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Birnessite

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Poudrette quarry (Demix quarry; Uni-Mix quarry; Desourdy quarry), Mont Saint-Hilaire, Rouville Co., Québec, Canada
© 2005 DM

Show Birnessite Photos (8)
Formula:
(Na,Ca)
 
0.5
(Mn
4+
 
,Mn
3+
 
)
 
2
O
 
4
 · 1.5H
 
2
O
System:MonoclinicColour:Black; dark brown in ...
Hardness:1½
Name:For the type locality at Birness, Scotland, UK.


Birnessite Group.

Classification of Birnessite

IMA status:Valid - first described prior to 1959 (pre-IMA) - "Grandfathered"
Strunz 8th edition ID:4/F.11-30
Nickel-Strunz 10th (pending) edition ID:4.FL.45

4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
F : Hydroxides (without V or U)
L : Hydroxides with H2O +- (OH); sheets of edge-sharing octahedra
Dana 8th edition ID:7.5.3.1

7 : MULTIPLE OXIDES
5 : (AB)2X3
Hey's CIM Ref.:7.18.11

7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
18 : Oxides of Mn
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Type Occurrence of Birnessite

Type Locality:Birness, Ellon, Buchan Grampian (Aberdeenshire), Scotland, UK

Occurrences of Birnessite

Geological Setting:A major manganese-bearing mineral of many soils; a common alteration product of manganese-rich mineral deposits; a component of bacterially-precipitated manganese oxides; an important constituent of "desert varnish" and marine manganese nodules.

Physical Properties of Birnessite

Lustre:Dull
Diaphaneity (Transparency):Opaque
Colour:Black; dark brown in transmitted light
Hardness (Mohs):1½
Density (measured):3 g/cm3
Density (calculated):3.4 g/cm3

Crystallography of Birnessite

Crystal System:Monoclinic
Class (H-M):2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:B2/m (B1 1 2/m) [C2/m] {C1 2/m 1}
Cell Parameters:a = 5.175Å, b = 2.85Å, c = 7.337Å
β = 103.18°
Ratio:a:b:c = 1.816 : 1 : 2.574
Unit Cell Volume:V 105.36 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:1
Morphology:Rarely in platelets, to 50 µm; commonly extremely finely crystalline, spherulitic, cellular.
X-Ray Powder Diffraction:
d-spacingIntensity
7.08 (100)
2.333 (43)
1.711 (29)
3.547 (28)
2.031 (24)
2.468 (17)
Comments:Recorded on a marine nodule from the Caribbean Sea; all reflections are typically very broad.

Optical Data of Birnessite

Type:Uniaxial (-)
RI values: nω = 1.730 nε = 1.690
Maximum Birefringence:δ = 0.040

Chart shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness) and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:High
Dispersion:weak to moderate
Comments:The mineral is pseudo-uniaxial (-); an identification by optical properties is impossible.

Chemical Properties of Birnessite

Formula:
(Na,Ca)
 
0.5
(Mn
4+
 
,Mn
3+
 
)
 
2
O
 
4
 · 1.5H
 
2
O
Essential elements:H, Mn, Na, O
All elements listed in formula:Ca, H, Mn, Na, O
Analyical Data:Electron microprobe analysis of a marine nodule from the Caribbean Sea; total Mn calculated as MnO2, H2O content calculated from the mass balance
SiO2   (0.9)
MnO2  (75.8)
FeO    (0.55)
CoO    (0.14)
NiO    (0.80)
CuO    (0.33)
MgO    (6.2)
CaO    (0.39)
Na2O   (1.9)
K2O    (1.8)
Cl     (0.1)
H2O   (10.89)
S      (0.2)

sum   100.00 wt.-%
Common Impurities:Cl,Co,Cu,Fe,K,Ni,Mg,S,Si

Relationship of Birnessite to other Species

Related to:
  • Birnessite Group
    • Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping):
    4.FL.05Woodallite
    Mg
     
    6
    		Cr
     
    2
    		(OH)
     
