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Bixbyite

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Thomas Range, Juab Co., Utah, USA
© Chinellato Matteo

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Formula:
Mn
3+
2
O
 
3
System:IsometricColour:Black
Hardness:6 - 6½
Name:For Maynard Bixby (1853-1935), prospector, miner, mine broker, author, explorer of the Thomas Range, and mineral dealer of Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, who collected and provided the first specimens. He published several editions of the authoritative "Catalogue of Utah Minerals and Localities" and authored articles on several mineral localities in the western states.
This page provides mineralogical data about Bixbyite.

Classification of Bixbyite

IMA status:Valid - first described prior to 1959 (pre-IMA) - "Grandfathered"
Strunz 8th edition ID:4/C.03-10
Nickel-Strunz 10th (pending) edition ID:4.CB.10

4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
C : Metal: Oxygen = 2: 3,3: 5, and similar
B : With medium-sized cations
Dana 8th edition ID:4.3.7.2

4 : SIMPLE OXIDES
3 : A2X3
Hey's CIM Ref.:7.19.1

7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
19 : Oxides of Mn and Fe
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Type Occurrence of Bixbyite

Type Locality:Maynard's claim (Pismire Knolls), Thomas Range, Juab Co., Utah, USA
Place of Conservation of Type Material:Yale University, New haven, Connecticut, USA: 1.6369.
Year of Discovery:1897
Geological Setting of type material:In lithophysal cavities in rhyolite
Associated Minerals at type locality:
TopazSanidineQuartzPseudobrookiteHematite
Beryl

Occurrences of Bixbyite

Geological Setting:In rhyolites; in metamorphosed manganese ores

Physical Properties of Bixbyite

Lustre:Metallic
Diaphaneity (Transparency):Opaque
Colour:Black
Streak:Black
Hardness (Mohs):6 - 6½
Hardness (Vickers):VHN100=946 - 1402 kg/mm2
Cleavage:Imperfect/Fair
on {111}, in traces
Fracture:Irregular/Uneven
Density (measured):4.945 g/cm3
Density (calculated):5.031 g/cm3

Crystallography of Bixbyite

Crystal System:Isometric
Class (H-M):m3 (2/m 3) - Diploidal
Space Group:Ia3 {I21/a 3}
Cell Parameters:a = 9.411Å
Unit Cell Volume:V 833.50 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:16
Morphology:Cubes, rarely modified by {112} or {111}, commonly striated and occasionally deeply pitted, to 6 cm; also massive.
Twinning:On {111}, as penetration twins.
Crystal Atlas:
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Bixbyite no.1 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)

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X-Ray Powder Diffraction:
d-spacingIntensity
2.72 (100)
1.664 (30)
3.84 (25)
2.01 (14)
1.845 (14)
1.4191 (14)
2.35 (12)
Comments:Recorded on synthetic Mn2O3

Optical Data of Bixbyite

Type:Isotropic
Type:Isotropic
Reflectivity:
400 nmR=24.7%
420 nmR=24.1%
440 nmR=23.5%
460 nmR=23.0%
480 nmR=22.8%
500 nmR=22.9%
520 nmR=23.3%
540 nmR=23.6%
560 nmR=23.5%
580 nmR=23.2%
600 nmR=22.9%
620 nmR=22.7%
640 nmR=22.4%
660 nmR=22.2%
680 nmR=22.2%
700 nmR=22.1%


Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Peak reflectance is 24.7%.

Chemical Properties of Bixbyite

Formula:
Mn
3+
2
O
 
3
Essential elements:Mn, O
All elements listed in formula:Mn, O
Analytical Data:(1) Averages of two analyses of material from Thomas Range, Utah, USA
(2) Electron microprobe analysis of material from Postmasburg, South Africa
(3) Theoretical values for (Mn,Fe)2O3 with Mn:Fe = 1:1
          (1)      (2)      (3)

SiO2     (1.21)   (0.00)
TiO2     (1.70)
Al2O3    (2.53)   (2.02)
Fe2O3   (47.98)  (14.86)  (50.29)
Mn2O3            (82.56)  (49.71)
MnO     (42.05)
MgO      (0.10)   (0.07)
O        (4.38)

sum      99.85    99.51   100.00 wt.-%
Common Impurities:Al,Mg,Si,Ti

Relationship of Bixbyite to other Species

Common Associates:
Braunite
Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping):

