stainmore to Craven (2nd Edition), pp 129-131.
    Dunham, Sir K. C. Geology of the North Pennine Orefield, Volume 2 Stainmore to Craven (2nd Edition), pp 124-126.
    M Wood, Strontianite in Gunnerside Gill, UKJMM No 12
    M Wood, Strontianite from Gunnerside Gill, in UKJMM No 12
            • Keld
            • Marrick
            • Reeth
    		Dunham, Sir K. C. Geology of the North Pennine Orefield, Volume 2 Stainmore to Craven (2nd Edition), pp 132-133.
      • Northumberland
        • North Pennines
          • Alston Moor District
            • South Tynedale
    		Dunham, Sir K. C. Geology of the North Pennine Orefield, Volume 1 Tyne to Stainmore (2nd Edition), pp 119, 120.
          • West Allendale
            • Carrshield
    		Dunham, Sir K. C. Geology of the North Pennine Orefield, Volume 1 Tyne to Stainmore (2nd Edition), pp 154
    Dunham, Sir K. C. Geology of the North Pennine Orefield, Volume 1 Tyne to Stainmore (2nd Edition), pp 153-154
    Dunham, Sir K. C. Geology of the North Pennine Orefield, Volume 1 Tyne to Stainmore (2nd Edition), pp 156-158
            • Ninebanks
    		Dunham, Sir K. C. Geology of the North Pennine Orefield, Volume 1 Tyne to Stainmore (2nd Edition), pp 152-153
    Dunham: The Geology of the Northern Pennine Orefield, Vol I Tyne to Stainmore pp 140.
        • Tyne Valley
          • Acomb
    		Dunham, Sir K. C. Geology of the North Pennine Orefield, Volume 1 Tyne to Stainmore (2nd Edition), pp 271
    Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 195.
          • Fourstones
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 195.
      • Shropshire
        • Callow Hill-Bog District
          • Snailbeach
    		[Specimen in the Natural History Museum, London]
        • Chirbury
    		BMS Database
    • Scotland
      • Dumfries & Galloway (Dumfries-shire) and Strathclyde (Lanarkshire)
        • Leadhills-Wanlockhead District
          • Wanlockhead
    		[MinRec 12:293]
      • Lothian (West Lothian)
        • Linlithgow
    		BMS Database
    • Wales
      • Powys (Montgomeryshire)
        • Llangynog
    		BMS Database
    BMS Database
    BMS Database
    BMS Database
        • Llanidloes
    BMS Database
    BMS Database
    [www.thamesvalleyminerals.com]
    No reference listed
      • Powys (Radnorshire)
        • Old Radnor
          • Wethel
    		National Museum of Wales Database
      • Rhondda-Cynon-Taff (Mid Glamorgan; Glamorgan)
        • Llantrisant
    No reference listed
    USA
     
    • Arizona
      • Mohave Co.
    		Phillips, K.A. (1987), Arizona Industrial Minerals AZ Dept. of Mines and Mineral Resources Mineral Rpt. 4; MRDS file #10064848.
      • Pima Co.
        • Sierrita Mts
          • Pima District (Olive District; Mineral Hill District; Twin Buttes District)
            • San Xavier
              • Mission complex
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 421.
      • Yuma Co.
        • Castle Dome Mts
    		No reference listed
    Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 421; Galbraith, F.W. & D.J. Brennan (1959), Minerals of AZ: 49.
    • Arkansas
      • Montgomery Co.
        • Glenwood
    		Rocks & Min.: 56:248 & 63:113.
    • California
      • Fresno Co.
        • Big Creek
    		Bob Walstrom, p.c.
        • Rush Creek
    		[MinRec 33:163]
      • Kern Co.
        • Kramer District
    		Cal Div of Mines & Geology "Mineral Information Service" V. 22 N. 10 Oct 1969
      • Mariposa Co.
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 196.
    Brobst, D.A. (1958), Barite Resources of the United States, USGS Bull. 1072-B: 97; Fitch, A.A. (1931), Barite and witherite from near El Portal, Mariposa County, California: Am.Min.: 16(10): 461-468.
        • Incline
    		[MinRec 30:414]
      • Plumas Co.
        • Last Chance District
          • Spring Creek area
    		Mineralogical Record (In press)
      • Santa Cruz Co.
        • Santa Cruz
    		Am Min 50:1164-1169
      • Shasta Co.
        • Harrison Gulch District
          • Platina
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 196.
      • Trinity Co.
        • Mad River Ridge
    		Tony Kampf (PXRD analysis)
      • Tulare Co.
        • Chickencoop Canyon
    • Illinois
      • Hardin Co.
        • Illinois - Kentucky Fluorspar District
          • Cave-in-Rock Sub-District
    		No reference listed
    Mineralogical Record: 5: 266-269; Rocks & Minerals: 63: 221.
            • Ozark-Mahoning Group
    		Rocks & Min.: 63:211.
    Rocks & Min.: 63: 211, 222 & 226.
              • Saline Mines
    		Rocks & Min.: 24:359; 57:71.
    www.missourigeologists.org/Min-Loc2.pdf.
    Anderson (1994) Kentucky Geol. Survey Ser. XI Spec. Pub 20
      • Boyle Co.
        • Danville
          • Caldwell Stone Company Quarry
      • Fayette Co.
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 196.
    • Massachusetts
      • Hampshire Co.
        • Easthampton
    		Gleba, 1978. Massachusetts Mineral & Fossil Localities
    • Michigan
      • Arenac Co.
    		Mineralogy of Michigan (E. W. Heinrich & G. W. Robinson)
    • Missouri
      • Washington Co.
    		R&M 73:2 pp 98-117
    • Montana
      • Glacier Co.
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 196; Ross (1959), USGS Professional Paper 296.
    • Nevada
      • Esmeralda Co.
        • Lone Mountain District
    		NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada
      • Eureka Co.
        • Lynn District
          • Elko
    		NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada
        • Maggie Creek District
    		NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada
      • Lander Co.
        • Argenta District
    		NBMG Bull 80 Geology and Mineral Deposits of Lander County, Nevada
      • Nye Co.
        • Northumberland District
    		NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
    • New Mexico
      • Bernalillo Co.
    		Northrop, 3rd rev. ed. (1996) Minerals of New Mexico
      • Eddy Co.
        • Carlsbad
    		Northrop, Minerals of New Mexico, 3rd. Rev. Ed., 1996
      • Sierra Co.
    		Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed.
      • Socorro Co.
    		Northrop, Minerals of New Mexico, 3rd Rev. ed., 1996
    • New York
      • Montgomery Co.
    		George Robinson & Steven Chamberlain (2007) Gazetteer of major New York State mineral localities. Rocks & Minerals, 82, #6, 472-483.
      • Onondaga Co.
        • Jamesville
    		George Robinson & Steven Chamberlain (2007) Gazetteer of major New York State mineral localities. Rocks & Minerals, 82, #6, 472-483.
      • Seneca Co.
        • Covert
    		Rocks & Min.:64(5):388.
    • Utah
      • Tooele Co.
        • Wild Cat Mts
    • Wyoming
      • Sweetwater Co.
        • Green River formation
    		Am Min 46:420-429
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