Violarite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Violarite
Formula:
Fe2+Ni3+2S4
Colour:
Violet gray, copper red, light gray, or steel gray
Lustre:
Metallic
Hardness:
4½ - 5½
Specific Gravity:
4.79 (Calculated)
Crystal System:
Isometric
Member of:
Name:
From Latin "viola", violet, alluding to the color of the mineral, especially if viewed with a reflected-light microscope.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
4187
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:4187:0
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
9522ede3-a792-4704-8434-62d16c3a0c7b
IMA Classification of Violarite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
FeNi2S4
Type description reference:
Classification of Violarite
2.DA.05
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
D : Metal Sulfides, M: S = 3 :4 and 2:3
A : M:S = 3:4
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
D : Metal Sulfides, M: S = 3 :4 and 2:3
A : M:S = 3:4
2.10.1.8
2 : SULFIDES
10 : AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 3:4
2 : SULFIDES
10 : AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 3:4
3.11.8
3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
11 : Sulphides etc. of Ni
3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
11 : Sulphides etc. of Ni
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Symbol | Source | Reference |
---|---|---|
Vio | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Vio | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Violarite
Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Violet gray, copper red, light gray, or steel gray
Streak:
Black
Hardness:
4½ - 5½ on Mohs scale
Hardness:
VHN100=455 - 493 kg/mm2 - Vickers
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
Perfect on {001}
Perfect on {001}
Density:
4.79 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Violarite
Type:
Isotropic
Reflectivity:
Wavelength | R |
---|---|
400nm | 39.0% |
420nm | 39.6% |
440nm | 40.2% |
460nm | 40.6% |
480nm | 41.0% |
500nm | 41.4% |
520nm | 41.9% |
540nm | 42.5% |
560nm | 43.1% |
580nm | 43.8% |
600nm | 44.3% |
620nm | 44.8% |
640nm | 45.4% |
660nm | 45.8% |
680nm | 46.2% |
700nm | 46.6% |
Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Top of box is 100%. Peak reflectance is 46.6%.
Colour in reflected light:
distinctly violet
Chemistry of Violarite
Mindat Formula:
Fe2+Ni3+2S4
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Co,Cu
Crystallography of Violarite
Crystal System:
Isometric
Class (H-M):
m3m (4/m 3 2/m) - Hexoctahedral
Space Group:
Fd3m
Cell Parameters:
a = 9.51 Å
Unit Cell V:
860.09 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
8
Crystal Structure
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Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
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2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0001000 | Violarite | Vaughan D J, Craig J R (1985) The crystal chemistry of iron-nickel thiospinels American Mineralogist 70 1036-1043 | 1985 | 0 | 293 | ||
0004230 | Violarite | Tenailleau C, Etschmann B, Ibberson R M, Pring A (2006) A neutron powder diffraction study of Fe and Ni distributions in synthetic pentlandite and violarite using 60Ni isotope American Mineralogist 91 1442-1447 | 2006 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
0004231 | Violarite | Tenailleau C, Etschmann B, Ibberson R M, Pring A (2006) A neutron powder diffraction study of Fe and Ni distributions in synthetic pentlandite and violarite using 60Ni isotope American Mineralogist 91 1442-1447 | 2006 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