    16
    		Cl
     
    2
    		·4H
     
    2
    		O
    4.FL.05Iowaite
    Mg
     
    4
    		Fe(OH)
     
    8
    		OCl·4H
     
    2
    		O
    4.FL.05Jamborite
    (Ni
    2+
     
    		,Ni
    3+
     
    		,Co,Fe)(OH)
     
    2
    		(OH,S,H
     
    2
    		O)
    4.FL.05Meixnerite
    Mg
     
    6
    		Al
     
    2
    		(OH)
     
    18
    		·4H
     
    2
    		O
    4.FL.05Muskoxite
    Mg
     
    7
    		Fe
     
    4
    		O
     
    13
    		·10H
     
    2
    		O
    4.FL.05Fougèrite
    (Fe
    2+
     
    		,Mg)
     
    6
    		Fe
    3+
    2
    		(OH)
     
    18
    		 · 4H
     
    2
    		O
    4.FL.10Hydrocalumite
    Ca
     
    2
    		Al(OH)
     
    7
    		·2H
     
    2
    		O
    4.FL.15Kuzelite
    Ca
     
    4
    		Al
     
    2.4
    		(OH)
     
    12.8
    		(SO
     
    4
    		)·6H
     
    2
    		O
    4.FL.20Aurorite
    (Mn
    2+
     
    		,Ag,Ca)Mn
    4+
    3
    		O
     
    7
    		 · 3H
     
    2
    		O
    4.FL.20Chalcophanite
    (Zn,Fe,Mn)Mn
     
    3
    		O
     
    7
    		·3H
     
    2
    		O
    4.FL.20Ernienickelite
    NiMn
     
    3
    		O
     
    7
    		·3H
     
    2
    		O
    4.FL.20Jianshuiite
    (Mg,Mn)Mn
     
    3
    		O
     
    7
    		·3H
     
    2
    		O
    4.FL.25Woodruffite
    Zn(Mn
    4+
     
    		,Mn
    3+
     
    		)
     
    5
    		O
     
    10
    		·3½H
     
    2
    		O
    4.FL.30Asbolane
    (Ni,Co)
     
    2-x
    		Mn
    4+
     
    		(O,OH)
     
    4
    		 · nH
     
    2
    		O
    4.FL.35Buserite
    Na
     
    4
    		Mn
     
    14
    		O
     
    27
    		 ·21H
     
    2
    		O
    4.FL.40Ranciéite
    (Ca,Mn)Mn
     
    4
    		O
     
    9
    		·3H
     
    2
    		O
    4.FL.40Takanelite
    (Mn,Ca)Mn
     
    4
    		O
     
    9
    		·H
     
    2
    		O
    4.FL.55Cianciulliite
    Mn(Mg,Mn)
     
    2
    		Zn
     
    2
    		(OH)
     
    10
    		·2-4H
     
    2
    		O
    4.FL.60Jensenite
    Cu
     
    3
    		[TeO
     
    6
    		] · 2H
     
    2
    		O
    4.FL.65Leisingite
    Cu(Mg,Cu,Fe,Zn)
     
    2
    		[TeO
     
    6
    		] · 6H
     
    2
    		O
    4.FL.70Akdalaite
    4Al
     
    2
    		O
     
    3
    		 · H
     
    2
    		O
    4.FL.75Cafetite
    (Ca,Mg)(Fe,Al)
     
    2
    		Ti
     
    4
    		O
     
    12
    		·4H
     
    2
    		O
    4.FL.80Mourite
    UMo
     
    5
    		O
     
    12
    		(OH)
     
    10
    4.FL.85Deloryite
    Cu
     
    4
    		(UO
     
    2
    		)(MoO
     
    4
    		)
     
    2
    		(OH)
     
    6
    Related Minerals - Hey's Index Grouping:
    7.18.1Manganosite
    MnO
    7.18.2Hausmannite
    MnMn
     
    2
    		O
     
    4
    7.18.3Pyrolusite
    MnO
     
    2
    7.18.4Ramsdellite
    Mn
    4+
     
    		O
     
    2
    7.18.5Akhtenskite
    ε-Mn
    4+
     
    		O
     
    2
    7.18.6Feitknechtite
    Mn
    3+
     
    		O(OH)
    7.18.7Manganite
    Mn
    3+
     
    		O(OH)
    7.18.8Groutite
    Mn
    3+
     
    		O(OH)
    7.18.9Nsutite
    (Mn
    4+
     
    		,Mn
    2+
     
    		)(O,OH)
     
