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Birnessite

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Big Photo

Poudrette quarry (Demix quarry; Uni-Mix quarry; Desourdy quarry; Carrière Mont Saint-Hilaire), Mont Saint-Hilaire, Rouville RCM, Montérégie, Québec, Canada
© 2005 DM

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Formula:
(Na,Ca)
 
0.5
(Mn
4+
 
,Mn
3+
 
)
 
2
O
 
4
 · 1.5H
 
2
O
System:MonoclinicColour:Black; dark brown in ...
Hardness:1½
Name:For the type locality at Birness, Scotland, UK.


Birnessite Group.

See also vernadite.

Classification of Birnessite

IMA status:Valid - first described prior to 1959 (pre-IMA) - "Grandfathered"
Strunz 8th edition ID:4/F.11-30
Nickel-Strunz 10th (pending) edition ID:4.FL.45

4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
F : Hydroxides (without V or U)
L : Hydroxides with H2O +- (OH); sheets of edge-sharing octahedra
Dana 8th edition ID:7.5.3.1

7 : MULTIPLE OXIDES
5 : (AB)2X3
Hey's CIM Ref.:7.18.11

7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
18 : Oxides of Mn
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Type Occurrence of Birnessite

Type Locality:Birness, Ellon, Buchan Grampian (Aberdeenshire), Scotland, UK

Occurrences of Birnessite

Geological Setting:A major manganese-bearing mineral of many soils; a common alteration product of manganese-rich mineral deposits; a component of bacterially-precipitated manganese oxides; an important constituent of "desert varnish" and marine manganese nodules.

Physical Properties of Birnessite

Lustre:Dull
Diaphaneity (Transparency):Opaque
Colour:Black; dark brown in transmitted light
Hardness (Mohs):1½
Density (measured):3 g/cm3
Density (calculated):3.4 g/cm3

Crystallography of Birnessite

Crystal System:Monoclinic
Class (H-M):2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:B2/m {B1 1 2/m} {C2/m} {C1 2/m 1}
Cell Parameters:a = 5.175Å, b = 2.85Å, c = 7.337Å
β = 103.18°
Ratio:a:b:c = 1.816 : 1 : 2.574
Unit Cell Volume:V 105.36 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:1
Morphology:Rarely in platelets, to 50 µm; commonly extremely finely crystalline, spherulitic, cellular.
X-Ray Powder Diffraction:
d-spacingIntensity
7.08 (100)
2.333 (43)
1.711 (29)
3.547 (28)
2.031 (24)
2.468 (17)
1.426 (17)
Comments:Recorded on a marine nodule from the Caribbean Sea; all reflections are typically very broad.

Optical Data of Birnessite

Type:Uniaxial (-)
RI values: nω = 1.730 nε = 1.690
Maximum Birefringence:δ = 0.040

Chart shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness) and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:High
Dispersion:weak to moderate
Comments:The mineral is pseudo-uniaxial (-); an identification by optical properties is impossible.

Chemical Properties of Birnessite

Formula:
(Na,Ca)
 
0.5
(Mn
4+
 
,Mn
3+
 
)
 
2
O
 
4
 · 1.5H
 
2
O
Essential elements:H, Mn, Na, O
All elements listed in formula:Ca, H, Mn, Na, O
Analytical Data:Electron microprobe analysis of a marine nodule from the Caribbean Sea; total Mn calculated as MnO2, H2O content calculated from the mass balance
SiO2   (0.9)
MnO2  (75.8)
FeO    (0.55)
CoO    (0.14)
NiO    (0.80)
CuO    (0.33)
MgO    (6.2)
CaO    (0.39)
Na2O   (1.9)
K2O    (1.8)
Cl     (0.1)
H2O   (10.89)
S      (0.2)

sum   100.00 wt.-%
Common Impurities:Cl,Co,Cu,Fe,K,Ni,Mg,S,Si

Relationship of Birnessite to other Species

Structurally related to group(s):
Birnessite Group
Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping):

- +
4.FL.05Woodallite
Mg
 
6
Cr
 
2
(OH)
 