0004232 | Violarite | Tenailleau C, Etschmann B, Ibberson R M, Pring A (2006) A neutron powder diffraction study of Fe and Ni distributions in synthetic pentlandite and violarite using 60Ni isotope American Mineralogist 91 1442-1447 | 2006 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
0004233 | Violarite | Tenailleau C, Etschmann B, Ibberson R M, Pring A (2006) A neutron powder diffraction study of Fe and Ni distributions in synthetic pentlandite and violarite using 60Ni isotope American Mineralogist 91 1442-1447 | 2006 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
0004234 | Violarite | Tenailleau C, Etschmann B, Ibberson R M, Pring A (2006) A neutron powder diffraction study of Fe and Ni distributions in synthetic pentlandite and violarite using 60Ni isotope American Mineralogist 91 1442-1447 | 2006 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
0004235 | Violarite | Tenailleau C, Etschmann B, Ibberson R M, Pring A (2006) A neutron powder diffraction study of Fe and Ni distributions in synthetic pentlandite and violarite using 60Ni isotope American Mineralogist 91 1442-1447 | 2006 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
0004236 | Violarite | Tenailleau C, Etschmann B, Ibberson R M, Pring A (2006) A neutron powder diffraction study of Fe and Ni distributions in synthetic pentlandite and violarite using 60Ni isotope American Mineralogist 91 1442-1447 | 2006 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
0004237 | Violarite | Tenailleau C, Etschmann B, Ibberson R M, Pring A (2006) A neutron powder diffraction study of Fe and Ni distributions in synthetic pentlandite and violarite using 60Ni isotope American Mineralogist 91 1442-1447 | 2006 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
2.85 Å | (100) |
1.674 Å | (80) |
1.820 Å | (60) |
2.36 Å | (50) |
1.059 Å | (50) |
1.183 Å | (40) |
1.115 Å | (40) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
---|---|
Stage 3b: Earth’s earliest hydrosphere | >4.45 |
12 : Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits (see also #33) | |
High-𝑇 alteration and/or metamorphism | |
33 : Minerals deposited by hydrothermal metal-rich fluids (see also [#12]) | |
Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
37 : Layered igneous intrusions and related PGE minerals |
Type Occurrence of Violarite
Reference:
Lindgren, W., Davy, W.M. (1924) Nickel ores from the Key West mine, Nevada. Economic Geology: 19: 309-319.
Other Language Names for Violarite
Varieties of Violarite
Beyrichite | The original material has been shown to probably be violarite replacing millerite; other specimens are mixtures of other minerals (Milton and Axelrod, 1955). Originally reported from Lammerichskaule Mine, Bürdenbach, Altenkirchen, Wied Iron Spar Distri... |
Relationship of Violarite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
Cadmoindite | CdIn2S4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Cuprorhodsite | (Cu1+0.5Fe3+0.5)Rh3+2S4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Daubréelite | Fe2+Cr3+2S4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Greigite | Fe2+Fe3+2S4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Grimmite | NiCo2S4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Indite | FeIn2S4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Joegoldsteinite | MnCr2S4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Kalininite | ZnCr2S4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Linnaeite | Co2+Co3+2S4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Polydymite | Ni2+Ni3+2S4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Siegenite | CoNi2S4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Tarkianite | (Cu,Fe)(Re,Mo)4S8 | Iso. 4 3m : F4 3m |
