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Beidellite

Big Photo

Cameron area, Cameron District, Coconino Co., Arizona, USA
© Bert Hendriksen

Show Beidellite Photos (2)
Formula:
(Na,Ca
 
0.5
)
 
0.3
Al
 
2
(Si,Al)
 
4
O
 
10
(OH)
 
2
·nH
 
2
O
System:MonoclinicColour:White, reddish, ...
Lustre:WaxyHardness:1 - 2
Name:Named for the type locality at Beidell, Colorado


A member of the Smectite group.

Classification of Beidellite

IMA status:Valid - first described prior to 1959 (pre-IMA) - "Grandfathered"
Strunz 8th edition ID:8/H.19-30
Nickel-Strunz 10th (pending) edition ID:9.EC.40

9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
E : Phyllosilicates
C : Phyllosilicates with mica sheets, composed of tetrahedral and octahedral nets
Dana 8th edition ID:71.3.1a.1

71 : PHYLLOSILICATES Sheets of Six-Membered Rings
3 : Sheets of 6-membered rings with 2:1 clays
Hey's CIM Ref.:16.11.15

16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
11 : Aluminosilicates of Ca and Mg with or without alkalis
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Type Occurrence of Beidellite

Type Locality:Beidell, Crystal Hill District, Saguache Co., Colorado, USA
Year of Discovery:1925

Physical Properties of Beidellite

Lustre:Waxy
Colour:White, reddish, brownish-grey.
Hardness (Mohs):1 - 2

Crystallography of Beidellite

Crystal System:Monoclinic
Cell Parameters:a = 5.17Å, b = 8.97Å, c = 17.57Å
β = 90°
Ratio:a:b:c = 0.576 : 1 : 1.959
Unit Cell Volume:V 814.81 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)

Optical Data of Beidellite

Type:Biaxial (-)
RI values: nα = 1.494 - 1.503 nβ = 1.525 - 1.532 nγ = 1.526 - 1.533
2V:Measured: 9° to 16°, Calculated: 20°
Maximum Birefringence:δ = 0.032

Chart shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness) and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:Low
Dispersion:none

Chemical Properties of Beidellite

Formula:
(Na,Ca
 
0.5
)
 
0.3
Al
 
2
(Si,Al)
 
4
O
 
10
(OH)
 
2
·nH
 
2
O
Essential elements:Al, H, Na, O, Si
All elements listed in formula:Al, Ca, H, Na, O, Si
Common Impurities:Ti,K,Mg,Fe

Relationship of Beidellite to other Species

Member of:Smectite Group
Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping):
9.EC.05Minnesotaite
(Fe,Mg)
 
3
Si
 
4
O
 
10
(OH)
 
2
9.EC.05Talc
Mg
 
3
Si
 
4
O
 
10
(OH)
 
2
9.EC.05Willemseite
(Ni,Mg)
 
3
Si
 
4
O
 
10
(OH)
 
2
9.EC.10Ferripyrophyllite
Fe
 
2
Si
 
4
O
 
10
(OH)
 
2
9.EC.10Pyrophyllite
Al
 
2
Si
 
4
O
 
10
(OH)
 
2
9.EC.15Boromuscovite
KAl
 
2
[(OH)
 
2
|BSi
 
3
O
 
10
]
9.EC.15Celadonite
K(Mg,Fe
2+
 
)(Fe
3+
 
,Al)[(OH)
 
2
|Si
 
4
O
 
10
]
9.EC.15Chernykhite
(Ba,Na)(V
3+
 
,Al,Mg)
 
2
[(OH)
 
2
|(Si,Al)
 
4
O
 
10
]
9.EC.15Montdorite
(K,Na)
 
2
(Fe
2+
 
,Mn
2+
 
,Mg)
 
5
[(OH,F)
 
2
|Si
 
4
O
 
10
]
 
2
9.EC.15Muscovite
KAl
 
2
[(OH)
 