- +
4.CB.05Brizziite
NaSb
5+
 
O
 
3
4.CB.05Corundum
Al
 
2
O
 
3
4.CB.05Ecandrewsite
(Zn,Fe
2+
 
,Mn
2+
 
)TiO
 
3
4.CB.05Eskolaite
Cr
 
2
O
 
3
4.CB.05Geikielite
MgTiO
 
3
4.CB.05Hematite
Fe
 
2
O
 
3
4.CB.05Ilmenite
Fe
2+
 
TiO
 
3
4.CB.05Karelianite
V
3+
2
O
 
3
4.CB.05Melanostibite
Mn
2+
 
(Sb
5+
 
,Fe
3+
 
)O
 
3
4.CB.05Pyrophanite
Mn
2+
 
TiO
 
3
4.CB.05Akimotoite
(Mg,Fe
2+
 
)SiO
 
3
4.CB.05Auroantimonate
AuSbO
 
3
4.CB.05Romanite
(◻,Pb,Ca)UFe
2+
2
(Ti,Fe
3+
 
)
 
6
Ti
 
12
O
 
38
4.CB.05UM1998-11-O-AuHSb
Au
+
2
Sb
3+
 
O
 
2
(OH)
4.CB.05Tistarite
Ti
3+
2
O
 
3
4.CB.10Avicennite
Tl
 
2
O
 
3
4.CB.15Armalcolite
(Mg,Fe
2+
 
)Ti
 
2
O
 
5
4.CB.15Pseudobrookite
Fe
 
2
TiO
 
5
4.CB.15Mongshanite
(Mg,Cr,Fe
2+
 
)
 
2
(Ti,Zr)
 
5
O
 
12
4.CB.20Zincohögbomite-2N2S
[(Zn,Al,Fe
2+
 
)
 
3
(Al,Fe
3+
 
,Ti)
 
8
O
 
15
(OH)]
 
2
4.CB.20Zincohögbomite-2N6S
[(Zn,Mg)
 
7
(Al,Fe
3+
 
,Ti)
 
16
O
 
31
(OH)]
 
2
4.CB.20Magnesiohögbomite-6N6S
[(Mg,Fe
2+
 
)
 
3
(Al,Ti,Fe
3+
 
)
 
8
O
 
15
(OH)]
 
6
4.CB.20Magnesiohögbomite-2N3S
[(Mg,Fe
2+
 
,Zn)
 
4
(Al,Ti,Fe
3+
 
)
 
10
O
 
19
(OH)]
 
2
4.CB.20Magnesiohögbomite-2N2S
[(Mg,Fe
2+
 
)
 
3
[Al
 
7
(Ti,Fe
3+
 
)]O
 
15
(OH)]
 
2
4.CB.20Ferrohögbomite-6N12S
[(Fe
2+
 
,Mg,Zn)
 
5
(Al,Ti,Fe
3+
 
)
 
12
O
 
23
(OH)]
 
6
4.CB.25Pseudorutile
Fe
 
2
Ti
 
3
O
 
9
4.CB.25Kleberite
FeTi
 
6
O
 
11
(OH)
 
5
4.CB.30Berdesinskiite
V
3+
2
TiO
 
5
4.CB.30Oxyvanite
V
3+
2
V
4+
 
O
 
5
4.CB.35Olkhonskite
(Cr,V)
 
2
Ti
 
3
O
 
9
4.CB.35Schreyerite
V
3+
2
Ti
 
3
O
 
9
4.CB.40Kamiokite
Fe
 
2
Mo
 
3
O
 
8
4.CB.40Nolanite
(V
3+
 
,Fe
3+
 
,Fe
2+
 
,Ti)
 
10
O
 
14
(OH)
 
2
4.CB.40Rinmanite
Zn
 
2
Sb
 
2
Mg
 
2
Fe
 
4
O
 
14
(OH)
 