Xingzhongite | Pb2+Ir3+2S4 | Iso. |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
36 photos of Violarite associated with Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
29 photos of Violarite associated with Pentlandite | (NixFey)Σ9S8 |
19 photos of Violarite associated with Pyrite | FeS2 |
17 photos of Violarite associated with Pyrrhotite | Fe1-xS |
15 photos of Violarite associated with Marcasite | FeS2 |
13 photos of Violarite associated with Millerite | NiS |
10 photos of Violarite associated with Polydymite | Ni2+Ni3+2S4 |
8 photos of Violarite associated with Michenerite | PdBiTe |
6 photos of Violarite associated with Galena | PbS |
5 photos of Violarite associated with Gersdorffite | NiAsS |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
2.DA. | Zaykovite | Rh3Se4 |
2.DA. | Grimmite | NiCo2S4 |
2.DA. | Zolenskyite | FeCr2S4 |
2.DA. | Ezochiite | Cu+(Rh3+Pt4+)S4 |
2.DA. | Ferrodimolybdenite | FeMo2S4 |
2.DA.05 | Bornhardtite | Co2+Co3+2Se4 |
2.DA.05 | Carrollite | CuCo2S4 |
2.DA.05 | Cuproiridsite | (Cu,Fe)Ir2S4 |
2.DA.05 | Cuprorhodsite | (Cu1+0.5Fe3+0.5)Rh3+2S4 |
2.DA.05 | Daubréelite | Fe2+Cr3+2S4 |
2.DA.05 | Fletcherite | CuNi2S4 |
2.DA.05 | Florensovite | (Cu,Zn)Cr1.5Sb0.5S4 |
2.DA.05 | Greigite | Fe2+Fe3+2S4 |
2.DA.05 | Indite | FeIn2S4 |
2.DA.05 | Kalininite | ZnCr2S4 |
2.DA.05 | Linnaeite | Co2+Co3+2S4 |
2.DA.05 | Malanite | Cu1+(Ir3+Pt4+)S4 |
2.DA.05 | Polydymite | Ni2+Ni3+2S4 |
2.DA.05 | Siegenite | CoNi2S4 |
2.DA.05 | Trüstedtite | Ni3Se4 |
2.DA.05 | Tyrrellite | Cu(Co3+,Ni3+)2Se4 |
2.DA.05 | Xingzhongite | Pb2+Ir3+2S4 |
2.DA.05 | Cadmoindite | CdIn2S4 |
2.DA.05 | Cuprokalininite | CuCr2S4 |
2.DA.05 | Joegoldsteinite | MnCr2S4 |
2.DA.05 | Nickeltyrrellite | CuNi2Se4 |
2.DA.10 | Rhodostannite | Cu1+(Fe2+0.5Sn4+1.5)S4 |
2.DA.10 | Toyohaite | Ag1+(Fe2+0.5Sn4+1.5)S4 |
2.DA.15 | Brezinaite | Cr3S4 |
2.DA.15 | Heideite | (Fe,Cr)1.15(Ti,Fe)2S4 |
2.DA.20 | Inaglyite | Cu3Pb(Ir,Pt)8S16 |
2.DA.20 | Konderite | Cu3Pb(Rh,Pt,Ir)8S16 |
2.DA.25 | Kingstonite | (Rh,Ir,Pt)3S4 |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Violarite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-4187.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Violarite
Reference List:
Localities for Violarite
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality.
Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Afghanistan | |
| Orris et al. (2002) |
Orris et al. (2002) | |
Antarctica | |
| Andronikov et al. (2021) |
| Egorova et al. (2015) |
Argentina | |
| FERRACUTTI +1 other reference |
Atlantic Ocean | |
| Ciazela et al. (2018) |
Australia | |
| Degeling (1982) |
| Ashley (1975) |
| Wagga Wagga Mine Data Sheets |
| Ahmad et al. (2013) |
| Riley (1980) |
| Riley (1980) |
| SA Geodata Database - Mineral Deposit ... |
SA Geodata Database | |
| Anderson et al. (2002) |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
Bottrill et al. (2008) | |
| Keays et al. (2013) |
| G.W.Cochrane 1982. Copper |
| A. R. Seymon |
| Bussat et al. (1980) |
| Kalleske (2010) |
| Marshall (2001) |
Marston (1984) | |
| Naldrett (2004) |
| Marston (1984) |
Nickel et al. (1977) | |
Marston (1984) | |
Marston (1984) | |
Marston (1984) | |
Pryce et al. (1974) | |
Marston (1984) | |
Marston (1984) | |
Nickel et al. (1981) +1 other reference | |
Marston (1984) | |
Marston (1984) | |
| Marston (1984) |
Marston (1984) | |
