Helvine
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Helvine
Formula:
Be3Mn2+4(SiO4)3S
Colour:
Golden yellow, brown, red, gray-yellow, yellow-green
Lustre:
Vitreous, Resinous
Hardness:
6 - 6½
Specific Gravity:
3.2 - 3.44
Crystal System:
Isometric
Member of:
Name:
from Latin 'helvus' = 'yellow', for the colour
Helvine Group. Danalite-Helvine Series, and the Genthelvite-Helvine Series.
The IMA officially recognized name (2012 IMA list) is helvine, not helvite, although the synonym "helvite" may be more common in the literature.
The largest crystals known are the 15 cm-long edge helvine crystals found at the Chingolo skarn mine in the Córdoba province, Argentina
(Lira et al., 2023).
The IMA officially recognized name (2012 IMA list) is helvine, not helvite, although the synonym "helvite" may be more common in the literature.
The largest crystals known are the 15 cm-long edge helvine crystals found at the Chingolo skarn mine in the Córdoba province, Argentina
(Lira et al., 2023).
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1855
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1855:1
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
0b595eac-47da-4562-8669-1a74e6498ca1
IMA Classification of Helvine
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
Classification of Helvine
9.FB.10
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
F : Tektosilicates without zeolitic H2O
B : Tektosilicates with additional anions
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
F : Tektosilicates without zeolitic H2O
B : Tektosilicates with additional anions
Dana 7th ed.:
76.2.4.1
76.2.4.1
76 : TECTOSILICATES Al-Si Framework
2 : Al-Si Framework Feldspathoids and related species
76 : TECTOSILICATES Al-Si Framework
2 : Al-Si Framework Feldspathoids and related species
17.9.4
17 : Silicates Containing other Anions
9 : Silicates with sulphide or sulphite
17 : Silicates Containing other Anions
9 : Silicates with sulphide or sulphite
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Hlv | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Hlv | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Pronunciation of Helvine
Pronunciation:
| Play | Recorded by | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Jolyon Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Helvine
Vitreous, Resinous
Transparency:
Translucent
Colour:
Golden yellow, brown, red, gray-yellow, yellow-green
Streak:
White
Hardness:
6 - 6½ on Mohs scale
Hardness:
VHN100=741 - 873 - Vickers
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
Distinct on {111} {111}
Distinct on {111} {111}
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Conchoidal
Density:
3.2 - 3.44 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.23 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Helvine
Type:
Isotropic
RI values:
n = 1.728 - 1.749
Birefringence:
Isotropic minerals have no birefringence
Surface Relief:
High
Chemistry of Helvine
Mindat Formula:
Be3Mn2+4(SiO4)3S
Common Impurities:
Al,Fe,Zn,Ca
Chemical Analysis
Oxide wt%:
| 1 | |
|---|---|
| SiO2 | 32.08 % |
| Al2O3 | 0.23 % |
| MnO | 27.02 % |
| FeO | 16.14 % |
| ZnO | 7.40 % |
| CaO | 0.15 % |
| MgO | 0.26 % |
| BeO | 13.26 % |
| S | 5.86 % |
| O=S | -2.92 % |
| Total: | 99.48 % |
Sample references:
| ID | Locality | Reference | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Hørtekollen, Sylling, Lier, Buskerud, Norway | A single, brown transparent crystal 20 mm across |
Crystallography of Helvine
Crystal System:
Isometric
Class (H-M):
4 3m - Hextetrahedral
