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Baddeleyite

Big Photo

Phalaborwa, Limpopo Province, South Africa
© Rob Lavinsky

Show Baddeleyite Photos (27)
Formula:
ZrO
 
2
System:MonoclinicColour:Colourless to yellow, ...
Lustre:Vitreous, GreasyHardness:6½
Name:For Joseph Baddeley, who first called attention to the Sri Lankan material.
This page provides mineralogical data about Baddeleyite.

Classification of Baddeleyite

IMA status:Valid - first described prior to 1959 (pre-IMA) - "Grandfathered"
Strunz 8th edition ID:4/D.31-10
Nickel-Strunz 10th (pending) edition ID:4.DE.35

4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
D : Metal: Oxygen = 1:2 and similar
E : With medium-sized cations; with various polyhedra
Dana 8th edition ID:4.4.14.1

4 : SIMPLE OXIDES
4 : AX2
Hey's CIM Ref.:7.10.1

7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
10 : Oxides of Zr and Th
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Type Occurrence of Baddeleyite

Type Locality:Kollonnagam, Rakwana, Sabaragamuwa Province, Sri Lanka
Place of Conservation of Type Material:The Natural History Museum, London, England.
Year of Discovery:1892

Occurrences of Baddeleyite

Geological Setting:An accessory mineral in carbonatites and kimberlites; in syenites, diabases, gabbros, anorthosites; detrital in gem gravels; also in lunar basalt, tektites and meteorites.

Physical Properties of Baddeleyite

Lustre:Vitreous, Greasy
Diaphaneity (Transparency):Transparent, Translucent on thin edges
Colour:Colourless to yellow, green, greenish or reddish brown, brown, iron-black; colourless to brown in transmitted light
Streak:White to brownish white
Hardness (Mohs):6½
Tenacity:Brittle
Cleavage:Very Good
nearly perfect on {001}, less perfect on {010} and {110}
Fracture:Irregular/Uneven, Sub-Conchoidal
Density (measured):5.4 - 6.02 g/cm3
Density (calculated):5.83 g/cm3

Crystallography of Baddeleyite

Crystal System:Monoclinic
Class (H-M):2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:P21/b (P1 1 21/b) [P21/c] {P1 21/c 1} {P21/a}
Cell Parameters:a = 5.1505Å, b = 5.2116Å, c = 5.3173Å
β = 99.23°
Ratio:a:b:c = 0.988 : 1 : 1.02
Unit Cell Volume:V 140.88 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:4
Morphology:Crystals commonly tabular on {100} and somewhat elongated on [010], or short to long prismatic along [001], to 6 cm; rarely equant; prism faces striated parallel to [001]; also botryoidal masses with radially fibrous structure and concentric banding.
Twinning:Ubiquitous; on {100} and {110}, both may be polysynthetic; rare on {201}.
X-Ray Powder Diffraction:
Image Loading

Radiation - Copper Kα
Data Set:
Horizontal Axis: ° to ° Vertical Axis: % Source Data: Filtered Data: Peaks:
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
X-Ray Powder Diffraction:
d-spacingIntensity
3.15 (10)
2.835 (9)
2.62 (5)
1.817 (5)
3.66 (4)
3.51 (4)
Comments:Recorded on material from Palabora Mine, South Africa

Optical Data of Baddeleyite

Type:Biaxial (-)
RI values: nα = 2.130 nβ = 2.190 nγ = 2.200
2V:Measured: 30° to 31°, Calculated: 28°
Maximum Birefringence:δ = 0.070

Chart shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness) and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:Very High
Dispersion:r > v, rather strong
Comments:X = yellow, reddish brown, oil-green; Y = oil-green, reddish brown; Z = brown, light brown; Orientation: X vs. c = 13°, Y = b

Chemical Properties of Baddeleyite

Formula:
ZrO
 
2
Essential elements:O, Zr
All elements listed in formula:O, Zr
Analyical Data:Analysis of material from Balangoda, Sri Lanka
SiO2 (0.19)
ZrO2 (98.90)
Fe2O3 (0.83)
CaO (0.06)
LOI (0.28) (loss on ignition)

sum 100.25 wt.-%
Common Impurities:Ca,Fe,Hf,Si,Ti

Relationship of Baddeleyite to other Species

Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping):
4.DE.05Downeyite
SeO
 
2
4.DE.10Koragoite
(Mn
2+
 
,Fe
3+
 
)
 