Marston (1984) | |
Marston (1984) | |
Marston (1984) | |
| Marston (1984) |
Marston (1984) | |
| Marston (1984) |
| Nickel et al. (1994) |
www.mincor.com.au (2006) | |
Marston (1984) | |
Marston (1984) | |
Marston (1984) | |
| Maggie Hays Nickel Mineralization +2 other references |
Cox (1974) +1 other reference | |
| Marston (1984) |
| Marston (1984) +2 other references |
| Marston (1984) |
Marston (1984) | |
Marston (1984) | |
John Barry (1974) | |
| Moeskops et al. (1977) |
| Nickel Mineralisation in Western ... |
| Marston (1984) |
Marston (1984) | |
| Marston (1984) |
Marston (1984) | |
Marston (1984) | |
Marston (1984) | |
Marston (1984) | |
Nickel Mineralisation in Western ... | |
| Sulfides and Sulfarsenides from the ... +1 other reference |
| www.poseidonresources.com (n.d.) |
www.poseidonresources.com (n.d.) | |
| www.portergeo.com.au (2004) |
Econ Geol (1988) | |
Mutton et al. (2004) | |
| Economic Geology +4 other references |
| Nickel Mineralisation in Western ... |
| Grguric et al. (2018) |
| Nickel Mineralisation in Western ... |
| Disseminated and Massive Nickel ... +2 other references |
Gole et al. (2000) | |
Grguric et al. (2013) | |
| Marston (1984) |
Nickel Mineralisation in Western ... | |
Austria | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Kolitsch (2019) |
| Kolitsch (2015) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2018) |
| Schwabl et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
| Exel (1993) |
| Bojar (1998) |
| Grachev (Ed) +1 other reference |
| Vavtar (1995) |
| Kolitsch (2017) |
| Exel (1993) |
Belgium | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
Hatert et al. (2002) | |
Botswana | |
| Brotherton (1979) +1 other reference |
Brazil | |
| Mota-e-Silva et al. (2016) +1 other reference |
| Kaminsky et al. (2013) +1 other reference |
Kaminsky et al. (2015) | |
| Brenner et al (1990) |
| Mansur et al. (2022) |
Bulgaria | |
| Bul. Acad. Sci. (1998) |
Canada | |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Nixon et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
| Manor |
| Nixon et al. (1990) |
| Phillips (1979) |
C. J. A. Coats et al. (1979) | |
| Olivo & Theyer (2004) |
| Canadian Mineralogist +2 other references |
| R. G. Arnold and O. P. Malik (1974) +1 other reference |
Menard et al. (1996) | |
| GOOD et al. (1993) |
R. G. Arnold and O. P. Malik (1974) | |
| Chen +3 other references |
Phillips (1979) | |
Phillips (1979) | |
| Phillips (1979) |
R. G. Arnold and O. P. Malik (1974) | |
| dnre-mrne.gnb.ca (2006) |
dnre-mrne.gnb.ca (2006) | |
| New Brunswick Mineral Occurrence Database (accessed 11/14/2022) |
| Sabina (2003) |
| an example of the application of ICP-MS ... +1 other reference |
| an example of volcanic-type ... +1 other reference |
| MDI Number: MDI42B09NE00007 +1 other reference |
| Ames et al. (2003) |
Ames et al. (2003) | |
| Ames et al. (2003) |
| White (2012) |
| Reiner Mielke 2017 |
Ames et al. (2003) | |
| CLARK et al. (1889) +1 other reference |
| American Mineralogist (1930) +1 other reference |
| Richard Gunter specimen +1 other reference |
Ames et al. (2003) | |
| American Mineralogist (1930) |
Ames et al. (2003) | |
Ames et al. (2003) | |
A. R. Graham et al. (1964) +2 other references | |
| Ames et al. (2003) |
Ames et al. (2003) | |
| Ames et al. (2003) |
| Ames et al. (2003) |
R. G. Arnold and O. P. Malik (1974) | |
| Econ Geol (1986) +2 other references |
| Canadian Mineralogist 45 |
| Ames et al. (2003) |
| Ames et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
| Can Mineral 1984 22: 3-11 +1 other reference |