16
Cl
 
2
 · 4H
 
2
O
4.FL.05Iowaite
Mg
 
6
Fe
3+
2
(OH)
 
16
Cl
 
2
 · 4H
 
2
O
4.FL.05Jamborite
(Ni
2+
 
,Ni
3+
 
,Co,Fe)(OH)
 
2
(OH,S,H
 
2
O)
4.FL.05Meixnerite
Mg
 
6
Al
 
2
(OH)
 
18
 · 4H
 
2
O
4.FL.05Muskoxite
Mg
 
7
Fe
 
4
O
 
13
 · 10H
 
2
O
4.FL.05Fougèrite
(Fe
2+
 
,Mg)
 
6
Fe
3+
2
(OH)
 
18
 · 4H
 
2
O
4.FL.10Hydrocalumite
Ca
 
2
Al(OH)
 
7
 · 2H
 
2
O
4.FL.15Kuzelite
Ca
 
4
Al
 
2.4
(OH)
 
12.8
(SO
 
4
) · 6H
 
2
O
4.FL.20Aurorite
(Mn
2+
 
,Ag,Ca)Mn
4+
3
O
 
7
 · 3H
 
2
O
4.FL.20Chalcophanite
(Zn,Fe,Mn)Mn
 
3
O
 
7
 · 3H
 
2
O
4.FL.20Ernienickelite
NiMn
 
3
O
 
7
 · 3H
 
2
O
4.FL.20Jianshuiite
(Mg,Mn)Mn
 
3
O
 
7
 · 3H
 
2
O
4.FL.25Woodruffite
Zn(Mn
4+
 
,Mn
3+
 
)
 
5
O
 
10
·3½H
 
2
O
4.FL.30Asbolane
(Ni,Co)
 
2-x
Mn
4+
 
(O,OH)
 
4
 · nH
 
2
O
4.FL.35Buserite
Na
 
4
Mn
 
14
O
 
27
 · 21H
 
2
O
4.FL.40Ranciéite
(Ca,Mn)Mn
 
4
O
 
9
 · 3H
 
2
O
4.FL.40Takanelite
(Mn,Ca)Mn
 
4
O
 
9
 · H
 
2
O
4.FL.55Cianciulliite
Mn(Mg,Mn)
 
2
Zn
 
2
(OH)
 
10
 · 2-4H
 
2
O
4.FL.60Jensenite
Cu
 
3
[TeO
 
6
] · 2H
 
2
O
4.FL.65Leisingite
Cu(Mg,Cu,Fe,Zn)
 
2
[TeO
 
6
] · 6H
 
2
O
4.FL.70Akdalaite
4Al
 
2
O
 
3
 · H
 
2
O
4.FL.75Cafetite
(Ca,Mg)(Fe,Al)
 
2
Ti
 
4
O
 
12
 · 4H
 
2
O
4.FL.80Mourite
UMo
 
5
O
 
12
(OH)
 
10
4.FL.85Deloryite
Cu
 
4
(UO
 
2
)(MoO
 
4
)
 
2
(OH)
 
6
Related Minerals - Hey's Index Grouping:

- +
7.18.1Manganosite
MnO
7.18.2Hausmannite
MnMn
 
2
O
 
4
7.18.3Pyrolusite
MnO
 
2
7.18.4Ramsdellite
Mn
4+
 
O
 
2
7.18.5Akhtenskite
ε-Mn
4+
 
O
 
2
7.18.6Feitknechtite
Mn
3+
 
O(OH)
7.18.7Manganite
Mn
3+
 
O(OH)
7.18.8Groutite
Mn
3+
 
O(OH)
7.18.9Nsutite
(Mn
4+
 
,Mn
2+
 
)(O,OH)
 
2
7.18.10Pyrochroite
Mn(OH)
 
2
7.18.12Aurorite
(Mn
2+
 
,Ag,Ca)Mn
4+
3
O
 
7
 · 3H
 
2
O
7.18.13Cianciulliite
Mn(Mg,Mn)
 
2
Zn
 
2
(OH)
 