3
(Nb,Ta,Ti)
 
2
(Nb,Mn)
 
2
(W,Ta)
 
2
O
 
20
4.DE.15Koechlinite
(BiO)
 
2
[MoO
 
4
]
4.DE.15Russellite
(BiO)
 
2
[WO
 
4
]
4.DE.15Tungstibite
Sb
 
2
WO
 
6
4.DE.20Tellurite
TeO
 
2
4.DE.25Paratellurite
TeO
 
2
4.DE.30Bismutotantalite
Bi(Ta,Nb)O
 
4
4.DE.30Bismutocolumbite
Bi(Nb,Ta)O
 
4
4.DE.30Cervantite
Sb
3+
 
Sb
5+
 
O
 
4
4.DE.30Stibiotantalite
Sb(Ta,Nb)O
 
4
4.DE.30Stibiocolumbite
Sb(Nb,Ta)O
 
4
4.DE.30Clinocervantite
Sb
3+
 
Sb
5+
 
O
 
4
Related Minerals - Hey's Index Grouping:
7.10.2Arkelite
ZrO
 
2
7.10.3Painite
ZrCaAl
 
9
[O
 
15
|BO
 
3
]
7.10.4Srilankite
Ti
 
2
ZrO
 
6
7.10.5Zirconolite
CaZrTi
 
2
O
 
7
7.10.6Calzirtite
CaZr
 
3
TiO
 
9
7.10.7Tazheranite
(Zr,Ti,Ca)O
 
2
7.10.8Zirkelite
(Ti,Ca,Zr)O
 
2-x
7.10.9Uhligite
Ca
 
3
(Ti,Al,Zr)
 
9
O
 
20
 ?
7.10.10Thorianite
ThO
 
2

Other Names for Baddeleyite

Synonyms:
Baddeleyite (of Fletcher)Brazilite (of Hussak)CaldasiteReitingerite
German names:
BaddeleyitBuddleyitCaldasitReitingerit
Russian names:
Бадделеит
Spanish names:
BaddeleyitaCaldasitaReitingerita

Other Information

Fluorescence in UV light:Shows a blue-green cathodoluminescence
Health Warning:No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

References for Baddeleyite

Reference List:Fletcher (1892), Nature: 46: 620.

Hussak (1892), Jb. Min.: 2: 141.

Fletcher (1893), Mineralogical Magazine: 10: 148.

Hussak (1895), Min. Mitt.: 14: 395.

Zambonini (1912), Acc. Napoli, Att.: 15: 1.

Yardley (1920), Mineralogical Magazine: 21: 169.

Palache, Charles, Harry Berman & Clifford Frondel (1944), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana Yale University 1837-1892, Volume I: Elements, Sulfides, Sulfosalts, Oxides. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York. 7th edition, revised and enlarged: 608-610.

Heimstra, S. A. (1955): Baddeleyite from Phalaborwa, Eastern Transvaal. American Mineralogist 40, 275-282.

Keil, K. and Fricker, P. E. (1974): Baddeleyite (ZrO2) in gabbroic rocks from Axel Heiberg island, Canadian Arctic Archipelago. American Mineralogist 59, 249-253.

Scatena-Wachel, D. E. and Jones, A. P. (1984): Primary baddeleyite (ZrO2) in kimberlite from Benfontein, South Africa. Mineralogical Magazine 48, 257-261.

Howard, C. J., Hill, R. J. and Reichert, B. E. (1988): Structures of the ZrO2 polymorphs at room temperature by high-resolution neutron powder diffraction. Acta Crystallographica 44, 116-120.

Heaman, L. M. and LeCheminant, A. N. (1993): Paragenesis and U-Pb systematics of baddeleyite (ZrO2). Chemical Geology. 110, 95-126.

Bayanova, T. B., Kirnarsky, Yu. M. and Levkovich, N. V. (1997): U-Pb isotope dating of baddeleyite from rocks of the Kovdor massif. Doklady Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk 356: 509-511 (in Russian).

