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Bieberite

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Big Photo

Colt Mesa Mine, Circle Cliffs, Garfield Co., Utah, USA
© Brent Thorne

Show Bieberite Photos (7)



Formula:
CoSO
 
4
 · 7H
 
2
O
System:MonoclinicColour:Red-pink, flesh-red; ...
Lustre:Vitreous, EarthyHardness:2
Member of:Melanterite Group
Name:After the discovery locality, Bieber, Hessen, Germany.


Melanterite Group.

A secondary mineral formed through the oxidation of sulfide and arsenide ores containing cobalt. Often a post-mining product.

May dehydrate to moorhouseite.

Classification of Bieberite

IMA status:Valid - first described prior to 1959 (pre-IMA) - "Grandfathered"
Strunz 8th edition ID:6/C.06-30
Nickel-Strunz 10th (pending) edition ID:7.CB.35

7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
C : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) without additional anions, with H2O
B : With only medium-sized cations
Dana 8th edition ID:29.6.10.4

29 : HYDRATED ACID AND NORMAL SULFATES
6 : AXO4·xH2O
Hey's CIM Ref.:25.12.1

25 : Sulphates
12 : Sulphates of Co and Ni
mindat.org URL:http://www.mindat.org/min-664.html
Please feel free to link to this page.

Type Occurrence of Bieberite

Type Locality:"Im Lochborn" Copper mine, Bieber, Gelnhausen, Spessart Mts, Hesse, Germany
Year of Discovery:1845

Physical Properties of Bieberite

Lustre:Vitreous, Earthy
Diaphaneity (Transparency):Translucent, Opaque
Comment:Luster/texture becomes mealy upon dehydration to the hexahydrate.
Colour:Red-pink, flesh-red; colourless to pale rose in transmitted light.
Hardness (Mohs):2
Cleavage:Perfect
On {001} perfect; on {110} fair.
Density (measured):1.96 g/cm3
Density (calculated):1.83 g/cm3

Crystallography of Bieberite

Crystal System:Monoclinic
Class (H-M):2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:P2/m {P1 1 2/m} {P2/m} {P1 2/m 1}
Cell Parameters:a = 14.04Å, b = 6.49Å, c = 10.92Å
β = 105.27°
Ratio:a:b:c = 2.163 : 1 : 1.683
Unit Cell Volume:V 959.90 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Morphology:As crusts and stalactites.
Crystal Atlas:
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Bieberite no.1 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)

About Crystal Atlas

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The mindat.org Crystal Atlas allows you to view a selection of crystal drawings of real and idealised crystal forms for this mineral and, in certain cases, 3d rotating crystal objects. You need Java to see these. You can download Java for free - click here to download Java

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Optical Data of Bieberite

Type:Biaxial (-)
RI values: nα = 1.477 nβ = 1.483 nγ = 1.489
2V:Measured: 88° , Calculated: 88°
Maximum Birefringence:δ = 0.012

Chart shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness) and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:Moderate
Dispersion:none

Chemical Properties of Bieberite

Formula:
CoSO
 
4
 · 7H
 
2
O
Essential elements:Co, H, O, S
All elements listed in formula:Co, H, O, S
Analytical Data:Soluble in water.
Relationship of Bieberite to other Species
Member of:Melanterite Group
Other Members of Group:

- + 
Alpersite
(Mg,Cu)[SO
 
4
] · 7H
 
2
O
Boothite
CuSO
 
4
 · 7H
 
2
O
Mallardite
MnSO
 
4
 · 7H
 
2
O
Melanterite
FeSO
 
4
 · 7H
 
2
O
Zincmelanterite
(Zn,Cu,Fe)SO
 
4
 · 7H
 
2
O
Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping):

- + 
7.CB.05Dwornikite
(Ni,Fe)SO
 
4
 · H
 
2
O
7.CB.05Gunningite
ZnSO
 
4
 · H
 
2
O
7.CB.05Kieserite
MgSO
 
4
 · H
 
2
O
7.CB.05Poitevinite
(Cu,Fe,Zn)SO
 
4
 · H
 
2
O
7.CB.05Szmikite
MnSO
 
4
 · H
 
2
O
7.CB.05Szomolnokite
FeSO
 
4
 · H
 
2
O
7.CB.05Cobaltkieserite
CoSO
 
4
 · H
 
2
O
7.CB.07Sanderite
MgSO
 
4
 · 2H
 
2
O
7.CB.10Bonattite
CuSO
 
4
 · 3H
 
2
O
7.CB.15Aplowite
(Co,Mn,Ni)SO
 
4
 · 4H
 
2
O
7.CB.15Boyleite
(Zn,Mg)SO
 
4
 · 4H
 
2
O
7.CB.15Ilesite
(Mn,Zn,Fe)SO
 
4
 · 4H
 
2
O
7.CB.15Rozenite
FeSO
 
4
 · 4H
 
2
O
7.CB.15Starkeyite
MgSO
 
4
 · 4H
 
2
O
7.CB.15Drobecite
CdSO
 
4
 · 4H
 
2
O
7.CB.15Cranswickite
MgSO
 
4
 · 4H
 
2
O
7.CB.20Chalcanthite
CuSO
 
4
 · 5H
 
2
O
7.CB.20Jôkokuite
MnSO
 
4
 · 5H
 
2
O
7.CB.20Pentahydrite
MgSO
 
4
 · 5H
 
2
O
7.CB.20Siderotil
FeSO
 
4
 · 5H
 
2
O
7.CB.25Bianchite
(Zn,Fe)SO
 
4
 · 6H
 
2
O
7.CB.25Chvaleticeite
(Mn,Mg)SO
 
4
 · 6H
 
2
O
7.CB.25Ferrohexahydrite
FeSO
 
4
 · 6H
 
2
O
7.CB.25Hexahydrite
MgSO
 
4
 · 6H
 
2
O
7.CB.25Moorhouseite
(Co,Ni,Mn)SO
 
4
 · 6H
 
2
O
7.CB.25Nickelhexahydrite
(Ni,Mg,Fe)SO
 
4
 · 6H
 
2
O
7.CB.30Retgersite
NiSO
 
4
 · 6H
 
2
O
7.CB.35Boothite
CuSO
 
4
 · 7H
 
2
O
7.CB.35Mallardite
MnSO
 
4
 · 7H
 
2
O
7.CB.35Melanterite
FeSO
 
4
 · 7H
 
2
O
7.CB.35Zincmelanterite
(Zn,Cu,Fe)SO
 
4
 · 7H
 
2
O
7.CB.35Alpersite
(Mg,Cu)[SO
 
4
] · 7H
 
2
O
7.CB.40Epsomite
MgSO
 
4
 · 7H
 
2
O
7.CB.40Goslarite
ZnSO
 
4
 · 7H
 
2
O
7.CB.40Morenosite
NiSO
 
4
 · 7H
 
2
O
7.CB.45Alunogen
Al
 
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
3
 · 17H
 
2
O
7.CB.45Meta-alunogen
Al
 
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
3
 · 12H
 
2
O
7.CB.50Aluminocoquimbite
FeAl(SO
 
4
)
 
3
 · 9H
 
2
O
7.CB.55Coquimbite
Fe
 
2-x
Al
 
x
(SO
 
4
)
 
3
 · 9H
 
2
O, x ~0.5
7.CB.55Paracoquimbite
Fe
 
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
3
 · 9H
 
2
O
7.CB.55Rhomboclase
(H
 
5
O
 
2
)Fe
3+
 
(SO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 2H
 
2
O
7.CB.60Kornelite
Fe
 
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
3
 · 7H
 
2
O
7.CB.65Quenstedtite
Fe
 
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
3
 · 10H
 
2
O
7.CB.70Lausenite
Fe
 
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
3
·6H
 
2
O
7.CB.75Lishizhenite
ZnFe
 
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
4
 · 14H
 
2
O
7.CB.75Römerite
Fe
2+
 
Fe
3+
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
4
 · 14H
 
2
O
7.CB.80Ransomite
CuFe
 
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
4
 · 6H
 
2
O
7.CB.85Apjohnite
Mn
2+
 
Al
 
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
4
 · 22H
 
2
O
7.CB.85Bílinite
Fe
2+
 
Fe
3+
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
4
 · 22H
 
2
O
7.CB.85Dietrichite
(Zn,Fe
2+
 
,Mn
2+
 
)Al
 
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
4
 · 22H
 
2
O
7.CB.85Halotrichite
FeAl
 
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
4
 · 22H
 
2
O
7.CB.85Pickeringite
MgAl
 
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
4
 · 22H
 
2
O
7.CB.85Redingtonite
(Fe
2+
 
,Mg,Ni)(Cr,Al)
 
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
4
·22H
 
2
O
7.CB.85Wupatkiite
(Co,Mg,Ni)Al
 
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
4
·22H
 
2
O
7.CB.90Meridianiite
MgSO
 
4
 · 11H
 
2
O
Related Minerals - Hey's Index Grouping:

- + 
25.12.2Cobaltzippeite
Co
 
2
(UO
 
2
)
 