10
 · 2-4H
 
2
O

Other Names for Birnessite

Synonyms:
delta-MnO2δ-MnO2Manganous Manganite
Other Languages:
German:Birnessit
Japanese:バーネス鉱
Russian:Бернессит
Simplified Chinese:水钠锰矿
钠水锰矿
Spanish:Birnessita

Other Information

Health Warning:No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

References for Birnessite

Reference List:

- +
Jones, L. H. P. and Milne, A. A. (1956): Birnessite, a new manganese oxide mineral from Aberdeenshire, Scotland. Mineralogical Magazine 31, 283-288. - American Mineralogist (1990), 75, 477-489 (abstract).

Glover, E. D. (1977): Characterization of a marine birnessite. American Mineralogist 62, 278-285.

Chukhrov, F. V., Gorshkov, A. I., Rudnitskaya, E. S., Beresovskaya, V. V., and Sivtsov, A. V. (1980): Manganese minerals in clay: a review. Clays and Clay Minerals 28, 346-453.

Golden, D. C., Dixon, J. B. and Chen, C. C. (1986): Ion exchange, thermal transformations, and oxidizing properties of birnessite. Clays and Clay Minerals 34, 511-520.

Golden, D. C., Chen, C. C., and Dixon, J. B. (1987): Transformation of birnessite to buserite, todorokite, and manganite under mild hydrothermal treatment. Clays and Clay Minerals 35, 271-280.

Post, J. E., and Veblen, D. R. (1990): Crystal structure determinations of synthetic sodium, magnesium and potassium birnessite using TEM and the Rietveld method. American Mineralogist 75, 477-489.

Anthony, J. W. et al. (1997): Handbook of Mineralogy, Vol. 3, 58.

Lanson, B., Drits, V. A., E. Silvester, E., and Manceau, A. (2000): Structure of H-exchanged hexagonal birnessite and its mechanism of formation from Na-rich monoclinic buserite at low pH. American Mineralogist 85, 826-838.

Lanson, B., Drits, V. A., Gaillot, A., Silvester, E., Plançon, A., and Manceau, A. (2002): Structure of the heavy-metal sorbed birnessite: Part I. Results from X-ray diffraction. American Mineralogist 87, 1631-1645.

Johnson, E. A., and Post, J. E. (2006): Water in the interlayer region of birnessite: Importance in cation exchange and structural stability. American Mineralogist 91, 609-618.

Internet Links for Birnessite

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  • Raman and XRD data at RRUFF project
  • American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database
  • Birnessite details from Handbook of Mineralogy (PDF)
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    • Localities for Birnessite

    The map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.
    Hide Locality List
    (TL) indicates type locality. ? indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. All other localities listed without reference should be considered as uncertain and unproven until references can be found.
    Arctic Ocean
     
    Murdmaa, I.O., Bogdanova, O.Y., Gorshkov, A.I., Novikov, G.V. and Shevchenko, V.P. (2000): Lithology and Mineral Resources 35(6), 594-597.
    Atlantic Ocean
     
    • Mid-Atlantic Ridge complex
      • Trans-Atlantic Geotraverse (TAG) hydrothermal field
    		Canadian Mineralogist Vol.26, pp. 697-711 (1988)
    Australia
     
    • New South Wales
      • Yancowinna Co.
    		No reference listed
    • Northern Territory
      • Gulf of Carpenteria
        • Groote Eylandt
    		Anthony, J. W. et al. (1997): Handbook of Mineralogy, Vol. 3, 58; Econ Geol (1981) 76:556-567
    • South Australia
      • Mt Lofty Ranges
        • South Mt Lofty Ranges
          • Noarlunga
    • Victoria
      • Flinders
    Austria
     
    • Carinthia
      • Gurktaler Alpen
        • St Veit an der Glan
          • Tauchendorf
            • Grassendorf
    		G. Blass, H. W. Graf: Carinthia II 191./111.:145-147 (2001)
    • Salzburg
      • Abtenau
        • Tennen Mts
    		A. Strasser: Die Minerale Salzburgs, 1989
    • Styria
      • Oberhaag
        • Lieschengraben
    		Taucher, J. & Postl, W. (1992), Exel, R. (1993)
    Brazil
     