2
4.CB.40Iseite
Mn
 
2
Mo
 
3
O
 
8
4.CB.40Majindeite
Mg
 
2
Mo
 
3
O
 
8
4.CB.45Claudetite
As
 
2
O
 
3
4.CB.45Stibioclaudetite
AsSbO
 
3
4.CB.50Arsenolite
As
 
2
O
 
3
4.CB.50Sénarmontite
Sb
 
2
O
 
3
4.CB.55Valentinite
Sb
 
2
O
 
3
4.CB.60Bismite
Bi
 
2
O
 
3
4.CB.65Sphaerobismoite
Bi
 
2
O
 
3
4.CB.70Sillénite
Bi
 
12
SiO
 
20
4.CB.75Kyzylkumite
V
3+
2
TiO
 
6
4.CB.80Tietaiyangite
Fe
3+
4
Fe
2+
 
TiO
 
9
Related Minerals - Hey's Index Grouping:

- +
7.19.2Janggunite
Mn
 
5-x
(Mn,Fe)
 
1+x
O
 
8
(OH)
 
6
7.19.3Jacobsite
Mn
2+
 
Fe
3+
2
O
 
4
7.19.4Vernadite
(Mn
4+
 
,Fe
3+
 
,Ca,Na)(O,OH)
 
2
 · nH
 
2
O
7.19.5Galaxite
(Mn,Fe,Mg)(Al,Fe)
 
2
O
 
4
7.19.6Filipstadite
(Mn,Mg)
 
2
(Sb
 
.5
Fe
 
.5
)O
 
4
7.19.7Manganochromite
(Mn,Fe)(Cr,V)
 
2
O
 
4
7.19.8Zenzénite
Pb
 
3
(Fe,Mn)
 
4
Mn
 
3
O
 
13

Other Names for Bixbyite

Synonyms:
Manganbixbyite
Other Languages:
German:Bixbyit
Manganbixbyit
Sitaparit
Russian:Биксбиит
Simplified Chinese:方锰铁矿
方铁锰矿
Spanish:Bixbyita
Manganbixbyita
Sitaparita
Varieties:
Sitaparite

Other Information

Health Warning:No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

References for Bixbyite

Reference List:

- +
Penfield and Foote (1897), American Journal of Science 4, 105.

Fermor (1909), Geological Survey of India, Rec. 37, 199.

Fermor (1909), Geological Survey of india, Mem. 37, 49.

Pauling and Shappell (1930), Zeitschrift für Kristallographie 75, 128.

Orcel and Pavlovitch (1932), Bull. soc. min. 54, 108.

Cortelezzi, Himmel, and Schroeder (1934), Centralblatt für Mineralogie, 129.

Montgomery, A. (1934): A recent find of bixbyite and associated minerals in the Thomas Range, Utah. American Mineralogist 19, 82-87.

de Villiers (1943), American Mineralogist 28, 336, 468 (as partridgeite).

Palache, C., Berman, H. and Frondel, C. (1944): The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume I: Elements, Sulfides, Sulfosalts, Oxides. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. (New York), 7th edition, revised and enlarged, 550-551.

NBS Circ. 539 (1959), 9, 37.

Zeitschrift für Kristallographie (1962), 107, 370-395.

Geller, S. (1971): Structures of alpha-Mn2O3, (Mn0.983Fe0.017)2O3 and (Mn0.37Fe0.63)2O3 and relation to magnetic ordering. Acta Crystallographica 27, 821-828.

Moore, P. B. and Araki, T. (1976): Braunite: its structure and relationship to bixbyite, and some insights on the genealogy of fluorite derivative structures. American Mineralogist 61, 1226-1240.

Mitchell, R. S. (1987) Who's who in mineral names: John George Cowles and Maynard Bixby. Rocks & Minerals, 62, 120-123.

de Villiers, J. P. and Buseck, P. R. (1989): Stacking variations and nonstoichiometry in the bixbyite-braunite polysomatic mineral group. American Mineralogist 74, 1325-1336.

Anthony, J.W., Bideaux, R.A., Bladh, K.W., and Nichols, M.C. (1997) Handbook of Mineralogy, Volume III. Halides, Hydroxides, Oxides. Mineral Data Publishing, Tucson, AZ, 628pp.: 66.

