Parawulffite
A valid IMA mineral species
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About Parawulffite
Formula:
K5Na3Cu8O4(SO4)8
Colour:
Dark green or deep emerald-green
Lustre:
Vitreous
Hardness:
2½
Specific Gravity:
3.35
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Name:
After its relation to wulffite. Para, after the greek παρά, beside and wulffite (which is named in honor of the Russian crystallographer Georgiy Viktorovich Wulff (1863–1925)).
Related to wulffite both chemically and structurally. One of four K-Na-Cu sulfate minerals beside euchlorine, piypite, and wulffite.
Structure details: (1) the heteropolyhedral quasi-framework of Cu–O–S, along [010], and Na(1)O6 octahedra chains ; (2) Cu–O–S chains comprise Cu-centered square pyramids ([4+1] coordination of Cu) and sulfate tetrahedra; (3) different ratios of alkali cations and their arrangement in cavities of the quasi-framework when compared to wulffite; (4) different configuration of Cu–O–S chains than that in wulffite.
Structure details: (1) the heteropolyhedral quasi-framework of Cu–O–S, along [010], and Na(1)O6 octahedra chains ; (2) Cu–O–S chains comprise Cu-centered square pyramids ([4+1] coordination of Cu) and sulfate tetrahedra; (3) different ratios of alkali cations and their arrangement in cavities of the quasi-framework when compared to wulffite; (4) different configuration of Cu–O–S chains than that in wulffite.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
43899
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:43899:9
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
7f813db0-ce5f-4e87-b649-c91dbdbf5555
IMA Classification of Parawulffite
Classification of Parawulffite
7.BC.60
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
B : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) with additional anions, without H2O
C : With medium-sized and large cations
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
B : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) with additional anions, without H2O
C : With medium-sized and large cations
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Symbol | Source | Reference |
---|---|---|
Pwlf | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Pronunciation of Parawulffite
Pronunciation:
Play | Recorded by | Country |
---|---|---|
Jolyon Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Parawulffite
Vitreous
Transparency:
Transparent
Colour:
Dark green or deep emerald-green
Streak:
Light green
Hardness:
2½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
One parallel to elongation, second coplanar with (010).
One parallel to elongation, second coplanar with (010).
Comment:
Laminated fracture
Density:
3.35(2) g/cm3 (Measured) 3.32 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Parawulffite
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.585(3) nγ = 1.717(4)
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Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.132
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Comments:
Z = very strong, deep emerald-green; X = very pale green, almost colourless.
Comments:
Absorption: Z > X.
The perfect cleavage parallel to the elongation (causing laminated fracturing) and the very strong pleochroism prevented measurement of β and 2V values.
The perfect cleavage parallel to the elongation (causing laminated fracturing) and the very strong pleochroism prevented measurement of β and 2V values.
Chemistry of Parawulffite
Mindat Formula:
K5Na3Cu8O4(SO4)8
Common Impurities:
Rb,Cs
Crystallography of Parawulffite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
P2/b
Setting:
P2/c
Cell Parameters:
a = 13.904(1) Å, b = 4.9765(3) Å, c = 23.586(2) Å
γ = 90.209(6)°
γ = 90.209(6)°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 2.794 : 1 : 4.739
Unit Cell V:
1631.98 ų
Z:
2
Morphology:
Imperfect prismatic crystals up to 0.4 × 0.2 mm, in clusters and crusts; [010] elongation often observed; commonly curved, blocky character.
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
9.06 Å | (100) |
7.00 Å | (23) |
5.903 Å | (12) |
3.096 Å | (31) |
2.736 Å | (33) |
2.674 Å | (11) |
2.492 Å | (24) |
2.321 Å | (26) |
Comments:
From Type Description.
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
---|---|
Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
45a : [Sulfates, arsenates, selenates, antimonates] |
Type Occurrence of Parawulffite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Crude crystals or irregularly shaped grains.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Type material is deposited in the collections of the Fersman Mineralogical Museum of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, registration number 4386/1.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Incrustations on basalt scoria and on hematite.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Synonyms of Parawulffite
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
7.BC. | Adranosite-(Fe) | (NH4)4NaFe3+2(SO4)4Cl(OH)2 |
7.BC. | Adranosite | (NH4)4NaAl2(SO4)4Cl(OH)2 |
7.BC. | D'Ansite-(Mn) | Na21Mn2+(SO4)10Cl3 |