Anthony, J. W. et al. (1997): Handbook of Mineralogy, Vol. 3, 33.

Internet Links for Baddeleyite

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    Localities for Baddeleyite

    Hide Locality List
    The map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.
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    (TL) indicates type locality. ? indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. All other localities listed without reference should be considered as uncertain and unproven until references can be found.
    Algeria
     
    www.meteoriticalsociety.org/bulletin/mb89preview.pdf.
    Angola
     
    • Cuanza Sul Province (Kwanza Sul Province)
      • Sumbe City Council
    		Anthony, J. W. et al. (1997): Handbook of Mineralogy, Vol. 3, 33
    Armenia
     
    Austria
     
    • Styria
      • Weiz
        • Stubenberg am See
    		Tropper, P. et al. (2001, 2003, 2005, 2007)
    Mineralogical Magazine, 49, 523-529
    Brazil
     
    • Central-West Region
      • Goiás
        • Arenópolis
    		Orris, G.J., and Grauch, R.I. (2002): USGS Open-File Report 02-189.
    • Southeast Region
      • Minas Gerais
        • Patrocínio
          • São João da Serra Negra
        • Poços de Caldas
    		Wedow (1967)
    Waber (1991)
      • São Paulo
        • Cajati
    		Anthony, J. W. et al. (1997): Handbook of Mineralogy, Vol. 3, 33
    Canada
     
    • British Columbia
      • Golden Mining Division
    		No reference listed
      • Omenica Mining Division
        • Williston Lake
    		www.em.gov.bc.ca/DL/GSBPubs/GeoFldWk/1986/283-289-mader.pdf.
    • Newfoundland and Labrador
      • Labrador
    • Nunavut Territory
    		AmMin 59:249-253
    • Ontario
      • Thunder Bay District
    		Mariano, A. N., Roeder, P. L., 1989. Wöhlerite: chemical composition, cathodoluminescence and environment of crystallization. Canadian Mineralogist, 27: 709-720.
    • Québec
      • Jacques Cartier Co.
        • Montréal
          • St. Michel District
    		Mineralogical Record (2006): 37: 5-60.
    China
     
    • Fujian Province
      • Sanming Prefecture
        • Mingxi Co.
          • Gaiyang
    		Qiu Zhili, Wu Fuyuan, Yu Qingyuan, Xie Liewen, and Yang Shufeng (2005): Chinese Science Bulletin 50(22), 2602-2611.
    Czech Republic
     
    • Bohemia (Böhmen; Boehmen)
      • Liberec Region
    		Scharm, B.: Přehled minerálů nalezených v oblasti uranových koncentrací v severočeské křídě. Bulletin mineralogicko-petrografického oddělení Národního muzea v Praze, 1995, roč. 3, s. 169-172.
      • Ústí Region
        • Šluknov (Schluckenau)
    		Vavřín, I., Frýda, J.: Pt-Pd-As-Te mineralizace na ložiskách měďnato-niklových rud z Kunratic a Rožan na Šluknovsku. Bulletin of the Czech Geological Survey, 1998, 73, 2, p. 177-180.
    Vavřín, I., Frýda, J.: Pt-Pd-As-Te mineralizace na ložiskách měďnato-niklových rud z Kunratic a Rožan na Šluknovsku. Bulletin of the Czech Geological Survey, 1998, 73, 2, p. 177-180.
    • Moravia (Mähren; Maehren)
      • Vysočina Region
        • Třebíč
    		Houzar, S. & Novák, M. (2006): Clintonite-bearing assemblages in chondrodite marbles from the contact aureole of the Trebic Pluton, Moldanubian Zone, Bohemian Massif. J. Czech Geol. Soc. 51, 249-258. [http://www.jgeosci.org/content/JCGS2006_3-4__houzar.pdf]
    Democratic Republic of Congo (Zaïre)
     
    • Kivu
    		Anthony, J. W. et al. (1997): Handbook of Mineralogy, Vol. 3, 33
    Finland
     
    • Itä-Suomen Lääni
    		No reference listed
    • Lapin (Lapland) Lääni
      • Penikat complex
        • Sompujärvi Reef
    		Canadian Mineralogist: 43: 1663-1686.
    France
     