Bevan, D.J.M. & R.L.Martin, The role of the coordination defect: A new structural description of four fluorite-related sesquioxide minerals, bixbyite, braunite, braunite II, parwelite, and their structural relationships. Journal of Solid State Chemistry 181,2250-2259(2008)

Internet Links for Bixbyite

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  • Bixbyite details from Handbook of Mineralogy (PDF)
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    • Localities for Bixbyite

    The map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.
    Hide Locality List
    (TL) indicates type locality. ? indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. All other localities listed without reference should be considered as uncertain and unproven until references can be found.
    Argentina
     
    • Chubut
      • Paso de Indios Department
        • Valle de las Plumas
    		Schiller, W., Abstr. La Existencia de la Bixbyita en la Patagonia, by Sarah Cottelezzi de Muzzo, 20 handwritten pages: NeuesJahrb. Min., Referate f , 133-135 (1931); a Corti, Hercules, Datos sobre una nueva variedad de bixbyita hallada en el Chubut: Anal. Asoc. Quim. Argentina, 19, 109-716 (1931); S Cortelezzi, Juana, Himmel, Hans, and Schroeder, Robert: Bixbyit von Patagonien: Centralbl. Mineral., GeoI., u. Paleon., Ab. A, 129-135 (1934).
    Australia
     
    • Queensland
      • Mount Isa - Cloncurry area
        • Mary Kathleen district
    		T.Kwak & P.Abeysinghe: "Rare earth and uranium minera;s present as daughter crystals in fluid inclusions, Mary Kathleen U-REE skarn, Queensland, Australia: Min. Mag. 51,665-670(1987)
    • Western Australia
      • East Pilbara Shire
        • Gregory Ranges District
    		Jones, S., McNaughton, n.j., Grguric, B., 2013. Structural controls and timing of fault-hosted manganese at Woodie Woodie, East Pilbara, Western Australia. Ore Geology Reviews. 50, 52-82.
    Austria
     
    • Carinthia
      • Hohe Tauern
        • Goldberg group
          • Kleine Fleiß valley
            • Zirmsee area
    		Bergbau in Westkärnten
    R. Exel: Die Mineralien und Erzlagerstätten Österreichs (1993)
    • Salzburg
      • Hohe Tauern
        • Rauris valley
          • Hüttwinkl valley
            • Alteck - Hoher Sonnblick area
    		A. Strasser: Die Minerale Salzburgs (1989)
    Bolivia
     
    • Potosí Department
      • Sud Chichas Province
        • Atocha-Quechisla District
    		www.mineralmundi.com
    Brazil
     
    • Bahia
      • Urandi
    		Varentsov, I.M. (1996): Manganese ores of supergene zone: Geochemistry of formation. Springer (Berlin, Heidelberg, New York), 342 pp.
    China
     
    • Hubei Province
      • Wuhan Prefecture
        • Huangpi District
    		Jingqu Yao (1992): Acta Petrologica et Mineralogica 11(3), 257-266
    • Hunan Province
      • Yiyang Prefecture
        • Heshan District
    		Hunan Metallurgical Geology Research Team 236 (1977): Geology and Prospecting 13(8), 20-25, 28
    • Jiangxi Province
      • Jingdezhen Prefecture
        • Leping Co.
    		Guilin Institute of Metallurgical Geology, Rocks & Minerals Department, Manganese Thematic Group (1976): Geology and Prospecting 12(5), 47-52; Hunan Metallurgical Geology Research Team 236 (1977): Geology and Prospecting 13(8), 20-25, 28
    • Liaoning Province (Manchuria; Dongbei Region)
      • Chaoyang Prefecture
        • Chaoyang Co.
    		Fan, D., Ye, J., and Li, J. (1999): Ore Geology Reviews 15(1), 31-53.
    • Shanxi Province
      • Datong Prefecture
        • Lingqiu Co.
    		Shaozhi Zhou (1999): Geology and Prospecting 35(3), 6-8, 23
    France
     