Space Group:
P4 3n
Cell Parameters:
a = 8.29 Å
Unit Cell V:
569.72 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
2
Morphology:
Tetrahedra, dodecahedra, octahedra
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0000973 | Helvine | Hassan I, Grundy H D (1985) The crystal structures of helvite group minerals, (MnFeZn)8(Be6Si6O24)S2 American Mineralogist 70 186-192 |  | 1985 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0000974 | Helvine | Hassan I, Grundy H D (1985) The crystal structures of helvite group minerals, (MnFeZn)8(Be6Si6O24)S2 American Mineralogist 70 186-192 | | 1985 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0010952 | Helvine | Kudoh Y, Takeuchi Y (1985) The effect of pressure on helvite Mn8S2[Be6Si6O24] Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 173 305-312 | | 1985 | Schwarzenberg, Saxony | 1.4 | 293 |
| 0010953 | Helvine | Kudoh Y, Takeuchi Y (1985) The effect of pressure on helvite Mn8S2[Be6Si6O24] Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 173 305-312 | | 1985 | Schwarzenberg, Saxony | 2.7 | 293 |
| 0010954 | Helvine | Kudoh Y, Takeuchi Y (1985) The effect of pressure on helvite Mn8S2[Be6Si6O24] Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 173 305-312 | | 1985 | Schwarzenberg, Saxony | 3.6 | 293 |
| 0010955 | Helvine | Kudoh Y, Takeuchi Y (1985) The effect of pressure on helvite Mn8S2[Be6Si6O24] Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 173 305-312 | | 1985 | Schwarzenberg, Saxony | 4 | 293 |
| 0010956 | Helvine | Kudoh Y, Takeuchi Y (1985) The effect of pressure on helvite Mn8S2[Be6Si6O24] Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 173 305-312 | | 1985 | Schwarzenberg, Saxony | 4.5 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
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Radiation - Copper Kα
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 3.382 Å | (100) |
| 1.955 Å | (80) |
| 2.215 Å | (70) |
| 2.618 Å | (65) |
| 1.692 Å | (65) |
| 1.510 Å | (50) |
| 1.466 Å | (50) |
Comments:
Butte, Montana, USA.
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 23 : Subaerial aqueous alteration by non-redox-sensitive fluids (see also #47) | |
| Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
| 34 : Complex granite pegmatites | |
| 35 : Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks | |
| Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics | <3.5-2.5 |
| 40 : Regional metamorphism (greenschist, amphibolite, granulite facies) |
Geological Setting:
Granites, pegmatites, gneisses, contact zones, skarns.
Type Occurrence of Helvine
Co-Type Localities:
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Mining Academy, Freiberg, 22941.
Synonyms of Helvine
Other Language Names for Helvine
Relationship of Helvine to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
| Danalite | Be3Fe2+4(SiO4)3S | Iso. 4 3m : P4 3n |
| Genthelvite | Be3Zn4(SiO4)3S | Iso. 4 3m : P4 3n |
| Tugtupite | Na4BeAlSi4O12Cl | Tet. 4 : I4 |
Structurally related to group(s):
| Sodalite Group | The Sodalite Group is characterised by sodalite-type stacking of alumosilicate building units that produces Cubo ... |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 189 photos of Helvine associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 77 photos of Helvine associated with Spessartine | Mn2+3Al2(SiO4)3 |
| 51 photos of Helvine associated with Smoky Quartz | SiO2 |
| 48 photos of Helvine associated with Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 45 photos of Helvine associated with Microcline | K(AlSi3O8) |