6
(SO
 
4
)
 
3
(OH)
 
10
 · 16H
 
2
O
25.12.3Aplowite
(Co,Mn,Ni)SO
 
4
 · 4H
 
2
O
25.12.4Moorhouseite
(Co,Ni,Mn)SO
 
4
 · 6H
 
2
O
25.12.5Retgersite
NiSO
 
4
 · 6H
 
2
O
25.12.6Morenosite
NiSO
 
4
 · 7H
 
2
O
25.12.7Nickelblödite
Na
 
2
(Ni,Mg)(SO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 4H
 
2
O
25.12.8Nickelboussingaultite
(NH
 
4
)
 
2
Ni(SO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 6H
 
2
O
25.12.9Nickelzippeite
Ni
 
2
(UO
 
2
)
 
6
(SO
 
4
)
 
3
(OH)
 
10
 · 16H
 
2
O
25.12.10Dwornikite
(Ni,Fe)SO
 
4
 · H
 
2
O
25.12.11Honessite
Ni
 
6
Fe
3+
2
(SO
 
4
)(OH)
 
16
 · 4H
 
2
O
25.12.12Hydrohonessite
Ni
 
6
Fe
3+
2
(SO
 
4
)(OH)
 
16
 · 7H
 
2
O
25.12.13Nickelhexahydrite
(Ni,Mg,Fe)SO
 
4
 · 6H
 
2
O
Other Names for Bieberite
Synonyms:
BiberiteBiebriteCobalt-melanteriteCobalt VitriolRed Vitriol
RhodhaliteSulphate of Cobalt
Other Languages:
French:Rhodhalose
German:Biberit
Bieberit
Biebrit
Kobaltvitriol
Rhodhalit
Russian:Биберит
Spanish:Biberita
Bieberita
Biebrita
Rhodhalita
Other Information
Health Warning:No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
References for Bieberite
Reference List:

- + 
Sage (1791) Le Journal de physique et le radium, Paris: 39: 53 (as Cobalt Vitriol).



Klaproth, M.H. (1797): Untersuchung des natürlichen Kobaltvitriols von Herrengrund, Beiträge zur chemischen Kenntniss der Mineralkörper, Zweiter Band, Rottmann Berlin, pp. 320



Kopp (1808) Allgemeines Journal der Chemie, Berlin 1798-1803 (Scherer’s Journal): 6: 157 (as Kobaltvitriol).



Beudant, F.S. (1832), Trailé élémentaire de Minéralogie, second edition, 2 volumes: 2: 481 (as Rhodhalose).



Haidinger (1845): 489 (as Bieberit).



Winkelblech (1845) Ann. Chem.: 13: 265.



Marignac (1855) Mém. soc. phys. nat. Genève: 14: 245 (re: artificial material).



Goldschmidt, V. (1913) Atlas der Krystallformen. 9 volumes, atlas, and text: vol. 1: 194.



Larsen, E.S. and Glenn (1920) American Journal of Science: 50: 225.



Westenbrink (1926) Proceedings of the Academy of Science Amsterdam: 29: 1223. 



Porter (1928), Festschr. V. Goldschmidt, Heidelberg: 210.



Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 7th edition, revised and enlarged, 1124 pp.: 505-507.



Periodico di Mineralogia (1985): 54: 1.


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    • Localities for Bieberite
    






    


    

    The map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the  symbol to view information about a locality. 
The  symbol next to localities in the list
can be used to jump to that position on the map.

    

    

    
Hide Locality List
     		

    (TL) indicates type locality.  ? indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. All other localities listed without reference should be considered as uncertain and unproven until references can be found.

    Austria
     
    

    • Salzburg
    

      • Hohe Tauern Mts
    

        • Rauris valley
    

          • Hüttwinkl valley
    

            • Alteck Mt. - Hoher Sonnblick Mt. area
    

              • Kolm-Saigurn
    
    		A. Strasser: Die MInerale Salzburgs (1989)
    


      • Saalfelden
    
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 507; Poeverlein, R. & Hochleitner, R. (1987): Die Sekundärmineralien von Leogang. LAPIS 12 (9), 25-32 + 58
    Chile
     
    

    • Atacama Region
    

      • Copiapó Province
    

        • Chimberos
    

          • Tres Puntas district
    
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 507.
    Czech Republic
     
    

    • Bohemia (Böhmen; Boehmen)
    

      • Karlovy Vary Region
    

        • Krušné Hory Mts (Erzgebirge)
    

          • Jáchymov (St Joachimsthal) District
    

            • Jáchymov (St Joachimsthal)
    