2
|AlSi
 
3
O
 
10
]
9.EC.15Nanpingite
CsAl
 
2
[(OH,F)
 
2
|AlSi
 
3
O
 
10
]
9.EC.15Paragonite
NaAl
 
2
[(OH)
 
2
|AlSi
 
3
O
 
10
]
9.EC.15Roscoelite
K(V,Al)
 
2
[(OH)
 
2
|AlSi
 
3
O
 
10
]
9.EC.15Tobelite
(NH
 
4
,K)Al
 
2
[(OH)
 
2
|AlSi
 
3
O
 
10
]
9.EC.15Aluminoceladonite
K(Mg,Fe
2+
 
)(Al,Fe
3+
 
)[(OH)
 
2
|Si
 
4
O
 
10
]
9.EC.15Chromphyllite
K(Cr,Al)
 
2
[(OH,F)
 
2
|AlSi
 
3
O
 
10
]
9.EC.15Ferro-aluminoceladonite
K(Fe
2+
 
,Mg)(Al,Fe
3+
 
)[(OH)
 
2
|Si
 
4
O
 
10
]
9.EC.15Ferroceladonite
K(Fe
2+
 
,Mg)(Fe
3+
 
,Al)[(OH)
 
2
|Si
 
4
O
 
10
]
9.EC.15Chromceladonite
K(Mg,Fe
2+
 
)(Cr,Al)[(OH)
 
2
|Si
 
4
O
 
10
]
9.EC.15Tainiolite
KLiMg
 
2
[F
 
2
|Si
 
4
O
 
10
]
9.EC.15Ganterite
(Ba,Na,K)(Al,Mg)
 
2
[(OH)
 
2
|AlSi
 
3
O
 
10
]
9.EC.20Annite
KFe
2+
3
[(OH)
 
2
|AlSi
 
3
O
 
10
]
9.EC.20Biotite
9.EC.20Ephesite
NaLiAl
 
2
[(OH)
 
2
|Al
 
2
Si
 
2
O
 
10
]
9.EC.20Hendricksite
K(Zn,Mg,Mn
2+
 
)
 
3
[(OH)
 
2
|AlSi
 
3
O
 
10
]
9.EC.20Masutomilite
(K,Rb)(Li,Mn
3+
 
,Al)
 
3
[(F,OH)
 
2
|AlSi
 
3
O
 
10
]
9.EC.20Norrishite
KLiMn
2+
2
[(OH)
 
2
|Si
 
4
O
 
10
]
9.EC.20Phlogopite
KMg
 
3
[(OH,F)
 
2
|AlSi
 
3
O
 
10
]
9.EC.20Polylithionite
KLi
 
2
Al[(F,OH)
 
2
|Si
 
4
O
 
10
]
9.EC.20Preiswerkite
NaMg
 
2
Al[(OH)
 
2
|Al
 
2
Si
 
2
O
 
10
]
9.EC.20Siderophyllite
KFe
2+
2
Al[(F,OH)
 
2
|Al
 
2
Si
 
2
O
 
10
]
9.EC.20Tetra-ferriphlogopite
KMg
 
3
[(OH,F)
 
2
|(Fe
3+
 
,Al)Si
 
3
O
 
10
]
9.EC.20Wonesite
(Na,K)(Mg,fe,Al)
 
6
(Al,Si)
 
8
O
 
20
(OH,F)
 
4
9.EC.20Zinnwaldite
KLiFe
2+
 
Al[(F,OH)
 
2
|AlSi
 
3
O
 
10
]
9.EC.20Eastonite
KMg
 
2
Al[(OH)
 
2
|Al
 
2
Si
 
2
O
 
10
]
9.EC.20Tetraferriannite
KFe
2+
3
[(OH)
 
2
|(Fe
3+
 
,Al)Si
 
3
O
 
10
]
9.EC.20Trilithionite
K(Li,Al)
 
3
[(F,OH)
 