    2
    7.18.10Pyrochroite
    Mn(OH)
     
    2
    7.18.12Aurorite
    (Mn
    2+
     
    		,Ag,Ca)Mn
    4+
    3
    		O
     
    7
    		 · 3H
     
    2
    		O
    7.18.13Cianciulliite
    Mn(Mg,Mn)
     
    2
    		Zn
     
    2
    		(OH)
     
    10
    		·2-4H
     
    2
    		O

    Other Names for Birnessite

    Synonyms:
    Manganous Manganite
    German names:
    Birnessit
    Japanese names:
    バーネス鉱
    Russian names:
    Бернессит
    Spanish names:
    Birnessita

    Other Information

    Health Warning:No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

    References for Birnessite

    Reference List:Jones, L. H. P. and Milne, A. A. (1956): Birnessite, a new manganese oxide mineral from Aberdeenshire, Scotland. Mineralogical Magazine 31, 283-288. - American Mineralogist (1990), 75, 477-489 (abstract).

    Glover, E. D. (1977): Characterization of a marine birnessite. American Mineralogist 62, 278-285.

    Chukhrov, F. V., Gorshkov, A. I., Rudnitskaya, E. S., Beresovskaya, V. V., and Sivtsov, A. V. (1980): Manganese minerals in clay: a review. Clays and Clay Minerals 28, 346-453.

    Golden, D. C., Dixon, J. B. and Chen, C. C. (1986): Ion exchange, thermal transformations, and oxidizing properties of birnessite. Clays and Clay Minerals 34, 511-520.

    Golden, D. C., Chen, C. C., and Dixon, J. B. (1987): Transformation of birnessite to buserite, todorokite, and manganite under mild hydrothermal treatment. Clays and Clay Minerals 35, 271-280.

    Post, J. E., and Veblen, D. R. (1990): Crystal structure determinations of synthetic sodium, magnesium and potassium birnessite using TEM and the Rietveld method. American Mineralogist 75, 477-489.

    Anthony, J. W. et al. (1997): Handbook of Mineralogy, Vol. 3, 58.

    Lanson, B., Drits, V. A., E. Silvester, E., and Manceau, A. (2000): Structure of H-exchanged hexagonal birnessite and its mechanism of formation from Na-rich monoclinic buserite at low pH. American Mineralogist 85, 826-838.

    Lanson, B., Drits, V. A., Gaillot, A., Silvester, E., Plançon, A., and Manceau, A. (2002): Structure of the heavy-metal sorbed birnessite: Part I. Results from X-ray diffraction. American Mineralogist 87, 1631-1645.

    Johnson, E. A., and Post, J. E. (2006): Water in the interlayer region of birnessite: Importance in cation exchange and structural stability. American Mineralogist 91, 609-618.

    Internet Links for Birnessite

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    • External Links:
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  • Look for Birnessite on Wikipedia
  • Look for Birnessite on Mineralien Atlas
  • Raman and XRD data at RRUFF project
  • American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database
  • Search for Birnessite in the Natural History Museum (London) online catalogue
  • Birnessite details from Handbook of Mineralogy (PDF)
    • Mineral Dealers:
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    Localities for Birnessite

    Hide Locality List
    The map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.
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    (TL) indicates type locality. ? indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. All other localities listed without reference should be considered as uncertain and unproven until references can be found.
    Australia
     
    • New South Wales
      • Yancowinna Co.
    		No reference listed
    • Northern Territory
      • Gulf of Carpenteria
        • Groote Eylandt
    		Anthony, J. W. et al. (1997): Handbook of Mineralogy, Vol. 3, 58
    • South Australia
      • Mt Lofty Ranges
        • South Mt Lofty Ranges
          • Noarlunga
    • Victoria
      • Flinders
    Austria
     