| 35 photos of Helvine associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 34 photos of Helvine associated with Genthelvite | Be3Zn4(SiO4)3S |
| 33 photos of Helvine associated with Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| 28 photos of Helvine associated with Rhodochrosite | MnCO3 |
| 26 photos of Helvine associated with Fluorite | CaF2 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 9.FB. | Steudelite | Na3(K17Ca7)Ca4(Al24Si24O96)(SO3)6F6 · 4H2O |
| 9.FB. | Sapozhnikovite | Na8(Al6Si6O24)(HS)2 |
| 9.FB. | Betzite | Na6Ca2(Al6Si6O24)Cl4 |
| 9.FB. | Slyudyankaite | Na28Ca4(Si24Al24O96)(SO4)6(S6)1/3(CO2) · 2H2O |
| 9.FB. | Bolotinaite | (Na7◻)(Al6Si6O24)F · 4H2O |
| 9.FB. | Wenlanzhangite-(Y) | Y2V3+2V4+2(SiO4)2O4(OH)4 |
| 9.FB.05 | Afghanite | (Na,K)22Ca10(Si24Al24O96)(SO4)6Cl6 |
| 9.FB.05 | Bystrite | (Na,K)7Ca(Al6Si6O24)(S5)Cl |
| 9.FB.05 | Cancrinite | (Na,Ca,◻)8(Al6Si6O24)(CO3,SO4)2 · 2H2O |
| 9.FB.05 | Cancrisilite | Na7(Al5Si7O24)(CO3) · 3H2O |
| 9.FB.05 | Davyne | (Na,K)6Ca2(Al6Si6O24)(Cl2,SO4)2 |
| 9.FB.05 | Franzinite | (Na,K)6Ca2(Al6Si6O24)(SO4)2 · 0.5H2O |
| 9.FB.05 | Giuseppettite | (Na,K,Ca)7-8(Al6Si6O24)(SO4,Cl)1-2 |
| 9.FB.05 | Hydroxycancrinite | Na8(Al6Si6O24)(OH)2 · 2H2O |
| 9.FB.05 | Liottite | (Na,K)16Ca8(Al6Si6O24)3(SO4)5Cl4 |
| 9.FB.05 | Microsommite | Na4K2Ca2(Al6Si6O24)(SO4)Cl2 |
| 9.FB.05 | Pitiglianoite | Na6K2(Al6Si6O24)(SO4) · 2H2O |
| 9.FB.05 | Quadridavyne | (Na,K)6Ca2(Al6Si6O24)Cl4 |
| 9.FB.05 | Sacrofanite | (Na61K19Ca32)(Si84Al84O336)(SO4)26Cl2F6 · 2H2O |
| 9.FB.05 | Tounkite | (Na,Ca,K)8(Al6Si6O24)(SO4)2Cl · H2O |
| 9.FB.05 | Vishnevite | (Na,K)8(Al6Si6O24)(SO4,CO3) · 2H2O |
| 9.FB.05 | Marinellite | (Na,K)42Ca6(Al6Si6O24)6(SO4)8Cl2 · 3H2O |
| 9.FB.05 | Farneseite | (Na,Ca,K)56(Al6Si6O24)7(SO4)12 · 6H2O |
| 9.FB.05 | Alloriite | (Na,Ca,K)26Ca4(Al6Si6O24)4(SO4)6Cl6 |
| 9.FB.05 | Biachellaite | (Na,Ca,K)8(Al6Si6O24)(SO4)2(OH)0.5 · H2O |
| 9.FB.05 | Fantappièite | [Na82.5Ca33K16.5](Si99Al99O396)(SO4)33 · 4H2O |
| 9.FB.05 | Kyanoxalite | Na7(Al6-xSi6+xO24)(C2O4)0.5+x · 5H2O (0 < x < 0.5) |
| 9.FB.05 | Balliranoite | (Na,K)6Ca2(Si6Al6O24)Cl2(CO3) |
| 9.FB.05 | Carbobystrite | Na8(Al6Si6O24)(CO3) · 3.5H2O |
| 9.FB.05 | Depmeierite | Na8(Al6Si6O24)(PO4,CO3)1-x · 3H2O (x |
| 9.FB.05 | Kircherite | Na5Ca2K(Al6Si6O24)(SO4)2 · 0.33H2O |
| 9.FB.05 | Sulfhydrylbystrite | Na5K2Ca[Al6Si6O24](S5)2(SH) |
| 9.FB.10 | Bicchulite | Ca2(Al2SiO6)(OH)2 |
| 9.FB.10 | Danalite | Be3Fe2+4(SiO4)3S |
| 9.FB.10 | Genthelvite | Be3Zn4(SiO4)3S |
| 9.FB.10 va | Hackmanite | Na8Al6Si6O24(Cl2,S) |
| 9.FB.10 | Haüyne | Na3Ca(Si3Al3)O12(SO4) |
| 9.FB.10 | Kamaishilite | Ca2(Al2SiO6)(OH)2 |
| 9.FB.10 | Lazurite | Na7Ca(Al6Si6O24)(SO4)(S3) · H2O |
| 9.FB.10 | Nosean | Na8(Al6Si6O24)(SO4) · H2O |
| 9.FB.10 | Sodalite | Na4(Si3Al3)O12Cl |
| 9.FB.10 | Tsaregorodtsevite | (N(CH3)4)(AlSi5O12) |
| 9.FB.10 | Tugtupite | Na4BeAlSi4O12Cl |
| 9.FB.10 | Vladimirivanovite | Na6Ca2(Al6Si6O24)(SO4,S3,S2,Cl)2 · H2O |
| 9.FB.15 | Marialite | Na4Al3Si9O24Cl |
| 9.FB.15 | Meionite | Ca4Al6Si6O24CO3 |
| 9.FB.15 | Silvialite | (Ca,Na)4(Al6Si6O24)(SO4,CO3) |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Helvine
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1855.html
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References for Helvine
Reference List:
forum.amiminerals.it (n.d.) http://forum.amiminerals.it/viewtopic.php?f=5&t=18597&sid=f7969c102af90b5cef86213cb08cd19d
Hewett, D.F. (1937) Helvite From The Butte district, Montana. American Mineralogist: 22(6): 803–804.
