Roscoelite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Roscoelite
Formula:
K(V3+,Al)2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Colour:
Brown, dark green to black
Lustre:
Pearly
Hardness:
2½
Specific Gravity:
2.92 - 2.94
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
For Sir Henry Enfield Roscoe, FRS (7 January 1833 - 18 December 1915), an English chemist particularly noted for early work on vanadium and for photochemical studies.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3449
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3449:0
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
216f9772-0f9d-4766-9b83-b16923a5a72f
IMA Classification of Roscoelite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
KV3+2(Si3Al)O10(OH)2
First published:
1876
Classification of Roscoelite
9.EC.15
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
E : Phyllosilicates
C : Phyllosilicates with mica sheets, composed of tetrahedral and octahedral nets
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
E : Phyllosilicates
C : Phyllosilicates with mica sheets, composed of tetrahedral and octahedral nets
71.2.2a.4
71 : PHYLLOSILICATES Sheets of Six-Membered Rings
2 : Sheets of 6-membered rings with 2:1 layers
71 : PHYLLOSILICATES Sheets of Six-Membered Rings
2 : Sheets of 6-membered rings with 2:1 layers
16.15.1
16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
15 : Aluminosilicates of V and Cr
16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
15 : Aluminosilicates of V and Cr
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMAβCNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMAβCNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMAβCNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Symbol | Source | Reference |
---|---|---|
Rcl | IMAβCNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMAβCNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Rcl | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Roscoelite
Pearly
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
Brown, dark green to black
Streak:
Gray
Hardness:
2½ on Mohs scale
Cleavage:
Perfect
on {001}
on {001}
Density:
2.92 - 2.94 g/cm3 (Measured) 2.89 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Roscoelite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.590 - 1.610 nβ = 1.630 - 1.685 nγ = 1.640 - 1.704
2V:
Measured: 24.5° to 39.5°
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.050 - 0.094
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Dispersion:
r < v weak
Pleochroism:
Visible
Comments:
X = green-brown; Y = Z = olive-green.
Chemistry of Roscoelite
Mindat Formula:
K(V3+,Al)2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Common Impurities:
Fe,Ca,Na,H2O
Crystallography of Roscoelite
Polytype:
Formula:
Crystal System:
Class (H-M)
Space Group:
Space Group Setting:
Cell Parameters:
Ratio:
Unit Cell Volume (calc):
Z:
Roscoelite-1M | Roscoelite-2M1 |
---|---|
Monoclinic | |
2/m - Prismatic | |
B2/m | |
C2/m | |
a = 5.292(1) Å, b = 9.131(2) Å, c = 10.206 Å β = 100.98(2)° | |
a:b:c = 0.58 : 1 : 1.118 | |
V 484.14 Γ
Β³ (Calculated from Unit Cell) | |
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
10.0 Γ | (100) |
4.54 Γ | (80) |
3.35 Γ | (80) |
2.60 Γ | (80) |
1.52 Γ | (60) |
3.66 Γ | (50) |
3.11 Γ | (50) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
---|---|
Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
47e : [Vanadates, chromates, manganates] | |
Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
50 : Coal and/or oil shale minerals | <0.36 |
Geological Setting:
Low temperature epithermal Au-Ag-Te deposits and oxidized portions of sedimentary U-V deposits.
Type Occurrence of Roscoelite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Radiating and foliated talc-like masses.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
MusΓ©um Nationale dβHistoire Naturelle, Paris, France, number 132.198 (type).