2
|AlSi
 
3
O
 
10
]
9.EC.20Fluorannite
KFe
2+
3
[(F,OH)
 
2
|AlSi
 
3
O
 
10
]
9.EC.20Shirokshinite
KNaMg
 
2
[F
 
2
|Si
 
4
O
 
10
]
9.EC.20Shirozulite
K(Mn
2+
 
,Mg)
 
3
[(OH)
 
2
|AlSi
 
3
O
 
10
]
9.EC.20Sokolovaite
CsLi
 
2
AlSi
 
4
O
 
10
F
 
2
9.EC.20Aspidolite
NaMg
 
3
[(OH)
 
2
|AlSi
 
3
O
 
10
]
9.EC.20Fluorophlogopite
KMg
 
3
[(F,OH)
 
2
|AlSi
 
3
O
 
10
]
9.EC.25Brammallite
Na
 
0.65
Al
 
2.0
ٱAl
 
0.65
Si
 
3.35
O
 
10
(OH)
 
2
9.EC.30Margarite
CaAl
 
2
[(OH)
 
2
|Al
 
2
Si
 
2
O
 
10
]
9.EC.35Anandite
(Ba,K)(Fe
2+
 
,Mg)
 
3
[(O,OH)
 
2
|(Si,Al,Fe)
 
4
O
 
10
]
9.EC.35Bityite
CaLiAl
 
2
[(OH)
 
2
|BeAlSi
 
2
O
 
10
]
9.EC.35Clintonite
Ca(Mg,Al)
 
3
[(OH)
 
2
|Al
 
3
SiO
 
10
]
9.EC.35Kinoshitalite
(Ba,K)(Mg,Mn
2+
 
,Al)
 
3
[(OH)
 
2
|Al
 
2
Si
 
2
O
 
10
]
9.EC.35Ferrokinoshitalite
(Ba,K)(Fe
2+
 
,Mg)
 
3
[(OH,F)
 
2
|Al
 
2
Si
 
2
O
 
10
]
9.EC.35Oxykinoshitalite
(Ba,K)(Mg,Ti,Fe
3+
 
,Fe
2+
 
)
 
3
[(O,OH,F)
 
2
|(Si,Al)
 
4
O
 
10
]
9.EC.40Kurumsakite
(Zn,Ni,Cu)
 
8
Al
 
8
V
 
2
Si
 
5
O
 
35
·27H
 
2
O (or near)
9.EC.40Montmorillonite
(Na,Ca)
 
0.33
(Al,Mg)
 
2
Si
 
4
O
 
10
(OH)
 
2
·nH
 
2
O
9.EC.40Nontronite
Na
 
0.3
Fe
 
2
(Si,Al)
 
4
O
 
10
(OH)
 
2
·nH
 
2
O
9.EC.40Volkonskoite
Ca
 
0.3
(Cr,Mg,Fe)
 
2
(Si,Al)
 
4
O
 
10
(OH)
 
2
·4H
 
2
O
9.EC.40Yakhontovite
(Ca,Na)
 
0.5
(Cu,Fe,Mg)
 
2
Si
 
4
O
 
10
(OH)
 
2
·3H
 
2
O
9.EC.40Smectite
9.EC.45Hectorite
Na
 
0.3
(Mg,Li)
 
3
Si
 
4
O
 
10
(F,OH)
 
2
9.EC.45Saponite
Ca
 
0.25
(Mg,Fe)
 
3
(Si,Al)
 
4
O
 
10
(OH)
 
2
·nH
 
2
O
9.EC.45Sauconite
Na
 
0.3
Zn
 
3
(Si,Al)
 
4
O
 
10
(OH)
 
2
·4H
 
2
O
9.EC.45Spadaite
MgSiO
 
2
(OH)
 
2
·H
 
2
O
9.EC.45Stevensite
(Ca,Na)
 
x
Mg
 
3
Si
 
4
O
 
10
(OH)
 
2
9.EC.45Swinefordite
Li(Al,Li,Mg)
 