Glass, Jewell J., Jahns, Richard H., Stevens, and Rollin E (1944) Helvite and danalite from New Mexico and the helvite group. American Mineralogist, 29 (5-6) 163-191
Sainsbury, C. L. (1962) Mineralogical Notes: Helvite near Beaver, Utah. American Mineralogist, 47 (3-4) 395-398
Hassan, I., Grundy, H. D. (1984) The crystal structures of sodalite-group minerals. Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, 40 (1) 6-13 doi:10.1107/s0108768184001683
Localities for Helvine
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| William T. Holser: Beryllium minerals ... |
| Rimann (1928) | |
| Sureda et al. (2010) |
| King (n.d.) | |
| Milka K. de Brodtkorb (2002) |
Australia | |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Zaw et al. (1997) |
| Grguric et al. (2008) |
| Simpson (1928) |
| Simpson (1928) +1 other reference |
| Jacobson et al. (2007) | |
| Pegmatites of Western Australia +2 other references |
Austria | |
| Neumayer (1980) +1 other reference |
| Erwin Löffler |
| KNOBLOCH (2012) +1 other reference |
| Kolitsch (2017) |
| Gerald Gesselbauer (06.2010) |
| Postl et al. (1998) | |
| Orlandi et al. (2005) |
Brazil | |
| A. C. Bastos Neto et al. (2009) |
| Miranda (2018) |
| Martin Slama collection +1 other reference | |
| Moore (2004) +1 other reference |
| In Collection of Martin Slama | |
| e Souza et al. (2016, July) +1 other reference |
| In Collection of Martin Slama |
Bulgaria | |
| www.mgu.bg (2021) |
| Berylium mineralisation in Pb-Zn ore ... +1 other reference |
Canada | |
| NB Mineral Occurrence Database Ref. 45 |
| Groat et al. (2003) |
| Chatterjee (1977) |
| 166-175. +2 other references |
China | |
| Martin Slama Collection |
| Zhang et al. (2023) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Fengjun Nie et al. (2004) |
| Tron (2003) |
| Xiaofei Wang et al. (2010) |
| www.smartminerals.com (2004) |
| Huang et al. (1988) |
| Yuzhou Li (1990) | |
| Bingtao Li (1993) |
| Shimou Chen et al. (1981) +2 other references |
| Ottens et al. (2005) +1 other reference |
| Ottens et al. (2012) |
| Ottens et al. (2012) | |
| Martin Slama Collection | |
| Zhongxin Yuan and Ge Bai (1997) |
| Jiangbin specimen |
| Yunhuai Lin and Shiyang Chen (1985) |
| Yunhuai Lin and Shiyang Chen (1985) |
| Berthold Ottens (2009) |
| Giuliani et al. (1988) | |
| Raimbault (1993) |
| Shiyu Liu et al. (2022) |
| DU et al. (2014) |
Czech Republic | |
| Jan Vlk |
| Novák |
France | |
| Ragu (1994) |
| Ragu (1994) +1 other reference |
| Dubru. M (1986) +1 other reference |
Germany | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Tröger (2006) |
| J.C. Freiesleben (1817) +1 other reference |
| Andreas Gerstenberg collection | |
| J.C. Freiesleben (1817) | |
| Schlegel (1991) |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| Peter Dunn (1976) | |
| www.minmax.net |
| In Coll. Martin Slama |
Greenland | |
| Petersen (2001) |
| Bohse et al. (2001) | |
| Tony Peterson photo and collection | |
India | |
| Lahiri (1972) |
Italy | |
| Campostrini et al. (2014) |
| American Mineralogist |
| Della Ventura et al. (1999) +1 other reference | |
| Carlini | |
| Carlini et al. (2017) |
| Cerea et al. (2019) |
| |
| AA. VV. |
| Ghizzoni et al. (2005) | |
| Ghizzoni et al. (2005) | |
| Ghizzoni et al. (2005) | |
| Vanini F. (2000) |
| in Coll. M. Slama |
| Barsotti et al. (2006) |
| F. Pezzotta (1994) +1 other reference | |
Japan | |
| Matsubara et al. (1996) |
| Endo (2008) |