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Filling cavities in a schistose porphyry.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Synonyms of Roscoelite
Other Language Names for Roscoelite
Russian:Π ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ
Simplified Chinese:ιδΊζ―
Spanish:Colomita
Roscoelita
Roscoelita
Traditional Chinese:ι©ι²ζ―
Relationship of Roscoelite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
Boromuscovite | KAl2(BSi3O10)(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m |
Celadonite Subgroup | A subgroup of the dioctahedral mica group. | |
Chromphyllite | K(Cr,Al)2(AlSi3O10)(OH,F)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
Glauconite | K0.60-0.85(Fe3+,Mg,Al)2(Si,Al)4O10](OH)2 | |
Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
Nanpingite | CsAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH,F)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
Natro-glauconite | (Na,K)(Fe3+,Al,Mg)2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 | |
Paragonite | NaAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 | Mon. |
Tobelite | (NH4,K)Al2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
4 photos of Roscoelite associated with Nolanite | V3+8Fe3+2O14(OH)2 |
4 photos of Roscoelite associated with Bariandite | Al0.6(V5+,V4+)8O20 Β· 9H2O |
3 photos of Roscoelite associated with Hewettite | CaV6O16 Β· 9H2O |
3 photos of Roscoelite associated with Natalyite | NaV3+Si2O6 |
3 photos of Roscoelite associated with VΓ©signiΓ©ite | BaCu3(VO4)2(OH)2 |
2 photos of Roscoelite associated with Illite | K0.65Al2.0[Al0.65Si3.35O10](OH)2 |
2 photos of Roscoelite associated with Pascoite | Ca2Ca(V10O28) Β· 17H2O |
2 photos of Roscoelite associated with Gypsum | CaSO4 Β· 2H2O |
2 photos of Roscoelite associated with Bokite | (Al,Fe)1.3(V5+,V4+,Fe3+)8O20 Β· 7.5H2O |
2 photos of Roscoelite associated with Baryte | BaSO4 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
9.EC. | Balestraite | KLi2V5+Si4O12 |
9.EC. | Meifuite | KFe6(Si7Al)O19(OH)4Cl2 |
9.EC.05 | Minnesotaite | Fe2+3Si4O10(OH)2 |
9.EC.05 | Talc | Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 |
9.EC.05 | Willemseite | Ni3Si4O10(OH)2 |
9.EC.9.EC. | Voloshinite | Rb(LiAl1.5β»0.5)(Al0.5Si3.5)O10F2 |
9.EC.10 | Ferripyrophyllite | Fe3+Si2O5(OH) |
9.EC.10 | Pyrophyllite | Al2Si4O10(OH)2 |
9.EC.10 | Luanshiweiite | KLiAl1.5(Si3.5Al0.5)O10(OH)2 |
9.EC.10 | Fluorluanshiweiite | KLiAl1.5(Si3.5Al0.5)O10F2 |
9.EC.10 | Manganiceladonite | K(MgMn3+β»)(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.10 | Garmite | CsLiMg2(Si4O10)F2 |
9.EC.10 | Gorbunovite | CsLi2(Ti,Fe)Si4O10(F,OH,O)2 |
9.EC.15 | Boromuscovite | KAl2(BSi3O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.15 | Celadonite | K(MgFe3+β»)(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.15 | Chernykhite | (Ba,Na)(V3+,Al,Mg)2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.15 | Montdorite | (K,Na)2(Fe2+,Mn2+,Mg)5(Si4O10)2(OH,F)4 |
9.EC.15 | Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.15 | Nanpingite | CsAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH,F)2 |