    • Carinthia
      • Gurktaler Alpen Mts
        • St Veit an der Glan
          • Tauchendorf
            • Grassendorf
    		G. Blass, H. W. Graf: Carinthia II 191./111.:145-147 (2001)
    • Salzburg
      • Abtenau
        • Tennen Mts
    		A. Strasser: Die Minerale Salzburgs, 1989
    • Styria
      • Koralpe Mts
        • Wies
          • Oberhaag
            • Lieschengraben
    		Taucher, J. & Postl, W. (1992), Exel, R. (1993)
    Brazil
     
    • Southeast Region
      • Minas Gerais
        • Poços de Caldas
    		Waber (1991)
    Canada
     
    • Québec
      • Rouville Co.
        • Mont Saint-Hilaire
    		Horváth, L and Gault, R.A. (1990), The mineralogy of Mont Saint-Hilaire Quebec. Mineralogical Record: 21: 284-359.
      • Verchères Co.
        • Varennes & St-Amable
          • Saint-Amable sill
    		Mineralogical Record: 29: 83.
    Czech Republic
     
    • Moravia (Mähren; Maehren)
      • Olomouc Region
    		 Petr Paulis (2001): Die interessanten mineralogische Fundstellen in Mahren und Schlesien; Kuttna, Kutná Hora p69-73
    France
     
    • Alsace
      • Haut-Rhin
        • Thur valley (Thann valley)
          • Mollau
    		Wittern, Journée: "Mineralien finden in den Vogesen", von Loga (Cologne), 1997
    • Franche-Comté
      • Haute-Saône
    		Wittern, Journée: "Mineralien finden in den Vogesen", von Loga (Cologne), 1997
    • Midi-Pyrénées
      • Ariège
        • Foix
    		P. Picot, Z. Johan : "Atlas of Ore Minerals", BRGM, Elsevier, 1982
    P. Picot, Z. Johan : "Atlas of Ore Minerals", BRGM, Elsevier, 1982
        • Saint-Girons
          • Castelnau-Durban
    		Bull. Soc. Franç. Minéralo. Cristallo. , 1974, 97, pp. 475-478.
          • Esplas de Serou
    		Bull. Soc. Franç. Minéralo. Cristallo. , 1974, 97, pp. 475-478.
      • Haute-Garonne
        • Bagnères-de-Luchon
    		Bull. Soc. Franç. Minéralo. Cristallo. , 1974, 97, pp. 475-478.
          • Peyresourde
    		Bull. Soc. Franç. Minéralo. Cristallo. , 1974, 97, pp. 475-478.
      • Hautes-Pyrénées
    		 Le Règne Minéral 47: 5-21
          • Nabias
    		Bull. Soc. Franç. Minéralo. Cristallo. , 1974, 97, pp. 475-478.
          • Vielle Aure
    		DE ASCENCAO GUEDES R., TIXADOR Y., CASTERET A. & GOUJOU JC. (2002) La mine de Coustou, Vielle-Aure, Hautes-Pyrénées. Le Règne Minéral, 47, 23-31. (in french)
    Germany
     
    • Baden-Württemberg
      • Black Forest
        • Wolfach
          • Oberwolfach
            • Rankach valley
    		Walenta, K. (1992): Die Mineralien des Schwarzwaldes. Chr. Weise Verlag, München, 336 pp. (in German)
    • Rhineland-Palatinate
      • Eifel Mts
        • Niederzissen
          • Wassenach
    		S. Weiß: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", Weise (Munich), 1990
    • Saxony-Anhalt
      • Harz Mts
        • Wernigerode
          • Hasserode
    		Wittern: "Mineralfundorte in Deutschland", 2001
    • Saxony
      • Erzgebirge
    		Lapis 30(7/8):78-80 (2005)
    Greece
     
    • Sterea Hellas Department
      • Fthiótis Prefecture
        • Lokris
    		Acta Geol. Hung., 44(1), 81–93.
    Hungary
     
    • Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén Co.
      • Szalonnai Mts.
        • Bódvarákó
    • Fejér Co.
      • Szár Hill
        • Kőszárhegy
    		Szakáll: Minerals of Szár Hill, 2004
    • Veszprém Co.
      • Bakony Mts.
    		Szakáll-Gatter-Szendrei: Mineral Species of Hungary, 2005
    India
     