4
(Si,Al)
 
8
O
 
20
,(OH,F)
 
4
·xH
 
2
O
9.EC.45Zincsilite
Zn
 
3
Si
 
4
O
 
10
(OH)
 
2
·4H
 
2
O
9.EC.45Ferrosaponite
Ca
 
0.3
(Fe
2+
 
,Mg,Fe
3+
 
)
 
3
(Si,Al)
 
4
O
 
10
(OH)
 
2
·4H
 
2
O
9.EC.50Vermiculite
(Mg,Fe,Al)
 
3
(Al,Si)
 
4
O
 
10
(OH)
 
2
·4H
 
2
O
9.EC.55Baileychlore
(Zn,Fe,Al,Mg)
 
6
(Si,Al)
 
4
O
 
10
(OH)
 
8
9.EC.55Chamosite
(Fe
2+
 
,Mg)
 
5
Al[(OH)
 
8
|AlSi
 
3
O
 
10
]
9.EC.55Clinochlore
(Mg,Fe
2+
 
)
 
5
Al[(OH)
 
8
|AlSi
 
3
O
 
10
]
9.EC.55Cookeite
LiAl
 
4
(Si
 
3
Al)O
 
10
(OH)
 
8
9.EC.55Franklinfurnaceite
Ca
 
2
FeMn
 
3
MnZn
 
2
Si
 
2
O
 
10
(OH)
 
8
9.EC.55Gonyerite
(Mn,Mg)
 
5
Fe(Si
 
3
Fe)O
 
10
(OH)
 
8
9.EC.55Nimite
(Ni,Mg,Al)
 
6
(Si,Al)
 
4
O
 
10
(OH)
 
8
9.EC.55Orthochamosite
(Fe,Mg,Fe)
 
5
Al(Si
 
3
Al)O
 
10
(OH,O)
 
8
9.EC.55Pennantite
(Mn
 
5
Al)(Si
 
3
Al)O
 
10
(OH)
 
8
9.EC.55Sudoite
(Mg,Fe
2+
 
)
 
2
Al
 
3
[(OH)
 
8
|AlSi
 
3
O
 
10
]
9.EC.55Donbassite
Al
 
2
[Al
 
2.33
][Si
 
3
AlO
 
10
](OH)
 
8
9.EC.55Glagolevite
Na(Mg,Al)
 
6
[(OH,O)
 
8
|AlSi
 
3
O
 
10
]
9.EC.55Borocookeite
Li
 
1+3x
Al
 
4-x
[(BSi
 
3
)O
 
10
](OH)
 
8
 [0.00 <= x <=0.33]
9.EC.60Aliettite
Ca
 
0.2
Mg
 
6
(Si,Al)
 
8
O
 
20
(OH)
 
4
·4H
 
2
O
9.EC.60Corrensite
(Mg,Fe)
 
9
(Si,Al)
 
8
O
 
20
(OH)
 
10
·nH
 
2
O
9.EC.60Dozyite
Mg
 
7
Al
 
2
[(OH)
 
12
|Al
 
2
Si
 
4
O
 
15
]
9.EC.60Hydrobiotite
9.EC.60Karpinskite
(Ni,Mg)
 
2
Si
 
2
O
 
5
(OH)
 
2
9.EC.60Kulkeite
Mg
 
8
Al(AlSi
 
7
)O
 
20
(OH)
 
10
9.EC.60Lunijianlaite
Li
 
0.7
Al
 
6.2
(Si
 
7
AlO
 
20
)(OH,O)
 
10
9.EC.60Rectorite
(Na,Ca)Al
 
4
(Si,Al)
 
8
O
 
20
(OH)
 
4
·2H
 
2
O
9.EC.60Saliotite
Li
 
0.5
Na
 
0.5
Al
 
3
Si
 
3
AlO
 
10
(OH)
 
5
9.EC.60Tosudite
9.EC.60Brinrobertsite
Na
 
0.3
Al
 
4
[(OH)
 