    • Minas Gerais
      • Doce valley
        • Conselheiro Pena
          • Penha do Norte
    		Rocks & Minerals (2009) 84:42-45
      • Poços de Caldas plateau
        • Poços de Caldas
    		Waber (1991)
    Canada
     
    • Québec
      • Montérégie
        • Lajemmerais RCM
          • Varennes & St-Amable
            • Saint-Amable sill
    		Mineralogical Record: 29: 83.
        • Rouville RCM
          • Mont Saint-Hilaire
    		Horváth, L and Gault, R.A. (1990), The mineralogy of Mont Saint-Hilaire Quebec. Mineralogical Record: 21: 284-359.
    Chile
     
    • Antofagasta Region
      • El Loa Province
        • Calama
          • Chuquicamata District
    		R.B. Cook: "Famous mineal locality; Chuquicamata, Chile": Mineralogical Record, sept.-oct. 1973
    China
     
    • Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region
      • Baise Prefecture
        • Jingxi Co.
    		Ruixia Hao and Guangyue Guan (1995): China's Manganese Industry 13(1)
      • Chongzuo Prefecture
        • Daxin Co.
    		Ruixia Hao and Guangyue Guan (1995): China's Manganese Industry 13(1)
    • Hubei Province
      • Huanggang Prefecture
        • Luotian Co.
          • Hejiawan
    		Jingqu Yao (1992): Acta Petrologica et Mineralogica 11(3), 257-266
    Jingqu Yao (1992): Acta Petrologica et Mineralogica 11(3), 257-266
      • Wuhan Prefecture
        • Huangpi District
    		Jingqu Yao (1992): Acta Petrologica et Mineralogica 11(3), 257-266
    • Yunnan Province
      • Dali Autonomous Prefecture
        • Heqing Co.
    		Yuchun Yang (1990): Geology and Prospecting 26(8), 20-23
    Czech Republic
     
    • Moravia (Mähren; Maehren)
      • Olomouc Region
    		 Petr Paulis (2001): Die interessanten mineralogische Fundstellen in Mahren und Schlesien; Kuttna, Kutná Hora p69-73
    France
     
    • Alsace
      • Haut-Rhin
        • Thur valley (Thann valley)
          • Mollau
    		Wittern, Journée: "Mineralien finden in den Vogesen", von Loga (Cologne), 1997
    • Franche-Comté
      • Haute-Saône
        • Faucogney-et-la-Mer
          • Esmoulières
            • Saphoz
    		Wittern, Journée: "Mineralien finden in den Vogesen", von Loga (Cologne), 1997
    Perseil, E. A. (1975) - Nature and mineralogical studies of manganese oxides and carbonates in Faucogney (Haute-Saone). Comptes Rendus des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences, D, 280, 1931-1934
    Perseil, E. A. (1975) - Nature and mineralogical studies of manganese oxides and carbonates in Faucogney (Haute-Saone). Comptes Rendus des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences, D, 280, 1931-1934
    • Midi-Pyrénées
      • Ariège
        • Foix
    		P. Picot, Z. Johan : "Atlas of Ore Minerals", BRGM, Elsevier, 1982
    P. Picot, Z. Johan : "Atlas of Ore Minerals", BRGM, Elsevier, 1982
        • Saint-Girons
          • Castelnau-Durban
    		Bull. Soc. Franç. Minéralo. Cristallo. , 1974, 97, pp. 475-478.
          • Esplas de Serou
    		Bull. Soc. Franç. Minéralo. Cristallo. , 1974, 97, pp. 475-478.
      • Haute-Garonne
        • Bagnères-de-Luchon
    		Bull. Soc. Franç. Minéralo. Cristallo. , 1974, 97, pp. 475-478.
          • Peyresourde
    		Bull. Soc. Franç. Minéralo. Cristallo. , 1974, 97, pp. 475-478.
      • Hautes-Pyrénées
    		 Le Règne Minéral 47: 5-21
          • Nabias
    		Bull. Soc. Franç. Minéralo. Cristallo. , 1974, 97, pp. 475-478.
          • Vielle Aure
    		DE ASCENCAO GUEDES R., TIXADOR Y., CASTERET A. & GOUJOU JC. (2002) La mine de Coustou, Vielle-Aure, Hautes-Pyrénées. Le Règne Minéral, 47, 23-31. (in french)
    Germany
     