    • Franche-Comté
      • Haute-Saône
        • Faucogney-et-la-Mer
          • Esmoulières
            • Saphoz
    		Wittern, Journée: "Mineralien finden in den Vogesen", von Loga (Cologne), 1997
    • Lorraine
      • Vosges
        • Gérardmer
    		Weil, R. & Siat, A. (1958): Characteristics of the Haut-Poirot manganese deposit. Compt. rend. 247, 937-940 (in French).
    Germany
     
    • Baden-Württemberg
      • Black Forest
        • Titisee-Neustadt
          • Eisenbach
    		K. Walenta: "Die Mineralien des Schwarzwaldes", Weise (Munich), 1992
        • Villingen
          • Unterkirnach
    		K. Walenta: "Die Mineralien des Schwarzwaldes", Weise (Munich), 1992
    • Rhineland-Palatinate
      • Eifel
        • Daun
          • Hinterweiler
    		Blass, G., Graf , HW., Neue Mineralienfunde aus der Vulkaneifel, MW 1/2001
        • Kelberg
          • Drees
    		Schüller, W., Die Mineralien des Niveligsberges bei Drees in der Eifel, Der Aufschluß SB 33, 1990
        • Mayen
          • Ettringen
            • Bellerberg volcano
    		[Hentschel, G., Weitere bemerkenswerte Mineralfunde aus quartären Vulkanvorkommen der Eifel, Mainzer geowiss. Mitt. 8, 169-172, 1980] [Lapis, 15 (5), 9-36]
        • Mendig
          • Bell
    		Schüller, W. (2013): Der Rothenberg bei Bell, Eifel. Lapis 38 (1), 18-26, 39; Blaß, G. & Kruijen, F. (2013): Die Mineralogischen Neuigkeiten aus der Vulkaneifel. Mineralien-Welt 24 (3), 33-41.
    India
     
    • Andhra Pradesh
      • Vizianagaram District
    		Econ Geol (1980) 75:1083-1104
    Econ Geol (1980) 75:1083-1104
    Econ Geol (1980) 75:1083-1104
    • Karnataka
      • Bellary district
        • Bellary-Hospet iron belt
          • Sandur
    		Rao, J. S. R. K., Naidu, B. V. & Rao, K. V. (1979): Ore microscopic, x-ray and trace elemental data on manganese ores from Sandur, Karnataka, India. Acta Mineralogica-Petrographica 24, 91-97.
    • Madhya Pradesh
      • Jabalpur Division
        • Chhindwara District (Chindawara District; Chindwara District)
    		Roy, S., and Purkait, P.K. (1968): Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 20, 86-114.
    Anthony, J. W. et al. (1997): Handbook of Mineralogy, Vol. 3, 66; Chemical abstracts, Volume 6, Issue 1 By American Chemical Society. Chemical Abstracts Service
      • Jhabua District
    		Nayak, V. K. (1966): Mineralogy and genesis of the manganese ores of Kajlidongri mine, district Jhabua, Madhya Pradesh, India. Economic Geology 61, 1280-1282.
    • Maharashtra
      • Bhandara District
    		MINERALOGICAL MAGAZINE, DECEMBER 1984, VOL. 48, PP. 558-60
    S.P. Deshpande (1959) Ore-Microscopic Studies of the Manganese Ore-Minerals of Old M.P. I. Dongribuzurg, Bhandara District - Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section A, 49, #3, 165-173.
    S.P. Deshpande (1959) Ore-Microscopic Studies of the Manganese Ore-Minerals of Old M.P. I. Dongribuzurg, Bhandara District - Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section A, 49, #3, 165-173.
    • Orissa
      • Sundargarh District (Sundergarh District)
    		Nicholson, K., Nayak, V. K., Nanda, J. K. (1997): Manganese ores of the Ghoriajhor-Monmunda area, Sundergarh District, Orissa, India: geochemical evidence for a mixed Mn source. Geological Society Special Publication 119 (Manganese Mineralization: Geochemistry and Mineralogy of Terrestrial and Marine Deposits), 117-121.
    Italy
     