    • Languedoc-Roussillon
      • Pyrénées-Orientales
        • Céret
          • Prats de Mollo-La Preste (Prats de Molló-La Presta)
    		Dubru. M, (1986) Pétrologie et géochimie du marbre à brucite et des borates associés au gisement de tungstène de Costabonne, (Pyrénées orientales, France) 930p
    Germany
     
    • Rhineland-Palatinate
      • Eifel Mts
        • Laach lake volcanic complex
          • Kruft
    		Hentschel, G., Einige Funde ungewöhnlicher Minerale aus quartären Vulkanvorkommen der Eifel, Mainzer Geowiss. Mitt, 7, 151-154, 1978
          • Mendig
            • Niedermendig
    		Hentschel, G., Einige Funde ungewöhnlicher Minerale aus quartären Vulkanvorkommen der Eifel, Mainzer geowiss. Mitt. 7, 151-154 , 1978
    Hentschel, G., Einige Funde ungewöhnlicher Minerale aus quartären Vulkanvorkommen der Eifel, Mainzer geowiss. Mitt. 7, 151-154, 1978] [Minealien Welt 1/93:14]
              • Wingertsberg Mt.
    		Hentschel, G., Einige Funde ungewöhnlicher Minerale aus quartären Vulkanvorkommen der Eifel, Mainzer geowiss. Mitt. 7, 151-154, 1978
        • Mayen
          • Ettringen
    		[Hentschel, G., Einige Funde ungewöhnlicher Minerale aus quartären Vulkanvorkommen der Eifel, Mainzer geowiss. Mitt. 7, 151-154 , 1978] [Lapis, 15 (5), 9-36]
    Greenland
     
    • Tunu (East Greenland) Province
      • Kangerlussuaq Firth
        • Kangerlussuaq complex
    		Mineralogical Magazine, August 2004, Vol. 68(4), pp. 615–632
    Hungary
     
    • Heves Co.
      • Bükk Mts.
        • Szarvaskő
    		Koch: Minerals of Hungary, 1985
    India
     