9.EC.15 | Paragonite | NaAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.15 | Tobelite | (NH4,K)Al2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.15 | Aluminoceladonite | K(MgAlβ»)(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.15 | Chromphyllite | K(Cr,Al)2(AlSi3O10)(OH,F)2 |
9.EC.15 | Ferroaluminoceladonite | K(Fe2+Alβ»)(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.15 | Ferroceladonite | K(Fe2+Fe3+β»)(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.15 | Chromceladonite | K(MgCrβ»)(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.15 | Tainiolite | KLiMg2(Si4O10)F2 |
9.EC.15 | Ganterite | (Ba,Na,K)(Al,Mg)2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.15 | UM1988-22-SiO:AlCaFFeHKLiMg | KLiMgAl2Si3O10F2 |
9.EC.15 | Kreiterite | CsLi2Fe3+(Si4O10)F2 |
9.EC.20 | Annite | KFe2+3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.20 | Ephesite | NaLiAl2(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.20 | Hendricksite | KZn3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2 |
9.EC.20 | Masutomilite | (K,Rb)(Li,Mn3+,Al)3(AlSi3O10)(F,OH)2 |
9.EC.20 | Norrishite | KLiMn3+2(Si4O10)O2 |
9.EC.20 | Phlogopite | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.20 | Polylithionite | KLi2Al(Si4O10)(F,OH)2 |
9.EC.20 | Preiswerkite | NaMg2Al(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.20 | Siderophyllite | KFe2+2Al(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.20 | Tetraferriphlogopite | KMg3(Fe3+Si3O10)(OH,F)2 |
9.EC.20 | Fluorotetraferriphlogopite | KMg3(Fe3+Si3O10)F2 |
9.EC.20 | Wonesite | (Na,K)(Mg,Fe,Al)6((Al,Si)4O10)2(OH,F)4 |
9.EC.20 | Eastonite | KMg2Al(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.20 | Tetraferriannite | KFe2+3(Si3Fe3+)O10(OH)2 |
9.EC.20 | Trilithionite | K(Li1.5Al1.5)(AlSi3O10)(F,OH)2 |
9.EC.20 | Fluorannite | KFe2+3(Si3Al)O10F2 |
9.EC.20 | Shirokshinite | K(NaMg2)(Si4O10)F2 |
9.EC.20 | Shirozulite | KMn2+3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2 |
9.EC.20 | Sokolovaite | CsLi2Al(Si4O10)F2 |
9.EC.20 | Aspidolite | NaMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.20 | Fluorophlogopite | KMg3(Si3Al)O10F2 |
9.EC.20 | UM2004-49-SiO:AlCsFHKLi | (Cs,K)(Al,Li)2.6((Si,Al)4O10)(F,OH)2 |
9.EC.20 | Suhailite | (NH4)Fe2+3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.20 | Yangzhumingite | KMg2.5(Si4O10)F2 |
9.EC.20 | Orlovite | KLi2Ti(Si4O10)OF |
9.EC.20 | Oxyphlogopite | K(Mg,Ti,Fe)3[(Si,Al)4O10](O,F)2 |
9.EC.20 | Chloroferrokinoshitalite | (Ba,K)(Fe2+,Mg)3(Al2Si2O10)(Cl,OH,F)2 |
9.EC.22 | Pimelite | Ni3Si4O10(OH)2 Β· 4H2O |
9.EC.30 | Chlorophaeite | (Ca,Mg,Fe)2Fe2Si4O13 Β· 10H2O |
9.EC.30 | Margarite | CaAl2(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.35 | Anandite | (Ba,K)(Fe2+,Mg)3((Si,Al,Fe)4O10)(S,OH)2 |
9.EC.35 | Bityite | CaLiAl2(AlBeSi2O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.35 | Clintonite | CaAlMg2(SiAl3O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.35 | Kinoshitalite | (Ba,K)(Mg,Mn2+,Al)3(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.35 | Ferrokinoshitalite | (Ba,K)(Fe2+,Mg)3(Al2Si2O10)(OH,F)2 |
9.EC.35 | Oxykinoshitalite | (Ba,K)(Mg,Ti,Fe3+,Fe2+)3((Si,Al)4O10)(O,OH,F)2 |
9.EC.35 | Fluorokinoshitalite | BaMg3(Al2Si2O10)F2 |
9.EC.40 | Beidellite | (Na,Ca0.5)0.3Al2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 Β· nH2O |