| Matsubara Satoshi et al. (1980) |
| Haruna (2002) |
| Dr. Matsuo Nambu ore collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| Yoshinaga (1959) |
| Dr. Kameki Kinoshita collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| Akira Kato (undated manuscript) |
| Dr. Kameki Kinoshita collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) +1 other reference | |
Kazakhstan | |
| Stepanov et al. (2012) |
| Evseev (1995) |
| Chen Xuanhua et al. (2010) |
| Evseev (1995) |
Kyrgyzstan | |
| L.A. Pautov data |
Malawi | |
| Guastoni A. et al. (Malawi) +1 other reference |
Malaysia | |
| Moh (1982) |
Mexico | |
| Panczner (1987) |
Namibia | |
| Dunn (1991) |
Norway | |
| Nordli et al. (1997) +1 other reference |
| Oftedal et al. (1963) |
| Goldschmidt (1911) |
| Oftedal et al. (1963) |
| Hurum et al. (1997) +2 other references |
| Larsen et al. (2010) +1 other reference | |
| Wiik (2007) |
| Oftedal (1950) |
| Oftedal et al. (1963) +1 other reference |
| Raade et al. (1999) +3 other references |
| Larsen (1988) +1 other reference |
| Larsen et al. (2005) | |
| Larsen (2018) +1 other reference |
| Engvoldsen et al. (1991) |
| Knut Eldjarn | |
| Larsen et al. (2010) | |
| Berge (n.d.) |
| Larsen et al. (2010) | |
| Am Min 68:5-6 pp 628-633 +1 other reference |
| Larsen (1988) | |
| Raade et al. (1983) | |
| Larsen (1988) | |
| Berge (n.d.) |
| Larsen (1988) +1 other reference | |
| Larsen et al. (2010) | |
| Larsen et al. (2010) |
| Larsen (1988) | |
| Larsen et al. (2010) |
| Larsen (2021) |
| Larsen (1988) +1 other reference |
| Larsen (1993) +1 other reference | |
| Ivy Wilson collection 1989 |
| Oftedal et al. (1963) |
| Brøgger (1890, January) |
| Field collected and identified by Knut ... |
| Field collected and identified by Knut ... |
| Andersen (1993) |
| Larsen (1988) | |
| Peter Andresen collection |
| Berge (1993) +1 other reference | |
| Brøgger (1890, January) +1 other reference |
| Larsen (1988) +1 other reference |
| Larsen et al. (2010) |
| Larsen et al. (2015) | |
| Hansen (1981) |
| Larsen (1988) +1 other reference |
| Knut Edvard Larsen collection # MM-6065 | |
| Personally collected by Peter Andresen ... | |
| Engvoldsen et al. (1991) | |
| Peter Andresen collection | |
| Arne Åsheim collection 2006 +2 other references | |
| Larsen et al. (2010) | |
| Larsen et al. (2010) | |
| Andresen (2013) | |
| Frode Andersen collection/observation ... | |
| Knut Edvard larsen collection (MM-2580) | |
| Kamphaug (1987) +1 other reference | |
| Larsen et al. (2010) |
| Larsen et al. (2010) |
| Engvoldsen et al. (1991) | |
| Berge (n.d.) |
| Berge (n.d.) |
| Berge et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| Larsen et al. (2010) | |
| Andersen et al. (1994) |
| Goldschmidt (1911) |
| OT. Ljostad photo & specimen |
| Oftedal et al. (1963) |
Pakistan | |
| Dudley Blauwet et al. (2004) |
| Dudley Blauwet (2004) +1 other reference | |
Peru | |
| Mineralogical Record 28 (1997) +2 other references |
| King (n.d.) |
Poland | |
| Pieczka et al. (2012) |
| Feldspat et al. (2006) |
| Martens A. 1965: Pilinit und Helvin von ... | |
Portugal | |
| Felix Garcia Garcia Mineral Collection |
| Nuno Afonso collection (XRD-analysed) |
Romania | |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Carpathian Reg. |
| Munteanu (1993) +1 other reference |
Russia | |
| Damdinova et al. (2018) |
| Pekov (1998) |
| Kolesnichenko |
| Filimonova et al. (2006) |
| Ivashchenko et al. (2006) |
| V.A. Gorelov (1997) |