    • Liguria
      • La Spezia Province
        • Casella-Quaratica
    		Di Lisi S., Natucci A., Passarino G., 2004. Cristalli di braunite nelle ricerche minerarie di Riccò del Golfo. Riv. Mineral. Ital., 28, 4: 204-211
    • Lombardy
      • Sondrio Province
    		AA. VV., 1996. Collezionare minerali. Hobby & Work.
    Japan
     
    • Kyushu Region
      • Nagasaki Prefecture
        • Nishisonogi-gun
    		Miyahisa (1957) Ehime Daigaku Kiyo, section II, 4, 91-105.
    Mexico
     
    • Chihuahua
    		Anthony, J. W. et al. (1997): Handbook of Mineralogy, Vol. 3, 66
    • Durango
      • Mun. de Durango
        • Cerro de los Remedios
          • Victoria de Durango
    		No reference listed
    • Michoacan
      • Mun. de Coalcomám
    		Ref.: Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas, volumen 17, número 2, p.143-153 (2000)
    • San Luis Potosí
      • Mun. de Villa de Arriaga
    		Anthony, J. W. et al. (1997): Handbook of Mineralogy, Vol. 3, 66
    Namibia
     
    • Erongo Region
      • Karibib District
        • Spitzkopje Area
    		Mineralogical Record: 36(4): 317-335.
    - Bezing, L. von, Bode, R. & Jahn, S. (2007): Namibia. Mineralien und Fundstellen. Edition Schloss Freudenstein, Bode Verlag, Haltern, p. 288-290 (in German)
    • Otjozondjupa Region
    		Anthony, J. W. et al. (1997): Handbook of Mineralogy, Vol. 3, 66
    Bezing, L. von, Bode, R. & Jahn, S. (2007): Namibia. Minerals and Localities. Edition Schloss Freudenstein, Bode Verlag, Haltern, 368 pp. (in English)
    South Africa
     
    • North West Province
      • Marico District
    		Econ Geol (1990) 85:1172-1185
    • Northern Cape Province
      • Kalahari manganese fields
        • Hotazel
    		MinRecord 9:137-153
    Mineralogical Record (2001) 32:252
        • Kuruman
          • N'Chwaning Mines
    		[Von Bezing, K. L. et al. (1991) - The Kalahari (Afrique du Sud) manganese field : an update, Mineralogical Record, 22 (3), 279-302.]
    Minerals of South Africa
    Van King
      • Postmasburg
    		Minerals of South Africa
    Minerals of South Africa
    Minerals of South Africa
    Mineralogical Magazine (1997): 61: 213-231
    Minerals of South Africa
    Cairncross, B. and Dixon, R., (1995), Minerals of South Africa. The Geological Society of South Africa: 182.
    Minerals of South Africa
    Minerals of South Africa
    Spain
     
    • Catalonia
      • Girona (Gerona)
        • Ripollès
    		Anthony, J. W. et al. (1997): Handbook of Mineralogy, Vol. 3, 66
    Sweden
     
    • Lappland
      • Ultevis
    		Mason, B. (1943): Mineralogical aspects of the system FeO-Fe₂O₂-MnO-Mn₂0₂,.Geologiska föreningens i Stockholm förhandlingar. 65, 180p. (p.134);
    Ödman, O.H. (1950): Manganese mineralization in the Ultevis district, Jokkmokk, North Sweden. Part 2: Mineralogical notes. Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning. Serie C 516. 1-27
    Ödman, O.H. (1950): Manganese mineralization in the Ultevis district, Jokkmokk, North Sweden. Part 2: Mineralogical notes. Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning. Serie C 516. 1-27
    Ödman, O.H. (1950): Manganese mineralization in the Ultevis district, Jokkmokk, North Sweden. Part 2: Mineralogical notes. Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning. Serie C 516. 1-27
    Ödman, O.H. (1950): Manganese mineralization in the Ultevis district, Jokkmokk, North Sweden. Part 2: Mineralogical notes. Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning. Serie C 516. 1-27
    • Värmland
      • Filipstad
    		Mason, B. (1942): Bixbyite from Långban. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar 64: 117-125; Nysten, P., Holtstam, D. and Jonsson, E. (1999) The Långban minerals. In Långban - The mines,their minerals, geology and explorers (D. Holtstam and J. Langhof, eds.), Swedish Museum of Natural History and Raster Förlag, Stockholm & Chr. Weise Verlag, Munich, pp. 89-183.
    Mason, B. (1942): Bixbyite from Långban. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar 64: 117-125
    Tanzania
     