9.EC.40 | Kurumsakite | (Zn,Ni,Cu)8Al8V5+2Si5O35 Β· 27H2O (?) |
9.EC.40 | Montmorillonite | (Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 Β· nH2O |
9.EC.40 | Nontronite | Na0.3Fe2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 Β· nH2O |
9.EC.40 | Volkonskoite | Ca0.3(Cr,Mg,Fe)2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 Β· 4H2O |
9.EC.40 | Yakhontovite | (Ca,Na)0.5(Cu,Fe,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 Β· 3H2O |
9.EC.45 | Hectorite | Na0.3(Mg,Li)3(Si4O10)(F,OH)2 |
9.EC.45 | Saponite | Ca0.25(Mg,Fe)3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 Β· nH2O |
9.EC.45 | Sauconite | Na0.3Zn3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 Β· 4H2O |
9.EC.45 | Spadaite | MgSiO2(OH)2 Β· H2O (?) |
9.EC.45 | Stevensite | (Ca,Na)xMg3-x(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.45 | Swinefordite | Li(Al,Li,Mg)3((Si,Al)4O10)2(OH,F)4 Β· nH2O |
9.EC.45 | Zincsilite | Zn3Si4O10(OH)2 Β· 4H2O (?) |
9.EC.45 | Ferrosaponite | Ca0.3(Fe2+,Mg,Fe3+)3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 Β· 4H2O |
9.EC.45 | Hanjiangite | Ba2CaV3+Al(H2AlSi3O12)(CO3)2F |
9.EC.50 | Vermiculite | Mg0.7(Mg,Fe,Al)6(Si,Al)8O20(OH)4 Β· 8H2O |
9.EC.52 | Tarasovite | near NaKAl11Si13O40(OH)9 Β· 3H2O |
9.EC.55 | Baileychlore | (Zn,Fe2+,Al,Mg)6(Si,Al)4O10(OH)8 |
9.EC.55 | Chamosite | (Fe2+)5Al(Si,Al)4O10(OH,O)8 |
9.EC.55 | Clinochlore | Mg5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
9.EC.55 | Cookeite | (LiAl4β»)[AlSi3O10](OH)8 |
9.EC.55 | Franklinfurnaceite | Ca2Fe3+Mn2+3Mn3+(Zn2Si2O10)(OH)8 |
9.EC.55 | Gonyerite | (Mn2+,Mg)5Fe3+(Fe3+Si3O10)(OH)8 |
9.EC.55 | Nimite | (Ni,Mg,Al)6((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)8 |
9.EC.55 | Orthochamosite | (Fe2+,Mg,Fe3+)5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH,O)8 |
9.EC.55 | Pennantite | Mn2+5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
9.EC.55 | Sudoite | Mg2Al3(Si3Al)O10)(OH)8 |
9.EC.55 | Donbassite | Al4.33(Si3Al)O10(OH)8 |
9.EC.55 | Glagolevite | Na(Mg,Al)6(AlSi3O10)(OH,O)8 |
9.EC.55 | Borocookeite | (LiAl4β»)[BSi3O10](OH)8 |
9.EC.60 | Aliettite | Ca0.2Mg6((Si,Al)8O20)(OH)4 Β· 4H2O |
9.EC.60 | Corrensite | (Mg,Fe)9((Si,Al)8O20)(OH)10 Β· nH2O |
9.EC.60 | Dozyite | Mg7Al2(Al2Si4O15)(OH)12 |
9.EC.60 | Hydrobiotite | K(Mg,Fe2+)6((Si,Al)8O20)(OH)4 Β· nH2O |
9.EC.60 | Karpinskite | (Ni,Mg)2Si2O5(OH)2 (?) |
9.EC.60 | Kulkeite | Mg8Al(AlSi7O20)(OH)10 |
9.EC.60 | Lunijianlaite | Li0.7Al6.2(AlSi7O20)(OH,O)10 |
9.EC.60 | Rectorite | (Na,Ca)Al4((Si,Al)8O20)(OH)4 Β· 2H2O |
9.EC.60 | Saliotite | (Li,Na)Al3(AlSi3O10)(OH)5 |
9.EC.60 | Tosudite | Na0.5(Al,Mg)6((Si,Al)8O18)(OH)12 Β· 5H2O |
9.EC.60 | Brinrobertsite | Na0.3Al4(Si4O10)2(OH)4 Β· 3.5 H2O |
9.EC.65 | Macaulayite | (Fe,Al)24Si4O43(OH)2 |
9.EC.70 | Burckhardtite | Pb2(Fe3+Te6+)[AlSi3O8]O6 |
9.EC.75 | Ferrisurite | (Pb,Ca)2.4Fe3+2(Si4O10)(CO3)1.7(OH)3 Β· nH2O |
9.EC.75 | Surite | (Pb,Ca)3(Al,Fe2+,Mg)2((Si,Al)4O10)(CO3)2(OH)2 |
9.EC.75 | Niksergievite | (Ba,Ca)2Al3(AlSi3O10)(CO3)(OH)6 Β· nH2O |
9.EC.80 | Kegelite | Pb8Al4(Si8O20)(SO4)2(CO3)4(OH)8 |
Other Information
Thermal Behaviour:
Before the blowpipe, it fuses easily to a black glass, coloring the flame slightly pink.