    • Baden-Württemberg
      • Black Forest
        • Wolfach
          • Oberwolfach
            • Rankach valley
    		Walenta, K. (1992): Die Mineralien des Schwarzwaldes. Chr. Weise Verlag, München, 336 pp. (in German)
    • Rhineland-Palatinate
      • Eifel
        • Niederzissen
          • Wassenach
    		S. Weiß: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", Weise (Munich), 1990
    • Saxony-Anhalt
      • Harz
        • Wernigerode
          • Hasserode
    		Wittern: "Mineralfundorte in Deutschland", 2001
    • Saxony
      • Erzgebirge
    		Lapis 30(7/8):78-80 (2005)
    Greece
     
    • Aegean Islands (Aiyaíon) Department
      • Kykládes Prefecture
        • Cyclade Islands (Cyclades; Kikladhes; Nomos Kikladhon)
          • Milos Island (Melos)
    		Hein, J. R.; Stamatakis, M. G.; Dowling, J. S. (2000): Trace metal-rich Quaternary hydrothermal manganese oxide and barite deposit, Milos Island, Greece. Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, 109, B67-B76.
    • Sterea Hellas Department
      • Fthiótis Prefecture
        • Lokris
    		Acta Geol. Hung., 44(1), 81–93.
    Hungary
     
    • Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén Co.
      • Szalonnai Mts.
        • Bódvarákó
    • Fejér Co.
      • Szár Hill
        • Kőszárhegy
    		Szakáll: Minerals of Szár Hill, 2004
    • Veszprém Co.
      • Bakony Mts.
    		Szakáll-Gatter-Szendrei: Mineral Species of Hungary, 2005
    India
     
    • Andhra Pradesh
    		Rao, J. S. R. Krishna; Kasipathi, C. (1985): Occurrence of todorokite from Adilabad Manganese Mines, Andhra Pradesh. Current Science 54, 862.
    • Orissa
      • Koraput District
    		Acharya, B.C., Rao, D.S., and Sahoo, R.K. (1997): Mineralium Deposita 32, 79-93.
    Indonesia
     
    • Jawa Island (Java Island)
      • Jawa Barat Province (West Java Province)
        • Bogor District
    		Milési, J.P., Marcoux, E., Sitorus, T., Simandjuntak, M., Leroy, J., and Bailly, L. (1999): Mineralium Deposita 34, 131-149.
    Israel
     
    Hans Niedermeier (2000) Mineralien Welt, 11, #5, 58-62.
    Italy
     
    • Aosta Valley
      • Nus
        • Saint-Barthélemy
    		• Barresi, A.A., Kolitsch, U., Ciriotti, M.E., Ambrino, P., Bracco, R., Bonacina, E. (2005): La miniera di manganese di Varenche (Aosta, Italia nord-occidentale): ardennite, arseniopleite, manganberzeliite, pirofanite, sarkinite, thortveitite, nuovo As-Sc-analogo della metavariscite e altre specie. Micro (località), 2/2005, 81-122.
      • Saint-Marcel
    		Piccoli, G.C., Maletto, G., Bosio, P., Lombardo, B. (2007): Minerali del Piemonte e della Valle d'Aosta. Associazione Amici del Museo "F. Eusebio" Alba, Ed., Alba (Cuneo) 607 pp.
    • Liguria
      • Genova Province
        • Ne
          • Graveglia Valley
            • Reppia
    		Rivista Mineralogica Italiana, (4), 131
    • Marche
      • Macerata Province
    		P. Mattias- M. Guerra (2008) - Le miniere nelle Marche II° parte Miniere e mineralizzazioni-Giacimenti e vicende Accademia Nazionale delle Scienze detta dei XL
    Japan
     