    		Lapis 2002(7/8)
    Democratic Republic of Congo (Zaïre)
     
    

    • Katanga (Shaba)
    

      • Katanga Copper Crescent
    

        • Katanga
    
    		Lapis 17(3), 13-40 (1992)
    France
     
    

    • Corsica
    

      • Haute-Corse
    

        • Corte
    

          • Ghisoni
    
    		Fiche BSS BRGM n° 11183X4002/GT
    

    • Midi-Pyrénées
    

      • Hautes-Pyrénées
    
    		 Le Règne Minéral 47: 5-21
    



Gourault C. (1997), Indice de Beyrède-Jumet (Hautes Pyrénées), Le Cahier des Micromonteurs, n°2, pp: 5-9
    

    • Rhône-Alpes
    

      • Isère
    

        • Allemont
    
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 507; http://www.zampano.com/minmax/fundort.php3?lang=US&fp=1322&foid=1066.
    Germany
     
    

    • Baden-Württemberg
    

      • Black Forest
    

        • Alpirsbach
    
    		K. Walenta: "Die Mineralien des Schwarzwaldes", Weise (Munich), 1992
    



        • Schenkenzell
    

          • Wittichen
    
    		K. Walenta: "Die Mineralien des Schwarzwaldes", Weise (Munich), 1992
    

    • Hesse
    

      • Spessart Mts
    

        • Gelnhausen
    

          • Bieber
    
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 507; Periodico di Mineralogia, 54, 1 (1985); Nickel & Nichols, 1991 - "Mineral Reference Manual", p22.
    

    • North Rhine-Westphalia
    

      • Bergisches Land
    

        • Eckenhagen
    
    		Weiss: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", 1990
    



        • Reichshof
    
    		Weiss: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", 1990
    



        • Rösrath
    

          • Altenrath
    
    		Weiss: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", 1990
    


      • Eifel Mts
    

        • Düren
    

          • Untermaubach
    
    		Graf, HW., (1982): Die Mineralien von Maubach, Emser Hefte, Vol. 4, Nr. 2
    



        • Mechernich
    
    		Weiss: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", 1990
    


      • Siegerland
    

        • Müsen
    
    		Weiss: Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", 1990
    



Weiss. "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", Weise (Munich), 1990
    



Der Aufschluss 2000(2), 71-123
    


Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 507.
    

    • Rhineland-Palatinate
    

      • Siegerland
    

        • Wissen
    

          • Niederhövels
    
    		Dana 7:II:506.
    

    • Saxony
    

      • Erzgebirge
    

        • Schlema-Hartenstein District
    

          • Schlema
    
    		[www.johnbetts-fineminerals.com]
    


No reference listed
    

    • Thuringia
    

      • Saalfeld
    
    		Wittern: "Mineralfundorte in Deutschland", 2001
    Italy
     
    

    • Liguria
    

      • Genova Province
    

        • Sestri Levante
    
    		Carbone, C. , Marescotti, P., Cabella, R., Lucchetti, G. (2002): Sulfide alteration and related secondary minerals from the Libiola mine (Eastern Liguria, Italy). Poster at the 82° SIMP Congress , Arcavacata di Rende (CS) 18-20/09/2002. Abstract in Plinius 28 , 88-89.
    

    • Trentino-Alto Adige
    

      • Trento Province
    

        • Valsugana
    

          • Levico Terme
    
    		Exel, R. (1987): Guida mineralogica del Trentino e del Sudtirolo. Athesia, Bolzano, 204 pp. 
    

    • Tuscany
    

      • Livorno Province
    

        • Elba Island
    

          • Capoliveri
    

    





C.L. Garavelli (1957) – Minerali di cobalto nel giacimento elbano di Capo Calamita – Atti Soc. Tosc. Sc. Nat., P.V., 64: 16-32.
    Japan
     
    

    • Honshu Island
    

      • Chubu Region
    

        • Yamanashi Prefecture
    

          • Kitakoma-gun
    

            • Horai-mura
    
    		The Mineral Species of Japan (5th ed) Matsubara
    


      • Kinki Region
    

        • Nara Prefecture
    

          • Yoshino-gun
    

            • Totsukawa village
    
    		The Mineral Species of Japan (5th ed) Matsubara
    Portugal
     
    

    • Aveiro District
    

      • Albergaria-a-Velha
    
    		Antonio Jesus Pimentel specimens; www.mindat.org/mesg-25-107652.html
    Russia
     
    

    • Urals Region
    

      • Southern Urals
    
    		E. Shcherbakova et al. : "The rarest Cobalt-Containing Sulfates from the South Ural, Russia",  5th International Conference "Mineralogy & Museums", Paris, Sept. 5-8th 2004, Bull. de Liaison de la Soc. Franç. de Minéralogie et Cristallographie, 2004, Vol 16, N°2.
    Slovakia
     
    

    • Banská Bystrica Region
    

      • Banská Bystrica Co.
    