2
|Si
 
4
O
 
10
]
 
2
 · 3.5 H
 
2
O
9.EC.65Macaulayite
(Fe,Al)
 
24
Si
 
4
O
 
43
(OH)
 
2
9.EC.70Burckhardtite
Pb
 
2
(Fe,Mn)AlTeO
 
2
Si
 
3
O
 
10
(OH)
 
2
·H
 
2
O
9.EC.75Ferrisurite
(Pb,Ca)
 
2-3
(CO
 
3
)
 
1.5-2
(OH,F)
 
0.5-1
[(Fe,Al)
 
2
Si
 
4
O
 
10
(OH)
 
2
]·nH
 
2
O
9.EC.75Surite
Pb(Pb,Ca)(CO
 
3
)
 
2
(Al,Fe,Mg)
 
2
(Si,Al)
 
4
O
 
10
(OH)
 
2
9.EC.75Niksergievite
(Ba,Ca)
 
2
(Al,Si)
 
7
O
 
10
(CO
 
3
)(OH)
 
6
·nH
 
2
O
9.EC.80Kegelite
Pb
 
12
(Zn,Fe)
 
2
Al
 
4
(SO
 
4
)
 
4
Si
 
11
O
 
38
 or near
Related Minerals - Hey's Index Grouping:
16.11.1Madisonite
Ca
 
2
Mg
 
2
Al
 
2
Si
 
3
O
 
13
 or near
16.11.3Alumino-magnesio-hornblende
Ca
 
2
Mg
 
4
Al
 
2
Si
 
7
O
 
22
(OH)
 
2
16.11.4Tschermakite
☐[Ca
 
2
][Mg
 
3
Fe
3+
 
Al][(OH)
 
2
|Al
 
2
Si
 
6
O
 
22
]
16.11.5Clintonite
Ca(Mg,Al)
 
3
[(OH)
 
2
|Al
 
3
SiO
 
10
]
16.11.6Juanite
Ca
 
10
Mg
 
4
Al
 
2
Si
 
11
O
 
39
·4H
 
2
O or near
16.11.7Pumpellyite-(Mg)
Ca
 
2
MgAl
 
2
[(OH)
 
2
|SiO
 
4
|Si
 
2
O
 
7
] · H
 
2
O
16.11.8Tacharanite
Ca
 
12
Al
 
2
Si
 
18
O
 
51
·18H
 
2
O
16.11.9Aluminobarroisite
☐[CaNa][Mg
 
3
Al
 
2
][(OH)
 
2
|AlSi
 
7
O
 
22
]
16.11.10Alumino-Magnesiotaramite
Na[CaNa][Mg
 
3
Al
 
2
][(OH)
 
2
|Al
 
2
Si
 
6
O
 
22
]
16.11.12Edenite
Na[Ca
 
2
][Mg
 
5
][(OH)
 
2
|AlSi
 
7
O
 
22
]
16.11.13Pargasite
[Na][Ca
 
2
][Mg
 
4
Al][(OH)
 
2
|Al
 
2
Si
 
6
O
 
22
]
16.11.14Magnesiokatophorite
Na[CaNa][Mg
 
4
(Al,Fe
3+
 
)][(OH)
 
2
|AlSi
 
7
O
 
22
]
16.11.15Magnesiosadanagaite
[Na][Ca
 
2
][Mg
 
3
Al
 
2
][(OH)
 
2
|Al
 
3
Si
 
5
O
 
22
]
16.11.16Sadanagaite
[Na][Ca
 
2
][Fe
2+
3
Al
 
2
][(OH)
 
2
|Al
 
3
Si
 
5
O
 
22
]

Other Names for Beidellite

German names:
Beidellit
Spanish names:
Beidellita
Varieties:
Aluminium MontmorilloniteChrome-Beidellite

Other Information

Health Warning:No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

References for Beidellite

Reference List:Nadeau, P.H., V.C. Farmer, W.J. McHardy, and D.C. Bain (1985), Compositional variations of the Unterrupsroth beidellite: American Mineralogist: 70: 1004-1010.