    • Honshu Island
      • Chubu Region
        • Aichi Prefecture
    		Am Min 48:952-954
      • Kanto Region
        • Tochigi Prefecture
          • Kanuma City
    		Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan)
        • Tokyo Prefecture
          • Nishi-Tama-gun
            • Okutama-cho
    		Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan)
      • Kinki Region
        • Shiga Prefecture
    		Anthony, J. W. et al. (1997): Handbook of Mineralogy, Vol. 3, 58
      • Tohoku Region
        • Aomori Prefecture
          • Nishi-Tsugaru-gun
    		Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan)
          • Shimokita peninsula
            • Higashidori
    		Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan)
        • Iwate Prefecture
    		Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan)
          • Karumai
          • Kuji City
            • Yamagata
    		Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan)
    Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan)
    Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan)
    Nambu, M. & Tanida, K. (1961): On the progressive alteration of manganese dioxide minerals in the Toyoguchi Mine, Iwate Prefecture. Ganseki Kobutsu Kosho Gakkaishi 45, 39-48. (in Japanese)
    Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan)
          • Kuzumaki
    		Dr. Matsuo Nambu ore collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan)
    Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan)
    Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan)
          • Noda
    		Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan)
    Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan)
          • Shimohei-gun
    		Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan)
            • Yamada
    		Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan)
    Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan)
    • Kyushu Region
      • Nansei Archipelago
        • Kagoshima Prefecture
    • Shikoku Island
      • Ehime Prefecture
    		Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan)
    Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan)
      • Kochi Prefecture
        • Niyodo
    		Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan)
    • Tokyo Prefecture
      • Izu Archipelago
        • Nishi Shichito Ridge
    		Jose Carlos Mañuz Sanz collection
    Jordan
     
    • Wadi Arabah (Wadi Araba)
    		Qatar Univ. Sci. J. 21:101-117.
    Kazakhstan
     
    • Kostanay Province (Qostanay Oblysy; Kostanai Oblast')
    		Golubovskaya, E.V. (2003): Lithology and Mineral Resources 38(3), 275-281.
    Mexico
     
    • Chihuahua
      • Mun. de Aldama
    		Cross, B. & Culp Zeitner J. (2006), Geodes Natures Treasures, P.26
    • Michoacan
      • Mun. de Coalcomám
    • Sonora
      • Mun. de Moctezuma
    		Lapis 2001(1), 11-40
    New Zealand
     
    • North Island
    		Railton, G.L. & Watters, W.A., Minerals of New Zealand, New Zealand Geological Survey Bull. #104 (1990).
    Norway
     
    • Oppland
      • Lunner
        • Nordmarka
    		Raade, G. (2005): Gjerdingen-ekeritten, en unik mineralforekomst. Norsk Bergverksmuseum Skrift nr. 30, 2005, p 17.
    • Oslo
      • Nordmarka
    		Neumann (1959, p. 232); Neumann (1985, p. 74).
    • Vestfold
      • Larvik
        • Langesundsfjorden
          • Barkevik area
    		K.Eldjarn XRD MGM
    Knut Eldjarn specimen. XRD MGM
    Pacific Ocean
     
    • Clarion-Clipperton Zone
      • USA-4
    		Mee Burns, V., Burns, R.G. (1978) Authigenic todorokite and phillipsite inside deep-sea manganese nodules. American Mineralogist, 63, 827-831.
    • East Pacific Rise
      • Juan de Fuca Ridge complex
    		Novikov, G.V., Vikent’ev, I.V., and Bogdanova, O.Y. (2006): Geology of Ore Deposits 48(4), 304-325.
    • South California Borderland
    		Hein, J.R., Reid, J.A., Conrad, T.A., Dunham, R.E., Clague, D.A., Schulz, M.S., and Davis, A.S. (2010): USGS Open-File Report 10-1069
    Hein, J.R., Reid, J.A., Conrad, T.A., Dunham, R.E., Clague, D.A., Schulz, M.S., and Davis, A.S. (2010): USGS Open-File Report 10-1069
    Hein, J.R., Reid, J.A., Conrad, T.A., Dunham, R.E., Clague, D.A., Schulz, M.S., and Davis, A.S. (2010): USGS Open-File Report 10-1069
    Romania
     