| P.Kartashov data +2 other references |
| USGS Open File Report 2005-1252 p87 +1 other reference |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
Slovakia | |
| Martin Števko-unpublished |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
Spain | |
| Garcia-Guinea et al. (2005) |
| Garcia G. et al. (2004) | |
| Tanago et al. (2012) |
Sweden | |
| |
| Gatedal (2003) | |
| Hällström et al. (2024) |
| Langhof et al. (1998) |
| Nysten (1996) | |
| Gustafsson et al. (1991) +1 other reference |
| Damman et al. (1992) |
| Gatedal (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Gustafsson et al. (2003) +1 other reference |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) | |
Tajikistan | |
| Leonid Pautov and Mirak Mirakov ... |
UK | |
| Kingsbury (1961) +2 other references |
| [Specimen in the Natural History Museum +3 other references | |
| Kingsbury (1961) |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Kingsbury (1961) +2 other references |
Ukraine | |
| Liventseva (n.d.) |
USA | |
| - (2008) |
| Warner et al. (1959) +2 other references |
| Trischka et al. (1929) +3 other references |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Howard (1987) |
| Rocks and Minerals (1989) |
| Henry Barwood - unpublished (2010) | |
| Fisher (2002) |
| Jahns (1951) |
| Jahns et al. (1951) | |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 368. +3 other references | |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 368. +4 other references |
| www.coloradomineralsociety.org (2016) |
| - (2005) |
| Meeves et al. (1966) |
| Min News 20:9 pp1 |
| Rocks & Min.: 63: 366-384. +1 other reference |
| In Collection of Martin Slama | |
| Henderson et al. (circa 1970) +1 other reference |
| Schooner (circa 1990) |
| W.C. van Laer: the Sawtooth batholith |
| WC van Laer | |
| Wm. C. van Laer. | |
| WC van Laer |
| Rocks & Min. 70:246 +3 other references | |
| - (2005) |
| Rocks & Min.: 16: 244. +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Min.: 16: 244 | |
| Rocks & Min.: 16: 244. +2 other references | |
| - (2005) | |
| Rocks & Min.: 16: 244. +1 other reference | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Barton (1968) +4 other references |
| Smith (2005) +1 other reference |
| Art Smith (2001) |
| Rocks & Min 80:245 |
| Rocks & Minerals Vol.65 No.4 +1 other reference |
| NMBMMR Bull 87 Mineral and Water ... |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Weissenborn (1948) +3 other references |
| NMBGMR Open-file Report OF-459 +3 other references |
| Walstrom (n.d.) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| NMBGMR Open-file Report OF-459 |
| USGS Map I-1310-B Mineral Deposit Map ... +1 other reference | |
| Min Rec 20:1 p57 +1 other reference | |
| Walstrom (n.d.) |
| Walstrom (n.d.) | |
| Robert E. Wastrom Collection | |
| Min Rec 20:1 p60 +2 other references |
| USGS Bull 945C +1 other reference |
| USGS Bull 945C +1 other reference | |
| Jahns et al. (1944) | |
| USGS Bull 945C | |
| - (2005) |
| USGS Bull 945C | |
| Hanahan (1985) |
| Smith (1991) |
| AmMin 47:395 |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Peter Dunn (1976) |
| In the collection of Brent Thorne. ... |
| Rocks & Min.: 60: 165. +4 other references |
| Rocks & Min.: 8:143-144. |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Falster et al. (1996) |
Zimbabwe | |
| Mineralogical Magazine 1959 32 : 87-89 |
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