Christidis, George E. (2006), Genesis and compositional heterogeneity of smectites. Part III: Alteration of basic pyroclastic rocks - A case study from the Troodos Ophiolite Complex, Cyprus: American Mineralogist: 91: 685-701.

Internet Links for Beidellite

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    Localities for Beidellite

    Hide Locality List
    The map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.
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    (TL) indicates type locality. ? indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. All other localities listed without reference should be considered as uncertain and unproven until references can be found.
    Australia
     
    • South Australia
      • Mt Lofty Ranges
        • North Mt Lofty Ranges
          • Robertstown
    		No reference listed
    Bolivia
     
    • Oruro Department
      • Dalence Province
        • Huanuni
    		[MinRec 32:472]
    France
     
    • Auvergne
      • Allier
        • Le Mayet-de-Montagne
    		J.C. Parneix, A Meunier : "Les paragenèses de remplacement des biotites utilisées comme marqueurs des conditions de température et de composition des fluides dans les altérations hydrothermales et supergène du granite de Mayet-la-Montagne (Allier, France), Bull. Minéral. , 1982, 105, 662-672.
    Germany
     
    • Baden-Württemberg
      • Black Forest
        • Menzenschwand
    		Walenta: "Die Mineralien des Schwarzwaldes", Weise (Munich), 1992
    Hungary
     
    • Veszprém Co.
      • Marcal Basin
    		Szakáll & Gatter: Hun. Min. Spec., 1993
    Indian Ocean
     
    • Ninety East Ridge (90° E Ridge; Indian Ridge)
      • D.S.D.P.
        • Leg 26
    		D. Besse et al. , Bell. Minéral. , 1981, 104, pp. 56-63.
    Japan
     
    • Honshu Island
      • Chubu Region
        • Nagano Prefecture
    		The Mineral Species of Japan (5th ed) Matsubara
        • Shizuoka Prefecture
          • Toi-cho
    		The Mineral Species of Japan (5th ed) Matsubara
    • Kyushu Island
      • Kagoshima Prefecture
        • Okuchi city
    		The Mineral Species of Japan (5th ed) Matsubara
      • Nagasaki Prefecture
        • Tsushima Islands
    Mexico
     
    • Chihuahua
      • Mun. de Ahumada
    		Cross, B. & Culp Zeitner J. (2006), Geodes Natures Treasures, P.26
      • Mun. de Namiquipa
        • Namiquipa
    		Panczner (1987): 111.
    New Zealand
     
    • South Island
      • Canterbury
    		Railton, G.L. & Watters, W.A., Minerals of New Zealand, New Zealand Geological Survey Bull. #104 (1990).
    Russia
     
    • Far-Eastern Region
      • Kamchatka Oblast'
    		Active Volcanoes of Kamchatka, vol 2, p 140, S.A. Fedotov
    • Northern Region
      • Murmanskaja Oblast'
        • Kola Peninsula
    www.koeln.netsurf.de/~w.steffens/lovo.htm
    Slovakia
     
    • Banská Bystrica Region
      • Kremnica Mts
    		Koděra et all.,1990: Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, I-III, 1590p
    • Prešov Region
      • Northern Slanské Mts
    		Ďuďa,R., et al., 1981: Mineralógia severnej časti Slanských vrchov. Min.Slovaca, Monografia 2, 98s
    South Africa
     