    • Hunedoara Co.
      • Hunedoara
    		Dumitras, D.-G., Constantinescu, E., Marincea, S., and Bourgier, V. (2005): Proceedings of the Annual Scientific Session of The Geological Society of Romania, Rosia Montana, 20-21 May 2005, 31-36.
    • Suceava Co.
      • Suceava district
    		http://minerals-of-the-carpathians.eu
    Russia
     
    • Far-Eastern Region
      • Magadanskaya Oblast'
        • Kolyma River Basin
          • Ducat District
            • Omsukchan
              • Ducat ore field
    		http://www.igem.ru/lmin/fil/metal.htm
    • Northern Region
      • Murmanskaja Oblast'
        • Kola Peninsula
    		www.koeln.netsurf.de/~w.steffens/lovo.htm
    Slovakia
     
    • Košice Region
      • Rožňava Co.
        • Ochtiná
    		Cílek V., Bosák P., Melka K., Žák K., Langrolvá A., Osborne A.,1998: Mineralogické výskumy v Ochtinské aragonitové jeskyni. Aragonit, 3,7 - 12
    South Africa
     
    • Northern Cape Province
    		Cairncross/Dixon, 1995. Minerals of South Africa
    Spain
     
    • Castile-La Mancha
      • Ciudad Real
    		A. Crespo & R. Lunar (1997): Terrestrial hot-spring Co-rich Mn mineralization in the Pliocene-Quaternary Calatrava Region (central Spain). Geological Society, London, Special Publications, vol. 119, 253-264.
        • Pozuelo
    		Calvo, M. (2009): Minerales y Minas de España. Vol. IV, Óxidos e Hidróxidos. Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Minas de Madrid - Fundación Gómez Pardo. 752 pp.
    • Valencian Community
      • Valencia
        • Requena
          • Campo Arcís
    		Mata Perelló, J.M., 1994, Geogaceta. 16: 154-155
    Sweden
     
    • Värmland
      • Filipstad
        • Persberg district
          • Pajsberg
    		H.Folvik(2002); Pers.report to the Långban Society
    Switzerland
     
    • Grischun (Grisons; Graubünden)
      • Albula Valley
        • Oberhalbstein (Surses; Sursass)
          • Tinizong (Tinzen)
    		Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): "Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz", Wepf (Basel), p. 409.
    Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): "Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz", Wepf (Basel), p. 409.
    • Wallis (Valais)
      • Turtmann Valley
        • Pipjitälli
    		The Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 44, pp. 000 (2006) page 205
    UK
     
    • England
      • Cornwall
        • Callington District
          • Lezant
    		Famous British Mineral Localities: Greystone Quarry, Lezant, Cornwall. N Elton, D Green, J Hooper & S Weiss. UK Journal of Mines & Minerals No 24 2004, pp 9-28
        • Liskeard District
          • Altarnun
    		No reference listed
        • Mount's Bay District
          • St Hilary
    		No reference listed
    Tindle, A.G. (2008) Minerals of Britian and Ireland
      • Buchan Grampian (Aberdeenshire)
        • Ellon
    		Mineralogical Magazine 1956 31 : 283-288.
      • Scottish Borders (Peebles-shire)
      • Strathclyde (Renfrewshire)
        • Gourock
    		Notes about Gourock, chiefly historical By David Macrae
    • Wales
      • Gwynedd (Caernarvonshire)
        • Lleyn Peninsula
          • Llanfaelrhys
            • Rhiw
    		No reference listed
    Ukraine
     
    • Crimea Oblast'
      • Crimea peninsula
    		Chukhrov F.V., Gorshkov A.I., Berezovskaya V.V., Sivtsov A.V. (1987) New data on mineralogy of Kerch ores, - Izvestiya AN SSSR, ser. geol., 4, p. 60-77 (in Rus.)
    USA
     