Notes:
Only slightly affected by acids, even by boiling concentrated sulphuric acid. But readily decomposed by dilute sulphuric acid when heated in a sealed tube at a temperature of about 180Β°C.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Roscoelite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3449.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
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References for Roscoelite
Reference List:
Roscoe, H. E. (1877) IV. On two new vanadium minerals. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 25 (171) 109-112 doi:10.1098/rspl.1876.0023
Localities for Roscoelite
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
β - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality.
Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Australia | |
| |
| Schmid +2 other references |
| Mawson D (1906) +1 other reference |
| Stillwell (1932) +1 other reference |
| Anthony et al. (2016) |
| - (1903) |
Simpson (1948) | |
Simpson (1948) | |
Simpson (1948) | |
| Gray et al. (1996) |
Gray et al. (1996) | |
Butt (2003) | |
Butt (2003) | |
Canada | |
| G. W. Robinson (1993) +3 other references |
| Lines et al. (1996) |
| Pan et al. (1992) |
Parnell et al. (2018) | |
China | |
| Dai et al. (2017) |
| Liu et al. (2023) +1 other reference |
| Wending Xiao (2007) |
| Geng Ansong and Parnell (1994) |
| Anthony et al. (1997) |
| Jingwen Mao et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| National Geological Archives of China ... |
| National Geological Archives of China ... |
| Saisai Li et al. (2013) |
Hongzhou Zhu et al. (2010) | |
National Geological Archives of China ... | |
| Tao Ren et al. (2007) |
| Jiansheng Qiu et al. (1994) |
| Huijin Lu and Jian Wang (2005) |
Czech Republic | |
| UlmanovΓ‘ et al. (2024) |
| Johan et al. (1987) |
| Lapis 2002 (7/8) |
| geologie.vsb.cz (n.d.) |
Fiji | |
| 16th Australian Geological Convention +3 other references |
| Naden +3 other references |
Finland | |
| Piirainen |
France | |
| - (1998) |
Gabon | |
| Janeczek (1999) +1 other reference |
Germany | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2005) +1 other reference |
| J. GrΓΆbner: Neufunde aus den Bergbaurevieren St. Andreasberg et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
J. GrΓΆbner (2001) | |
| Wittern (2001) |
Italy | |
| Balestra (2016) |
Corrado Balestra collection +1 other reference | |
| |
| Balestra C. (2003) +2 other references |
| Orlandi et al. (2009) |
| Orlandi (1999) +1 other reference |
| Orlandi et al. (2009) |
Orlandi et al. (2002) | |
Japan | |
| - (Go Ito, pers. com.) |
| Matsubara et al. (1990) |
| Am Min 66:638 +2 other references |
| Matsubara et al. (2002) |
| Yoshimura & Momoi (1964) +1 other reference |
Kazakhstan | |
| Karpenko et al. (2011) |
| Karpenko et al. (2011) |
Kyrgyzstan | |
| Karpenko et al. (2004) |
Madagascar | |
| Di Cecco et al. (2018) |
| HΓ€nni et al. (1982) |
Papua New Guinea | |
| Econ Geol (1993) |
Richards et al. (1997) +1 other reference | |
Cameron (1998) | |
Peru | |
| Bayliss et al. (1989) +1 other reference |
Poland | |
| PiestrzyΕski et al. (2012) |
| BanaΕ et al. (2005) |
Russia | |
| Parnell et al. (2001) |
| Bosi et al. (2014) |
| Kompanchenko et al. (2018) +1 other reference |
| American Mineralogist +5 other references |
| Leontev et al. (2017) +1 other reference |
Leontev et al. (2018) | |
Slovakia | |
| KodΔra (1986) |
South Africa | |
| www.fc.up.pt/geo/ecrofi/377.PDF. +1 other reference |
Spain | |
| Castillo et al. (2009) +2 other references |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Beda Hofmann (1986) |
| Meisser (2012) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
UK | |
| Brian Craik-Smith collection +3 other references |
| Parnell (1988) |
| van Panhuys-Sigler et al. (1996) |
| Spinks et al. (2014) |
Parnell et al. (2016) | |
USA | |
| - (2005) |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
Cook et al. (1982) | |
Cook et al. (1982) | |
- (2005) | |
Cook et al. (1982) | |