    • Limpopo Province
    		Minerals of South Africa
    USA
     
    • Alabama
      • De Kalb Co.
        • Willis Valley (Wills Valley)
    		Mineralogy of Alabama Geol Surv Ala. Bull 120
    • Arizona
      • Coconino Co.
        • Cameron District
          • Cameron area
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 132.
      • Gila Co.
        • Globe-Miami District
          • Inspiration
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 132; Peterson, N.P., et al (1946), Hydrothermal alteration in the Castle Dome copper deposit, AZ, Econ.Geol.: 41: 820-840; Peterson, N.P. (1962), Geology and ore deposits of the Globe-Miami district, AZ, USGS PP 342; Galbraith, F.W. & D.J. Brennan (1959), Minerals of AZ: 108.
      • Greenlee Co.
        • Shannon Mts
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 132, 304; Schwartz, G.M. (1947), Hydrothermal alteration in the 'porphyry copper' deposits, Econ.Geol.: 42: 319-352; Schwartz, G.M. (1958), Alteration of biotite under mesothermal conditions, Econ.Geol.: 53: 164-177.
      • Pima Co.
        • Little Ajo Mts
          • Ajo District
            • Ajo
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 132; Gilluly, J. (1937), AZ Bur. Mines Bull. 141: 68-75, 79-81; Gilluly, J. (1946), The Ajo mining district, Arizona, USGS PP 209: 96; Thomas, W.J. & R.B. Gibbs (1983), Famous mineral localities: The New Cornelia mine, Ajo, AZ, Min.Rec.: 14: 283-298.
    Gilluly, J. (1946), The Ajo mining district, Arizona, USGS PP 209: 96.
      • Pinal Co.
        • San Manuel District
          • San Manuel
            • San Manuel Mine (Apex Lead & Vanadium Mining Corp Mine; Quarelli group)
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 132; Schwartz, G.M. (1947), Hydrothermal alteration in the 'porphyry copper' deposits, Econ.Geol.: 42: 319-352.
    • Arkansas
      • Hot Spring Co.
    • California
      • San Benito Co.
        • New Idria District
    		www.mineralsocal.org
    • Colorado
      • Boulder Co.
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
    Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckels
    Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckels
      • Mineral Co.
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
        • Wagon Wheel Gap
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
      • Ouray Co.
        • Mt. Sneffels
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
        • Sneffels District (Mount Sneffels District)
          • Sneffels
            • Revenue Group
    		The Mines and Minerals of the Great American Rift, R.W. Holmes & M.B. Kennedy, 1983
      • Saguache Co.
        • Bonanza District (Kerber Creek District)
    		U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
        • Crystal Hill District
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckel, E. B.
    U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
    U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
    • Idaho
      • Blaine Co.
        • Lava Creek District
    		Ream, Lanny R. 2004. Idaho Minerals, 2nd edition, Revised and Updated
      • Owyhee Co.
        • De Lamar District
    		Chipera & Bish, Clays and Clay Minerals 45:226
        • Flint District
    		U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
    • Maine
      • Oxford Co.
        • Buckfield
    		King & Foord, 1994. Mineralogy of Maine, V. 1.; King and Foord, 2000, Addenda to Volume 1, Mineralogy of Maine, v. 2.
    • Montana
      • Flathead Co.
        • Hog Heaven District (Flathead District)
    		U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
    U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
    • Nevada
      • Mineral Co.
        • Fitting District
          • Gillis Range
    		Mineralogical Record: 30: 277-292.
    • New Mexico
      • Grant Co.
    		Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed.
          • Vanadium
    		Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed.
      • McKinley Co.
    		Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed.
      • Socorro Co.
    		Northrop, Minerals of New Mexico, 3rd. rev. ed. (1996)
    • Oregon
      • Grant Co.
        • Quartzburg District (Comer District)
    		U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
      • Jackson Co.
        • Butte Creek District
    		U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
    • Texas
      • Brewster Co.
    		[MinRec 21:233]
    • Utah
      • Sanpete Co.
    		UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
      • Tooele Co.
        • Deep Creek Mts
          • Gold Hill District (Clifton District)
    		UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah; U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
      • Utah Co.
        • East Tintic Mts
    		UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
        • Oquirrh Mts
          • Fairfield
    		UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
    Minerals of Virginia 1990 by R. V. Dietrich
    Mineral and/or Locality
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