    • Alabama
      • Coosa Co.
    		Rocks & Minerals: 70(5): 320-333.
    • Arizona
      • Cochise Co.
        • Dragoon Mts
          • Turquoise District (Courtland-Gleeson District)
            • Courtland
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 137.
    Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 398.
    • California
      • Kern Co.
        • Kramer District
    		AmMin 56:1057
    Morgan, V. and Erd, R.C. (1969) Minerals of the Kramer borate district, California California Division of Mines and Geology Mineral Information Service: 22(9): 168; Pemberton, H. Earl (1983), Minerals of California; Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 168 (photo 4-5).
    • Colorado
      • Custer Co.
    		Anthony, J. W. et al. (1997): Handbook of Mineralogy, Vol. 3, 58
    Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
      • Lake Co.
        • Leadville District
          • Leadville
            • Carbonate Hill
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
      • Summit Co.
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
    • Maine
    		King & Foord, 1994. Mineralogy of Maine, p.63.
    • Massachusetts
      • Hampshire Co.
        • Cummington
    		Anthony, J. W. et al. (1997): Handbook of Mineralogy, Vol. 3, 58
        • Plainfield
    		"Western Massachusetts Mineral Localities" by Alan Plante, Valley Geology Press, 1992.
    • Montana
      • Granite Co.
        • Philipsburg District (Flint Creek District)
    		H.A. Barrett and M.P.S. Krekeler (2011) The 38th Rochester Mineralogical Symposium, April 14-17, 2011, lecture abstracts, page 9.
    • Nevada
      • White Pine Co.
        • White Pine District
          • Silver Belt
            • Treasure Hill
              • Summit area
    		NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada
    NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
    • New Hampshire
      • Grafton Co.
        • Groton
    		Rocks & Minerals (Sept/Oct 1981).
    • New Jersey
      • Sussex Co.
        • Franklin Mining District
          • Ogdensburg
            • Sterling Hill
    		Frondel, et al: Am. Min.:45:871-875 (1960); Dunn(1995):Pt4:584.
    Frondel, et al: Am. Min.:45:871-875 (1960); Dunn(1995):Pt4:584.
    • New Mexico
      • Colfax Co.
        • Springer
          • Point of Rocks Mesa (Pecks Mesa)
    		Rocks & Min.: 60:229.
    • New York
      • Warren Co.
    		Geological Society of America Bulletin January 1971 v. 82 no. 1 p. 101-110
    • North Carolina
      • Cleveland Co.
        • Kings Mountain District
    		Rocks and Minerals, (1985) 60:76-82; Carolina Geological Society Field Trip Guidebook 1981, 39-48
    • Rhode Island
      • Providence Co.
        • Lincoln
          • Lime Rock
    		Michael W. Kieron collection
    Museum of Natural History & Planetarium, Roger Williams Park collection
    • Utah
      • San Juan Co.
        • White Canyon District
          • White Canyon
    		R&M 75:4 p240-248
      • Tooele Co.
        • Deep Creek Mts
          • Gold Hill District (Clifton District)
            • Gold Hill
    		Mineral News: 13(9): 1.
      • Utah Co.
        • East Tintic Mts
          • East Tintic District
    		UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
      • Washington Co.
    		UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
    • Virginia
      • Alleghany Co.
        • Clifton Forge Iron District
    		Minerals of Virginia, 1990 by R. V. Dietrich
      • Rockbridge Co.
        • Lyndhurst-Vesuvius District
    		Minerals of Virginia, 1990 by R. V. Dietrich
    • Wisconsin
      • Oneida Co.
        • Hazelhurst
    		Bowser, Carl J., E. Callender and Ronald Rossmann, 1970, "Electron Probe and X-ray Studies of Fresh Water Ferromaganese Nodules from Wisconsin and Michigan", Geol. Soc. Am. , Abstracts with Programs, vol. 2, part 7, p. 500-501.
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