Cook et al. (1982) | |
Cook et al. (1982) | |
Rocks & Min 70:5 pp 320-333 | |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
Cook et al. (1982) | |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
Cook et al. (1982) | |
Cook et al. (1982) | |
| Galbraith (1959) +1 other reference |
| Graeme (1993) |
Graeme (1993) +1 other reference | |
| Witkind (1963) +1 other reference |
Holland et al. (1958) +1 other reference | |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:108. +1 other reference |
| Kimble (1907) +2 other references |
| www.eldoradolibrary.org +7 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 430. +3 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 430. +3 other references |
| Page et al. (1956) +2 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 430. +3 other references |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| ISBN-13: 978-1555913656 +1 other reference |
Lovering et al. (1950) +1 other reference | |
Lovering et al. (1950) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
Lovering et al. (1950) +1 other reference | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
Lovering et al. (1950) | |
Anthony et al. (2016) | |
Lovering et al. (1950) +1 other reference | |
Lovering et al. (1950) +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
USGS Prof Paper 320 | |
USGS Prof Paper 320 | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
- (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckhard D. Stuart collection (visual identification) +1 other reference |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
Bullock (1981) | |
Bullock (1981) | |
Bullock (1981) | |
Bullock (1981) | |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
Bullock (1981) | |
Bullock (1981) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
Bullock (1981) | |
Bullock (1981) | |
Bullock (1981) | |
Bullock (1981) | |
Bullock (1981) | |
Bullock (1981) | |
Bullock (1981) | |
Bullock (1981) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| - (2005) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1072E +1 other reference | |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
Min News (1987) | |
- (2005) | |
| Min Rec 36:2 pp143-185 +1 other reference |
| Min Rec 36:2 pp143-185 +1 other reference |
Anthony et al. (2016) | |
| Min Rec 36:2 pp143-185 |
| Ream (2004) |
| Chris Tucker and John Betts specimens. +1 other reference |
| Econ Geol (1994) |
Chris Tucker and John Betts specimens. +1 other reference | |
- (2005) +1 other reference | |
| Gibson (2018) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| - (2005) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
ex Robert E. Jenkins and David Shannon ... | |
R. Moench (1962) | |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Edward C. Bingler (1968) +1 other reference |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Hanahan (1985) |
| Gold and Silver in Oregon |
Anthony et al. (2016) | |
Anthony et al. (2016) | |
| - (2005) |
Barton et al. (2018) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| SEM-EDS analyzed by Joy Desor |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... |
| Bullock (1981) |
Bullock (1981) | |
| Kasatkin et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
- (2005) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| - (2005) |
| Bull. MinΓ©ral. |
| - (2005) |
| Bullock (1981) |
Canadian Mineralogist (2001) | |
Bullock (1981) | |
Bullock (1981) | |
Bullock (1981) | |
Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) |
Bullock (1981) | |
Bullock (1981) | |
Bullock (1981) | |
Bullock (1981) | |
Huff et al. (1962) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
Bullock (1981) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
| USGS Bull 1190 |
Bullock (1981) | |
Bullock (1981) +1 other reference | |
Bullock (1981) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| Carl L. Ege (2005) |
Zambia | |
| MacIntyre (2019) |
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