7.BC. | Agaite | Pb3CuTeO5(OH)2(CO3) |
7.BC. | D'Ansite-(Fe) | Na21Fe2+(SO4)10Cl3 |
7.BC. | Acmonidesite | (NH4,K,Pb)8NaFe2+4(SO4)5Cl8 |
7.BC. | Backite | Pb2AlTeO6Cl |
7.BC. | Hagstromite | Pb8Cu2+(Te6+O6)2(CO3)Cl4 |
7.BC. | Wildcatite | CaFe3+Te6+O5(OH) |
7.BC. | Franksousaite | PbCu(Se6+O4)(OH)2 |
7.BC. | Zincochenite | Pb4Zn(OH)6(SO4)2 |
7.BC. | Viskontite | Pb5Cu2(SO4)3(SeO3)(OH)6 |
7.BC.05 | D'Ansite | Na21Mg(SO4)10Cl3 |
7.BC.07 | Apatelite | Fe3(SO4)2(OH)5 · 0.5H2O |
7.BC.07 | Unnamed (Ba-Fe Vanadate) | Ba, Fe, V, O, H |
7.BC.10 | Alunite | KAl3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
7.BC.10 | Ammonioalunite | (NH4)Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
7.BC.10 | Ammoniojarosite | (NH4)Fe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
7.BC.10 | Argentojarosite | AgFe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
7.BC.10 | Beaverite-(Cu) | Pb(Fe3+2Cu)(SO4)2(OH)6 |
7.BC.10 | Dorallcharite | TlFe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
7.BC.10 | Huangite | Ca0.5Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
7.BC.10 | Hydroniumjarosite | (H3O)Fe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
7.BC.10 | Jarosite | KFe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
7.BC.10 | Natroalunite-2c | (Na,Ca0.5,K)Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
7.BC.10 | Natroalunite | NaAl3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
7.BC.10 | Natrojarosite | NaFe3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
7.BC.10 | Osarizawaite | Pb(Al2Cu2+)(SO4)2(OH)6 |
7.BC.10 | Plumbojarosite | Pb0.5Fe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
7.BC.10 | Schlossmacherite | (H3O)Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
7.BC.10 | Walthierite | Ba0.5Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
7.BC.10 | Beaverite-(Zn) | Pb(Fe3+2Zn)(SO4)2(OH)6 |
7.BC.15 | Ye'elimite | Ca4Al6(SO4)O12 |
7.BC.20 | Atlasovite | K(BiO)Cu6Fe3+(SO4)5O3Cl |
7.BC.20 | Nabokoite | KCu7(SO4)5(Te4+O3)OCl |
7.BC.20 | Puninite | Na2Cu3O(SO4)3 |
7.BC.25 | Chlorothionite | K2Cu(SO4)Cl2 |
7.BC.30 | Euchlorine | KNaCu3(SO4)3O |
7.BC.30 | Fedotovite | K2Cu3(SO4)3O |
7.BC.35 | Kamchatkite | KCu3(SO4)2OCl |
7.BC.40 | Piypite | K4Cu4O2(SO4)4 · (Na,Cu)Cl |
7.BC.45 | Klyuchevskite | K3Cu3(Fe3+,Al)(SO4)4O2 |
7.BC.45 | Alumoklyuchevskite | K3Cu3(Al,Fe3+)(SO4)4O2 |
7.BC.45 | Belousovite | KZn(SO4)Cl |
7.BC.47 | Müllerite | Pb2Fe3+(Te6+O6)Cl |
7.BC.50 | Caledonite | Pb5Cu2(SO4)3(CO3)(OH)6 |
7.BC.50 | Elasmochloite | Na3Cu6BiO4(SO4)5 |
7.BC.52 | Eleomelanite | (K2Pb)Cu4O2(SO4)4 |
7.BC.55 | Wherryite | Pb7Cu2(SO4)4(SiO4)2(OH)2 |
7.BC.55 | Falgarite | K4(VO)3(SO4)5 |
7.BC.57 | Krasheninnikovite | KNa2CaMg(SO4)3F |
7.BC.60 | Mammothite | Pb6Cu4AlSb5+O2(OH)16Cl4(SO4)2 |
7.BC.60 | Wulffite | K3NaCu4O2(SO4)4 |
7.BC.62 | Shuvalovite | K2(Ca2Na)(SO4)3F |
7.BC.65 | Linarite | PbCu(SO4)(OH)2 |
7.BC.65 | Schmiederite | Pb2Cu2(Se6+O4)(Se4+O3)(OH)4 |
7.BC.65 | Munakataite | Pb2Cu2(Se4+O3)(SO4)(OH)4 |
7.BC.65 | Therasiaite | (NH4)3KNa2Fe2+Fe3+(SO4)3Cl5 |
7.BC.65 | Saccoite | Ca2Mn3+2F(OH)8 · 0.5(SO4) |
7.BC.70 | Chenite | Pb4Cu(SO4)2(OH)6 |
7.BC.75 | Krivovichevite | Pb3Al(OH)6(SO4)(OH) |
7.BC.80 | Anhydrokainite | KMg(SO4)Cl |
Other Information
IR Spectrum:
[cm-1]: 1212s, 1202s, 1149s, 1116s (asymmetric stretching of sulfate), 1036s, 1006s, 981s [symmetric stretching of sulfate), 690, 665, 642, 618, 572, 550 (bending of sulfate), 503, 450 [lattice modes: stretching of shorter bonds in Cu-center
Notes:
Slowly dissolves in room temperature water.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Parawulffite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-43899.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Parawulffite
Reference List:
Williams, P. A., Hatert, F., Pasero, M., Mills, S. J. (2013) New minerals and nomenclature modifications approved in 2013. CNMNC Newsletter No.17. Mineralogical Magazine, 77 (7) 2997-3005 doi:10.1180/minmag.2013.077.7.09
Pekov, I. V., Zubkova, N. V., Yapaskurt, V. O., Belakovskiy, D. I., Chukanov, N. V., Lykova, I. S., Savelyev, D. P., Sidorov, E. G., Pushcharovsky, D. Y. (2014) Wulffite, K3NaCu4O2(SO4)4, and parawulffite, K5Na3Cu8O4(SO4)8, two new minerals from fumarole sublimates of the Tolbachik Volcano, Kamchatka, Russia. The Canadian Mineralogist, 52 (4) 699-716 doi:10.3749/canmin.1400018
Localities for Parawulffite
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality.
Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Russia | |
| Dealer label. |
| Williams et al. (2013) +2 other references |
| Sharygin et al. (2018) |
Quick NavTopAbout ParawulffiteUnique IdentifiersIMA Classification Classification Mineral SymbolsPronunciation Physical Properties Optical Data Chemistry Crystallography X-Ray Powder DiffractionGeological EnvironmentType Occurrence SynonymsStrunz-MindatOther InformationInternet Links References Localities Locality List
Arsenatnaya fumarole, Second scoria cone, Northern Breakthrough, Great Fissure eruption, Tolbachik Volcanic field, Milkovsky District, Kamchatka Krai, Russia