    • Orissa
      • Koraput District
    		Mineralium Deposita (1997) 32 (1), 79-93
    Italy
     
    • Aosta Valley
      • Nus
        • Saint-Barthélemy
    		• Barresi, A.A., Kolitsch, U., Ciriotti, M.E., Ambrino, P., Bracco, R., Bonacina, E. (2005): La miniera di manganese di Varenche (Aosta, Italia nord-occidentale): ardennite, arseniopleite, manganberzeliite, pirofanite, sarkinite, thortveitite, nuovo As-Sc-analogo della metavariscite e altre specie. Micro (località), 2/2005, 81-122.
      • Saint-Marcel
    		Piccoli, G.C., Maletto, G., Bosio, P., Lombardo, B. (2007): Minerali del Piemonte e della Valle d'Aosta. Associazione Amici del Museo "F. Eusebio" Alba, Ed., Alba (Cuneo) 607 pp.
    • Liguria
      • Genova Province
        • Ne
          • Graveglia Valley
            • Reppia
    		Rivista Mineralogica Italiana, (4), 131
    Japan
     
    • Honshu Island
      • Chubu Region
        • Aichi Prefecture
    		Am Min 48:952-954
      • Kinki Region
        • Shiga Prefecture
    		Anthony, J. W. et al. (1997): Handbook of Mineralogy, Vol. 3, 58
      • Tohoku Region
        • Iwate Prefecture
    		Dr. Matsuo Nambu ore collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan)
    Nambu, M. & Tanida, K. (1961): On the progressive alteration of manganese dioxide minerals in the Toyoguchi Mine, Iwate Prefecture. Ganseki Kobutsu Kosho Gakkaishi 45, 39-48. (in Japanese)
    • Nansei Archipelago
      • Kagoshima Prefecture
      • Okinawa Prefecture
        • Okinawa Island
          • Naha District
            • Tomigusuku-son
    Mexico
     
    • Chihuahua
      • Mun. de Ahumada
    		Cross, B. & Culp Zeitner J. (2006), Geodes Natures Treasures, P.26
    • Michoacan
      • Mun. de Coalcomám
    • Sonora
      • Mun. de Moctezuma
    		Lapis 2001(1), 11-40
    New Zealand
     
    • North Island
    		Railton, G.L. & Watters, W.A., Minerals of New Zealand, New Zealand Geological Survey Bull. #104 (1990).
    Norway
     
    • Oppland
      • Lunner
        • Nordmarka
    		G. Raade: "Gjerdingen-ekeritten, en unik mineralforekomst", Norsk Bergverksmuseum Skrift nr. 30, 2005, p17.
    • Oslo
      • Nordmarka
    		Neumann (1959, p. 232); Neumann (1985, p. 74).
    • Vestfold
      • Larvik
        • Langesundsfjorden
          • Barkevik
    		K.Eldjarn XRD MGM
    K.Eldjarn. XRD MGM
    Russia
     
    • Far-Eastern Region
      • Magadanskaya Oblast'
        • Kolym (Kolyma) River Basin
          • Ducat District
            • Omsukchan
              • Ducat ore field
    		http://www.igem.ru/lmin/fil/metal.htm
    • Northern Region
      • Murmanskaja Oblast'
        • Kola Peninsula
    		www.koeln.netsurf.de/~w.steffens/lovo.htm
    Slovakia
     
    • Košice Region
      • Eastern Slovenské Rudohorie Mts
        • Ochtiná
    		Cílek V., Bosák P., Melka K., Žák K., Langrolvá A., Osborne A.,1998: Mineralogické výskumy v Ochtinské aragonitové jeskyni. Aragonit, 3,7 - 12
    South Africa
     
    • Northern Cape Province
    		Cairncross/Dixon, 1995. Minerals of South Africa
    Spain
     
    • Valencian Community
      • Valencia
        • Requena
          • Campo Arcís
    		Mata Perelló, J.M., 1994, Geogaceta. 16: 154-155
    Sweden
     