Johnson (2005) | |
| Bennett (1978) |
MDI Number: MDI31M04SW00022 | |
| 157-158. +1 other reference |
| Ames et al. (2017) |
| MDI Number: MDI52A03SW00015 |
| Ontario Ministry of Northern ... |
| R.J. Traill 1983 +1 other reference |
Selway (1993) | |
| Cabri et al. (1979) +1 other reference |
D. H. Watkinson and G. Dunning v (1979) +1 other reference | |
| Smith et al. (2022) |
| Nickel (1972) |
| Wilson et al. (2013) |
| Naldrett A J et al. (1972) |
| 159-161. +1 other reference |
| Sabina (2003) |
| Mineral Record (1976) |
Staveley (1976) +1 other reference | |
| Sabina (2003) |
| Nickel (1972) |
| Sabina (1992) +1 other reference |
| Peddada (1973) +1 other reference |
Anthony et al. (1990) | |
| Yukon Minfile (115G 024) +1 other reference |
Chile | |
| González-Jiménez et al. (2016) |
China | |
| Ruiqi Wang (1977) +6 other references |
| Jianguo Yang et al. (2012) |
| Jingwen Mao and Andao Du (2002) +1 other reference |
Jingwen Mao and Andao Du (2002) | |
Jingwen Mao and Andao Du (2002) | |
| Maozhong Min and Xiangyun Wang (1994) +1 other reference |
| Bin Chang (2008) +1 other reference |
| Jinjie Yu et al. (2013) |
| Anthony et al. (1997) |
| Maozhong Min and Xiangyun Wang (1994) |
| Youyu Li et al. (1994) |
| Dongqing Xu et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| Youbin Liang (1981) +1 other reference |
Chen Keqiao et al. (1981) | |
| Zicheng Chen (1991) |
| Zicheng Chen (1991) +2 other references |
| Yinghan Liu (2003) +1 other reference |
| Wei Du et al. (2014) +1 other reference |
| Li +8 other references |
| Jingwen Mao et al. (2002) +2 other references |
| Jingwen Mao et al. (2002) +2 other references |
| Yongrui Zhao and Yunqing Zhen (2006) |
Yongrui Zhao and Yunqing Zhen (2006) | |
| Xieyan Song et al. (2003) |
| Lu et al. (1989) +1 other reference |
| Anthony et al. (1990) |
| Liu et al. (2024) |
Liu et al. (2024) | |
| Yanling Tang (2005) |
| Guofan Liu et al. (2005) |
| Kui-Shou Ding et al. (2007) |
| Zhifu Wang et al. (2012) |
Chunming Han et al. (2006) | |
Zhuangzhi Qian et al. (2009) +1 other reference | |
He Sun et al. (2006) +1 other reference | |
Yuwang Wang et al. (2006) +2 other references | |
| Ruan +3 other references |
| Haiyang Zou et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| Bilun Luo (1979) +3 other references |
| Li et al. (2022) |
| Kaiji Yu (1981) +1 other reference |
| Zhang et al. (2019) |
| Nansheng Chen (1996) |
Costa Rica | |
| Schwarzenbach et al. (2014) +1 other reference |
Czech Republic | |
| Lapis 2002 (7/8) |
| geolib.geology.cz (n.d.) +2 other references |
geolib.geology.cz (n.d.) +3 other references | |
| Dolníček et al. (2021) |
Egypt | |
| Sharara et al. (1999) +1 other reference |
Helmy (2005) | |
| Helmy et al. (1995) |
Ethiopia | |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data (2013) |
| Cook et al. (2000) +1 other reference |
Finland | |
| Geological Survey of Finland 2008. ... |
Lips (2006) | |
| tupa.gtk.fi (n.d.) |
| Kärkkäinen et al. (2016) |
| Eilu (2003) |
Geological Survey of Finland 2008 ... +1 other reference | |
Geological Survey of Finland 2008 ... +1 other reference | |
Gustafsson et al. (2019) | |
Kojonen et al. (eds) | |
| Andersen et al. (2006) |
Iljina | |
| Mutanen (1997) +1 other reference |
Geological Survey of Finland 2008 ... | |
| Pelayo Barrón Francisco (2020) |
| Lips (2006) |
| Karinen |
| Peltonen et al. (2008) |
| Kojonen et al. (2002) |
Makkonen et al. (2020) | |
| Ervamaa |
| Häkli +1 other reference |
| Geological Survey of Finland 2008. ... |
| Tulokas |
France | |
| Pélisson (1989) |
| Pélisson (1989) |