    • Bihar
      • Gaya District
    Iraq
     
    • Qala-Diz (Qala-Dizeh; Qala-Diza)
      • Hero
    Italy
     
    • Campania
      • Caserta Province
        • Roccamonfina Volcanic Complex
    		Della Ventura, G., Williams, C. T., Raudsepp, M., Bellatreccia, F., Caprilli, E. & Giordano, G. (2001): Perrierite-(Ce) and zirconolite from a syenitic ejectum of the Roccamonfina volcano (Latium, Italy): implications for the mobility of Zr, Ti, and REE in volcanic environments. - N. Jb. Miner. Mh. 2001 (9): 385-402.
      • Naples Province
    		Pascal, M.-L., Di Muro, A., Boudouma, O., Fointeilles, M., Principe, C. (2008): Zirconlite, calzirtite, baddeleyite, betafite, geikielite and qandilite in skarn ejecta from Vesuvius - inferences for the magma-wallrock interactions. EGU General Assembly 2008. Geophysical Research Abstract, 10, EGU2008-A-06674, 2008. ; Pascal, M.-L., Di Muro, A., Boudouma, O., Fointeilles, M., Principe, C. (2008): Zirconolite, calzirtite, baddeleyite, betafite, geikielite and qandilite in skarn ejecta from Vesuvius - inferences for the magma-wallrock interactions. EGU General Assembly 2008. Geophysical Research Abstract, 10, EGU2008-A-06674, 2008.
    [Lapis 1994:5 p.13-23,58]
            • Ercolano
              • San Vito
    		Collection from Elmar Lackner; Russo, M., Punzo, I. (2004): I minerali del Somma-Vesuvio, AMI
    • Latium
      • Latina Province
        • Ponza Island
    		H.E. Belkin, B. De Vivo, A. Lima : "Magmatic (silicte/saline/sulfur-rich/CO2) immiscibility and zirconium and rare-earth element enrichment from alkaline magam chamber margins : evidence from Ponza Island, Pontine Archipelago, Italy", Eur. J. Mineral. , 1996, 8, 1401-1420.
      • Rome Province
    		Caponera, I., Fiori, S., Pucci, R., & Signoretti, E. (2007). I minerali dei Colli Albani. Un aggiornamento sugli ultimi dieci anni di ricerche. Rivista Mineralogica Italiana, 31 (2), 74-91.
          • Albano Laziale
    		Gianfagna, A., Merlino, S., Perchiazzi, N. (1988). Guarinite, a new finding in the sanidinite ejecta of the IV Hydromagmatic Unit from Albano lake crater, Latium, Italy. Periodico di Mineralogia, 57: 81-84.
          • Marino
    		Gianfagna A. (1985) - Occurrence of baddeleyite - ZrO2 - in an ejected block from Colle Cimino, Marino (Alban Hills, Italy). Periodico di Mineralogia, Roma, pp. 129-133
        • Campagnano di Roma
          • Sacrofano
            • Sacrofano Caldera
      • Viterbo Province
    		Carloni, L., Signoretti, E., (2002): Le sanadiniti di Bassano Romano. Distretto Vulcanico Sabatino. Il Cercapietre. Not. del Gruppo Mineralogico Romano, 1-2: 28-36
        • Onano
    		Cresta, S., Duronio, F., Mancinella, D. (2002): Geositi e sistema delle arre protette del Lazio: idee per la geoconservazione. Il Cercapietre, 1-2/2002, 48-55
        • Vico Lake
          • Vetralla
    		Pierini, G. (2004): Homilite in un proietto vulcanico a Tre Croci di Vetralla (VT). Micro (notizie mineralogiche), 2004, 5-12
    Carlini, R., Signoretti, E., 2003. Località minori del vulcano Vicano: Villa S.Giovanni in Tuscia e Mazzocchio. Il Cercapietre. Not. del Gruppo Mineralogico Romano, 1-2: 33-41
    • Liguria
      • Genova Province
    		Can. Miner. 35, 899-908 (1997)
    • Piedmont
      • Verbano-Cusio-Ossola Province
    		http://www.unileoben.ac.at/~chemie/zaccarini%20et%20al%20finero%20Platinumsymposium%202005.pdf
    • Tuscany
      • Grosseto Province
        • Pitigliano
    		Liotti L., 1991. I minerali dei vulcani laziali a Pitigliano (Grosseto). Riv. Mineral. Ital., 15: 121-139.
    Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire)
     
    • Worodougou region
      • Séguéla department
        • Toubabouko
    		Pouclet A. et al. (2004) C.R.Geoscience 336, 9-17
    Japan
     
    • Honshu Island
      • Chugoku Region
        • Okayama Prefecture
          • Takahashi
            • Bitchu-cho (Bicchu-cho)
    		Mineralogical Record: 27: 303-304.
      • Tohoku Region
        • Iwate Prefecture
          • Miyako City
            • Neichi mine
    		The Mineral Species of Japan (5th ed) Matsubara
    Kazakhstan
     
    • Zhezqazghan Oblysy (Dzezkazgan Oblast'; Dzhezkazgan Oblast'; Djezkazgan Oblast'; Jezkazgan Oblast')
    Madagascar
     
    • Tuléar (Toliara) Province
      • Anosy (Fort Dauphin) Region
        • Amboasary Department
          • Maromby Commune
    		www.gemresearch.ch/andranon/madcon.htm.
    Morocco
     