    • Värmland
      • Filipstad
        • Pajsberg
    		H.Folvik(2002); Pers.report to the Långban Society
    Switzerland
     
    • Grischun (Grisons; Graubünden)
      • Albula Valley
        • Oberhalbstein (Surses; Sursass)
          • Tinizong (Tinzen)
    • Wallis (Valais)
      • Turtmann Valley
    		The Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 44, pp. 000 (2006) page 205
    UK
     
    • England
      • Cornwall
        • Callington District
          • Lezant
    		Famous British Mineral Localities: Greystone Quarry, Lezant, Cornwall. N Elton, D Green, J Hooper & S Weiss. UK Journal of Mines & Minerals No 24 2004, pp 9-28
        • Liskeard District
          • North Hill Area (North-Eastern Bodmin Moor)
            • Altarnun
    		No reference listed
        • Mount's Bay District
          • St Hilary
    		No reference listed
    • Scotland
      • Buchan Grampian (Aberdeenshire)
        • Ellon
    		No reference listed
      • Scottish Borders (Peebles-shire)
      • Strathclyde (Renfrewshire)
        • Gourock
    • Wales
      • Gwynedd (Caernarvonshire)
        • Lleyn Peninsula
          • Llanfaelrhys
            • Rhiw
    		No reference listed
    USA
     
    • Alabama
      • Coosa Co.
    		Rocks & Minerals: 70(5): 320-333.
    • Arizona
      • Cochise Co.
        • Dragoon Mts
          • Turquoise District (Courtland-Gleeson District)
            • Courtland
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 137.
    Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 398.
    • California
      • Kern Co.
        • Kramer District
    		AmMin 56:1057
    • Colorado
      • Custer Co.
    		Anthony, J. W. et al. (1997): Handbook of Mineralogy, Vol. 3, 58
    Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
      • Lake Co.
        • Leadville District
          • Leadville
            • Carbonate Hill
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
      • Summit Co.
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
    • Maine
    		King & Foord, 1994. Mineralogy of Maine, p.63.
    • Massachusetts
      • Hampshire Co.
        • Cummington
    		Anthony, J. W. et al. (1997): Handbook of Mineralogy, Vol. 3, 58
        • Plainfield
    		"Western Massachusetts Mineral Localities" by Alan Plante, Valley Geology Press, 1992.
    • Nevada
      • White Pine Co.
        • White Pine District
          • Silver Belt
            • Treasure Hill
              • Summit area
    		NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada
    NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
    • New Hampshire
      • Grafton Co.
        • Groton
    		Rocks & Minerals (Sept/Oct 1981).
    • New Jersey
      • Sussex Co.
        • Franklin Mining District
          • Ogdensburg
            • Sterling Hill
    		Frondel, et al: Am. Min.:45:871-875 (1960); Dunn(1995):Pt4:584.
    Frondel, et al: Am. Min.:45:871-875 (1960); Dunn(1995):Pt4:584.
    • New Mexico
      • Colfax Co.
        • Springer
          • Point of Rocks Mesa (Pecks Mesa)
    		Rocks & Min.: 60:229.
    • North Carolina
      • Cleveland Co.
        • Kings Mountain District
    • Rhode Island
      • Providence Co.
        • Lincoln
          • Lime Rock
    		Michael W. Kieron collection
    Museum of Natural History & Planetarium, Roger Williams Park collection
    • Utah
      • San Juan Co.
        • White Canyon District
          • White Canyon
    		R&M 75:4 p240-248
      • Tooele Co.
        • Deep Creek Mts
          • Gold Hill District (Clifton District)
            • Gold Hill
    		Mineral News: 13(9): 1.
      • Utah Co.
        • East Tintic Mts
          • East Tintic District
    		UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
      • Washington Co.
    		UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
    • Virginia
      • Alleghany Co.
        • Clifton Forge Iron District
    		Minerals of Virginia, 1990 by R. V. Dietrich
      • Rockbridge Co.
        • Lyndhurst-Vesuvius District
    		Minerals of Virginia, 1990 by R. V. Dietrich
    • Wisconsin
      • Oneida Co.
        • Hazelhurst
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