    • Dodoma Region
      • Kongwa
    		www.min.uni-kiel.de/petrographie/schenk/projekte/tansania/mautia/dmg_mautia.pdf.
    Turkey
     
    • Aegean Region
      • Denizli Province
        • Kale
    		Öztürk, H. (1997): Ore Geology Reviews 12, 187-203.
    • Mediterranean Region
      • Adana Province
        • Ceyhan
    		Öztürk, H. (1997): Ore Geology Reviews 12, 187-203.
    Öztürk, H. (1997): Ore Geology Reviews 12, 187-203.
    UK
     
    • Wales
      • Gwynedd (Caernarvonshire)
        • Lleyn Peninsula
          • Llanfaelrhys
            • Rhiw
    		No reference listed
    USA
     
    • Arizona
      • Cochise Co.
        • Mule Mts
          • Warren District
            • Bisbee
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 140; Graeme, R. (1981), Famous mineral localities: Bisbee, AZ, Min.Rec.: 12: 256-319.
      • Pinal Co.
        • Dripping Spring Mts
          • Saddle Mountain District
            • Winkelman area
              • Saddle Mountain area
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 140, 336, 399; White, Jr., J.S. (1992), An occurrence of bixbyite, spessartine, topaz and pseudobrookite from Ash Creek near Hayden, AZ, Min.Rec.: 23: 487-492.
        • Hayden
    		MinRecord 23:487-492
      • Yuma Co.
        • Kofa Mts (S.H. Mts)
          • Kofa District
            • Kofa Game Range
              • King of Arizona Mine (King of Arizona property; King of Arizona group of claims; King of Arizona vein; Kofa Mine; Gleason Mine; Homestake claim)
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 140.
    Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 140, 339.
    Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 240, 339, 398.
    • Arkansas
      • Independence Co.
    		Howard, 1987. Mineral Species of Arkansas
    • Nevada
      • Mineral Co.
        • Candelaria District
    		NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
    • New Mexico
      • Catron Co.
        • Taylor Creek District
    		Min Rec 16:2 p145
          • Sawmill Creek
    		NMGS 37th Field Conference
      • Sierra Co.
        • Paramount Canyon
    		Min Rec 16:2 p145
        • Taylor Creek Tin District (Black Range Tin District)
    		Field collected by Ted French
    Northrup, Minerals of New Mexico, 3rd Rev. Ed., 1996
    • Texas
      • Presidio Co.
        • Shafter District
    		GSA Conference (2001) Paper No. 173-0 THE RED HILLS INTRUSIVE SYSTEM, PRESIDIO COUNTY, TEXAS: THE EASTERNMOST LARAMIDE PORPHYRY COPPER-MOLYBDENUM DEPOSIT IN SOUTHWESTERN NORTH AMERICA
    • Utah
      • Beaver Co.
        • Wah Wah Mts
    		Min Rec 10:5 pp261-278
      • Juab Co.
    		UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
        • Thomas Range
    		Mineralogical Record, March/April 1995, page 126
    Am Min 74 (1989), 1325; Lapis 5 (1986), 5; Bowling, R. (2011) Topaz from Utsh's Maynard Mine Extra Lapis English 14:22-25
    No reference listed
          • Starvation Canyon (Searles Canyon)
    		Min Rec (2006) 37:311-317
    UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
    J. Holfert, W. Mroch, J. Fuller (1996) A Field Guide to Topaz and Associated Minerals of the Thomas Range, Utah (Topaz Mountain) Vol I HM Publishing 103pp
      • Piute Co.
        • Marysvale
    		No reference listed
      • Tooele Co.
        • Dugway Range
    		UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
    Zimbabwe
     
    • Mashonaland West
    		Anthony, J. W. et al. (1997): Handbook of Mineralogy, Vol. 3, 66
    Mineral and/or Locality
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