        • Špania Dolina ore belt
    
    		Koděra, M., a kol.: Topografická mineralogie Slovenska. Sv. 3 Sed-Ž, Bratislava, Veda 1990, s. 1247-1256.
    


      • Banská Štiavnica Co.
    

        • Banská Štiavnica Mining District
    

          • Banská Štiavnica (Selmecbánya; Schemnitz)
    

    Spain
     
    

    • Valencian Community
    

      • Castellón
    

        • Chóvar
    
    		Joan Viñals. Barcelona University. analized
    Switzerland
     
    

    • Ticino (Tessin)
    

      • Riviera
    

        • Claro
    

          • Molino Valley
    
    		Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): "Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz", Verlag Wepf & Co. (Basel), p. 77
    USA
     
    

    • Arizona
    

      • Coconino Co.
    

        • Cameron District
    
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 136; Austin, S.R. (1964), Mineralogy of the Cameron area, Coconino Co., AZ, US Atomic Energy Comm. RME 99. Tech Inf. Serv., Oak Ridge, TN: 99.
    





            • Huskon Mines
    
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 136.
    



        • Grand Canyon National Park
    

          • South Rim
    

            • Orphan District
    

              • Grand Canyon Village
    
    		Gornitz, V. (2004), Grand Canyon Uranium: The Orphan Mine, Mineral News: 20(6): 7.
    


      • Mohave Co.
    

        • Hack Canyon District
    

          • Hack Canyon
    
    		MRDS file #10027310.; Robert B. Scarborough (1981) Radioactive occurrences and uranium production in Arizona  GJBX – 143(81)
    


      • Pima Co.
    

        • Ajo District
    

          • Little Ajo Mts
    

            • Ajo
    
    		Thomas, W.J. & R.B. Gibbs (1983), Famous mineral localities: The New Cornelia mine, Ajo, AZ, Min.Rec.: 14: 283-298; Gilluly, J. (1946), The Ajo mining district, Arizona, USGS PP 209: 98.
    

    • California
    

      • Nevada Co.
    

        • Meadow Lake District
    
    		J.F. Cooper, P.C.
    


      • San Luis Obispo Co.
    

        • Santa Lucia Mts (Santa Lucia Range)
    

          • Adelaide District (Adelaide Klau District)
    

            • Adelaida
    

              • Klau Mine group
    
    		Woodhouse, C.D. & R.M. Norris (1957a), A new occurrence of millerite American Mineralogist: 42: 113-115; Davis, Fenelon Francis and E.H. Bailey (1966) Mercury. California Division Mines and Geology Bulletin 191: 267, 270; Pemberton, H. Earl (1983), Minerals of California; Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 78.
    


      • Trinity Co.
    

        • Island Mountain
    
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 507; Landon, Robert Emmanuel (1927), Roemerite from California: American Mineralogist: 12: 279-283; Murdoch, Joseph & Robert W. Webb (1966), Minerals of California, Centennial Volume (1866-1966): California Division Mines & Geology Bulletin 189: 104; Pemberton, H. Earl (1983), Minerals of California; Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 270.
    

    • Missouri
    

      • Madison Co.
    

        • Fredericktown District
    

          • Mine La Motte
    
    		Rocks & Minerals: 21: 750-753.
    

    • Pennsylvania
    

      • Lebanon Co.
    

        • Cornwall
    
    		Lapham & Geyer, 1965. Mineral Collecting in Pennsylvania
    

    • Utah
    

      • Emery Co.
    

        • San Rafael District (San Rafael Swell)
    
    		Am Min 40:201-206
    


      • Garfield Co.
    

        • Circle Cliffs
    
    		Analyzed by SEM EDS and in the collection of Brent Thorne
    


      • San Juan Co.
    
    		UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
    



        • White Canyon District
    

          • White Canyon
    

            • Copper Point
    
    		No reference listed
    Zimbabwe
     
    

    • Mashonaland West
    

      • Kadoma District
    
    		Vetter, U., Weck, H.-D., Weale, T., Klosa, D., Wittich, C. and Hoffmann, K. (1999): A provisional inventory of the Sanyati oxide-zone minerals, Zimbabwe. Z. Angew. Geol. 45, 15-21.
    

    


    

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