| Wittern et al. (Cologne) |
| Inventaire mineralogique de l'Ariege ( Edition BRGM 1984) |
Germany | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| [var: Beyrichite] Clark (1993) |
| Lapis 2001 (6) |
| Löffler (1973) |
| Tröger (2012) |
| T. Witzke & F. Rüger: Lapis 1998 (7/8) |
Greece | |
| Uwe Kolitsch unpublished SEM-EDS ... |
| Kolitsch et al. (2015) +2 other references |
| Rieck et al. (2018) |
Kolitsch et al. (2015) +2 other references | |
Greenland | |
| Econ Geol (1997) |
| Petersen et al. (1993) |
Bishop et al. (1980) | |
Hungary | |
| WDS: Norbert Zajzon |
India | |
| www.portergeo.com.au (2003) |
S. G. Tenainkai et al. (1991) | |
| Dora et al. (2014) |
| Canadian Mineralogist 40:277-309 |
Augé et al. (2002, July) +1 other reference | |
Prichard et al. (2018) | |
Iran | |
| Abedi (1999) |
Italy | |
| Anthony et al. (1990) |
| Biagioni et al. (2020) |
| Bedognè (2006) |
AA. VV. | |
| Prete (1995) |
| Manuella (2011) |
| Bortolozzi et al. (2013) |
| D'Agnolo M. (1966) +1 other reference |
| Marco Bonifazi collection |
| Bettini et al. (2018) +1 other reference |
Japan | |
| Hori +2 other references |
| Ishiyama (1982) |
| Bamba (1981) |
| Yoshihide Shiga (1983) |
| D Ishiyama (2000) |
| Yamada (2004) |
| Kitakaze et al. (2016) |
| Nagashima et al. (2016) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Prokopyev et al. (2010) |
| Stepanets et al. (2018) +1 other reference |
Stepanets et al. (2019) | |
| Stepanets et al. (2019) +1 other reference |
Kosovo | |
| Mederski et al. (2021) |
Mederski et al. (2023) | |
Mexico | |
| American Mineralogist 28:257-271 +1 other reference |
Morocco | |
| Piña et al. (2013) |
New Zealand | |
| New Zealand Journal of Geology and ... +1 other reference |
| Gill et al. (1970) |
| Challis et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
North Korea | |
| Kinosaki (1941) +1 other reference |
| Kinosaki (1941) +1 other reference |
North Macedonia | |
| Đorđević et al. (2017) |
Norway | |
| Nixon (1969) |
| Bjørlykke (1947) |
| Brickwood (1986) |
| Thompson et al. (1980) |
| Riley (1980) +1 other reference |
| Riley (1980) |
| Brickwood (1986) |
Brickwood (1986) | |
| Nordrum (2011) |
| Neumann (1985) |
| Strand (1975) |
| Pryadunenko et al. (2015) |
| Bjørlykke (1949) |
Bjørlykke (1949) | |
| Ihlen (1978) |
Pakistan | |
| Arif (2003) |
| Arif et al. (2007) |
| Miller et al. (1991) |
Peru | |
| Kobe (1990) |
Philippines | |
| South-East Asian Oil |
Poland | |
| Wojtulek et al. (2016) |
| Nejbert K. 2008: Mineralogy of ... |
Russia | |
| Pekov I.V. et al. (2010) |
| Gvozdev et al. (2013) |
Peskov et al. (2018) | |
| Rakhimov et al. (2022) |
| Rakhimov et al. (2022) |
| Rudashevskiy N.S. et al. (2003) +1 other reference |
Kislov +1 other reference | |
| Rakhimov et al. (2021) |
| Keren Tan (1998) +2 other references |
| Barkov et al. (2019) |
| Stepanov et al. (2021) |
| Novakov et al. (2021) |
Tararin et al. (2007) | |
Tararin et al. (2007) | |
| Silyanov et al. (2022) |
Alexander V. Dedeev et al (2002) | |
| Gritsenko et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
| Geology of Ore Deposits (2009) |
| Groshev +6 other references |
Groshev +6 other references | |
| Ivanyuk et al. (2018) |
Orsoev et al. (1985) | |
| Chashchin et al. (2018) |
Grokhovskaya et al. (2009) | |
Yury L. Voytekhovsky (2008) | |
Grokhovskaya et al. (2000) | |
| Kalinin (2021) |
Rudashevskii N S et al. (1982) | |
Chernyavsky et al. (2012) +1 other reference | |
Chashchin et al. (2013) | |
| Svetlitskaya +2 other references |
| Zaikov et al. (2006) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Kazachenko et al. (2006, July) |