    www2.jpl.nasa.gov/snc/news51.html
    Norway
     
    • Rogaland
      • Sokndal
        • Sandbekk
    		Krause & Pape (1975, p 406); Neumann (1985, p. 84).
    Gierth & Krause (1973, p. 380 and 1974); Neumann (1985, p. 83).
    • Telemark
      • Porsgrunn
        • Langangen
          • Rønningen
    		Engvoldsen,T.,Andersen, F.,Berge, S.A. & Burvald, I. (1991): Pegmatittmineraler fra Larvik ringkompleks. STEIN 18(1),15-71
      • Skien
    		Jamtveit B., Dahlgren S. and Austrheim H., (1997): "High-grade contact metamorphism of calcareous rocks from the Oslo Rift, Southern Norway".
    • Vestfold
      • Larvik
    		Widenfalk, L. & Gorbatschev, R. (1971): Contribution to the mineralogy of Norway , No. 43. A note on a New Occurence of Baddeleyite in Larvikite from Larvik, Norway. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 51, 193-194
        • Tjølling
          • Stålaker
    		Engvoldsen,T.,Andersen, F.,Berge, S.A. & Burvald, I. (1991): Pegmatittmineraler fra Larvik ringkompleks. STEIN 18(1),15-71
      • Sandefjord
        • Vesterøya
    		Engvoldsen,T.,Andersen, F.,Berge, S.A. & Burvald, I. (1991): Pegmatittmineraler fra Larvik ringkompleks. STEIN 18(1),15-71
    Oman
     
    • Dhofar (Al Janubiyah) Province
    Meteoritical Bulletin No. 86
    The Meteoritical Bulletin, No. 88, 2004 JULY, Meteoritics & Planetary Science 39, Axxx–Axxx (2004)
    Russia
     
    • Eastern-Siberian Region
      • Saha Republic (Sakha Republic; Yakutia)
      • Transbaikalia (Zabaykalye)
        • Irkutskaya Oblast'
          • Bodaibo Region
    		http://www.igem.ru/igem/chem/pt/sukhloge.htm
          • Lake Baikal area
    		Konev A.A., Samoilov V.S. (1974) Contact metamorphism and metasomatoz in aureole of Tazheran alkaline intrusion, - Novosibirsk, Nauka, p. 246.
    • Northern Region
      • Karelia Republic
        • Oulanka plutonic complex
          • Olanga (Oulanka) River
    		Anthony, J. W. et al. (1997): Handbook of Mineralogy, Vol. 3, 33
      • Murmanskaja Oblast'
        • Kola Peninsula
          • Afrikanda
    Anthony, J. W. et al. (1997): Handbook of Mineralogy, Vol. 3, 33
    Anthony, J. W. et al. (1997): Handbook of Mineralogy, Vol. 3, 33
    www.koeln.netsurf.de/~w.steffens/khib.htm
          • Kovdor Massif
    		No reference listed
          • Turii Cape
    		www.koeln.netsurf.de/~w.steffens/tury.htm
    www.koeln.netsurf.de/~w.steffens/vuori.htm
    • Western-Siberian Region
      • Tyumenskaya Oblast'
    		[Mineralien Welt 6/92:62]
    South Africa
     
    • Limpopo Province
    		www.bgr.de/b423/oberthuer_ptconf_pgm_bushveld.pdf.
      • Phalaborwa
        • Loolekop
    		No reference listed
    Sri Lanka
     
    • Sabaragamuwa Province
      • Rakwana
    		Am Min 40 (1955), 275
      • Ratnapura
    		Anthony, J. W. et al. (1997): Handbook of Mineralogy, Vol. 3, 33
    Sweden
     
    • Medelpad
      • Sundsvall
    		No reference listed
    • Värmland
      • Filipstad
        • Gåsgruvan ore field
    		Mineralogical Magazine (1992) 56, 17-35
        • Långban
    		Kjell Gatedal
    The Moon
     
    • Apollo 14 Base (Fra Mauro)
    		Lunar and Planetary Science XXXIV (2003) and XXXV (2004)
    Uganda
     
    • Tororo District
    		http://www.uoguelph.ca/~geology/rocks_for_crops/54uganda.PDF
    Ukraine
     
    • Donets'k Oblast' (Donetsk Oblast')
      • Azov Sea Region
    • Zaporozh'e Oblast'
      • Azov Sea Region
        • Novopoltavskii Massif
    USA
     
    • Arkansas
      • Hot Spring Co.
    • California
      • San Benito Co.
        • New Idria District
    		www.mineralsocal.org
    • Colorado
      • Teller Co.
        • Cripple Creek District
    		Min Rec 36:2 pp143-185
    • Montana
      • Gallatin Co.
        • Gallatin Gateway
    		Dana 6:A3:10; AmJourSci:33(1912):54.
    • Wisconsin
      • Kenosha Co.
        • Kenosha
    		Rocks & Min. Vol. 73 (1998)
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