| Grishaenko et al. (2007) |
| Grishaenko et al. (2007) |
| Лавров (2013) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| USGS Open File Report 2005-1252 p26 |
| Seltmann et al. (2010) |
| Gas’kov (2008) |
| Shmelev V.R. et al. (2014) |
Slovakia | |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Pauliš P. |
Háber et al. (SGR) | |
Ferenc et al. (2016) +1 other reference | |
| Myšľan et al. (2023) |
Koděra (1986) | |
Koděra (1986) | |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Ďuďa R. et al. ( Kotterbach ) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Duda et. all. |
South Africa | |
| Hughes et al. (202) |
| Manyeruke (2007) |
| Heinrich (1970) |
| Schwellnus et al. (1976) +1 other reference |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
| Manyeruke (2007) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
De Waal et al. (1969) +1 other reference | |
| Gauert et al. (2022) |
Günther (2013) | |
| Junge et al. (2014) |
| Gutzmer et al. (2003) |
South Korea | |
| Kinosaki (1941) |
| Kinosaki (1941) |
Spain | |
| Navarro et al. (2009) |
| Econ Geol (1990) |
| Oen et al. (1980) |
| I. S. Oen |
| Tornos et al. (2006) |
| Monterrubio et al. (1990) |
Monterrubio et al. (1990) | |
Sweden | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mikael Jansson () |
| Kresten (1990) |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Dietrich (1972) |
| Volker Dietrich (1972) |
| Graeser et al. (2001) |
| Weiβ et al. (2007) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
Stalder et al. (1998) | |
Stalder et al. (1998) +1 other reference | |
| Ansermet et al. (2021) |
Tanzania | |
| Maier et al. (2010) |
Turkey | |
| Kabiru et al. (2017, April) |
UK | |
| |
| |
| 5th International Platinum Symposium ... |
| Rust et al. (1988) |
Ukraine | |
| Bobrov et al. (2006, August) +1 other reference |
| Nechaev S & Pastukhov V (2001) |
USA | |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:106. |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 66 +6 other references |
| Rocks & Min.: 16:413 +4 other references |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
Lovering et al. (1950) | |
| Januzzi |
| Rocks & Minerals Vol. 70 |
Goldstein (2006) | |
| King et al. (1994) |
| Candela et al. (1989) |
| Econ Geol (1989) |
| Short et al. (1930) |
| Dean Rossell and Steven Coombes +1 other reference |
Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| American Mineralogist (1930) |
| Desautels et al. (2007) |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) |
| Sharygin et al. (1992) |
USGS Prof Paper 1038 +2 other references | |
| Canadian Mineralogist Vol.24 (1986) |
Gobla (2012) | |
| Andersen et al. (2018) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Anthony et al. (1990) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Reed (1976) +1 other reference |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Anthony et al. (1990) |
| Milton et al. (1958) |
| Heyl et al. (1959) |
Heyl et al. (1959) | |
Heyl et al. (1959) | |
Heyl et al. (1959) | |
Heyl et al. (1959) | |
Heyl et al. (1959) | |
Heyl et al. (1959) | |
| Heyl et al. (1959) |
| Loucks (1976) +1 other reference |
Vietnam | |
| Glotov et al. (2001) |
Zambia | |
| Exploration and Mining Geology +6 other references |
| MacIntyre (2019) |
| Brotherton (1979) |
Zimbabwe | |
| Anthony et al. (1990) |
| Oberthür et al. (2003) |
| Brotherton (1979) |
| Williams (1979) |
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Perseverance Mine, Leinster, Leonora Shire, Western Australia, Australia