Diaspore
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Diaspore
Formula:
AlO(OH)
Colour:
White, brown, colourless, pale yellow, greyish, greenish grey, lilac, pinkish, rose-red, dark red
Lustre:
Vitreous, Pearly
Hardness:
6½ - 7
Specific Gravity:
3.2 - 3.5
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Member of:
Name:
Type Locality:
Dimorph of:
Beware! Certain dealers (especially on eBay) have been offering samples of a whitish-metallic feathery material as "diaspore". It appears to be metallic aluminium plumes formed from metal dripping from smelters, and is neither diaspore nor a mineral.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Diaspore.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Diaspore.Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1285
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1285:6
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
89b20966-2ef1-438a-9548-f9b93c26ebb5
IMA Classification of Diaspore
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
Classification of Diaspore
4.FD.10
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
F : Hydroxides (without V or U)
D : Hydroxides with OH, without H2O; chains of edge-sharing octahedra
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
F : Hydroxides (without V or U)
D : Hydroxides with OH, without H2O; chains of edge-sharing octahedra
6.1.1.1
6 : HYDROXIDES AND OXIDES CONTAINING HYDROXYL
1 : XO(OH)
6 : HYDROXIDES AND OXIDES CONTAINING HYDROXYL
1 : XO(OH)
7.6.2
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
6 : Oxides of Al
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
6 : Oxides of Al
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Dsp | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Dsp | Kretz (1983) | Kretz, R. (1983) Symbols of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 68, 277–279. |
| Dsp | Siivolam & Schmid (2007) | Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download |
| Dsp | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
| Dsp | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
| Dsp | Warr (2020) | Warr, L.N. (2020) Recommended abbreviations for the names of clay minerals and associated phases. Clay Minerals, 55, 261–264 doi:10.1180/clm.2020.30 |
Pronunciation of Diaspore
Pronunciation:
| Play | Recorded by | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Jolyon Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Diaspore
Vitreous, Pearly
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Comment:
Pearly on cleavage
Colour:
White, brown, colourless, pale yellow, greyish, greenish grey, lilac, pinkish, rose-red, dark red
Comment:
Light to dark purple when Cr(III)-bearing. Rose-red and dark red when noticeably Mn(III)-bearing.
Streak:
white
Hardness:
6½ - 7 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Very brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
{010} perfect; {110} distinct; {100} in traces
{010} perfect; {110} distinct; {100} in traces
Fracture:
Conchoidal
Density:
3.2 - 3.5 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.38 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Diaspore
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.682 - 1.706 nβ = 1.705 - 1.725 nγ = 1.730 - 1.752
2V:
Measured: 84° to 86°, Calculated: 80° to 84°
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.048
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
High
Dispersion:
weak r
Pleochroism:
Strong
Comments:
In thick plates
1st. direction: violet-blue
2nd. direction: plum-red
3rd. direction: pale asparagus-green
1st. direction: violet-blue
2nd. direction: plum-red
3rd. direction: pale asparagus-green
Chemistry of Diaspore
Mindat Formula:
AlO(OH)
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Fe,Mn,Cr,Si
Crystallography of Diaspore
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) - Dipyramidal
Cell Parameters:
a = 4.4007(6) Å, b = 9.4253(13) Å, c = 2.8452(3) Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.467 : 1 : 0.302
Unit Cell V:
118.01 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Crystals commonly thin platy {010} and elongated [001]; acicular at times [001]; tabular {100}, rare. Faces in zone [010] striated [010]; in zone [001] striated [001]; and in zone [012] striated [012]. Foliated massive; thin scales. Stalactitic at times.
Twinning:
On {021}, with a reentrant angle of about 60°±, producing heart-shaped twins or pseudohexagonal aggregates, normal to the pseudhexagonal axis a[100]. On {061} (uncommon).
Comment:
Setting is Pbnm
Crystallographic forms of Diaspore
Crystal Atlas:
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Diaspore no.5 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Diaspore no.8 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
3d models and HTML5 code kindly provided by
www.smorf.nl.
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Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0007340 | Diaspore | Hill R J (1979) Crystal structure refinement and electron density distribution in diaspore Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 5 179-200 | 1979 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0007341 | Diaspore | Hill R J (1979) Crystal structure refinement and electron density distribution in diaspore Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 5 179-200 | 1979 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0007345 | Diaspore | Klug A, Farkas L (1981) Structural investigations of polycrystalline diaspore samples by x-ray powder diffraction Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 7 138-140 | 1981 | from the Ural Mts., USSR, associated with anatase | 0 | 293 | |
| 0007346 | Diaspore | Klug A, Farkas L (1981) Structural investigations of polycrystalline diaspore samples by x-ray powder diffraction Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 7 138-140 | 1981 | from the Ural Mts., USSR, associated with anatase and rutile | 0 | 293 | |
| 0007347 | Diaspore | Klug A, Farkas L (1981) Structural investigations of polycrystalline diaspore samples by x-ray powder diffraction Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 7 138-140 | 1981 | from Viet-Nam, associated with hematite, ilmenite and chamosite | 0 | 293 | |
| 0007348 | Diaspore | Klug A, Farkas L (1981) Structural investigations of polycrystalline diaspore samples by x-ray powder diffraction Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 7 138-140 | 1981 | from Nezsa, Hungary, associated with kaolinite, anatase and goethite | 0 | 293 | |
| 0016629 | Diaspore | Busing W, Levy H (1958) A Single Crystal Neutron Diffraction Study of Diaspore, Al O _cod_database_code 1008750 Acta Crystallographica 11 798-803 |  | 1958 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0010572 | Diaspore | Hoppe W (1942) Uber die kristallstruktur von alpha-AlOOH (diaspore). II. Fourieranalyse Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 104 11-17 |  | 1942 | Synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0017933 | Diaspore | Ewing F (1935) The Crystal Structure of Diaspore _cod_database_code 1011027 Journal of Chemical Physics 3 203-207 | 1935 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0016646 | Diaspore | Hazemann J, Berar J, Manceau A (1991) Rietveld studies of the aluminium-iron substitution in synthetic goethite _cod_database_code 1008769 Materials Science Forum 79 821-826 | 1991 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 3.99 Å | (100) |
| 2.558 Å | (30) |
| 2.317 Å | (56) |
| 2.131 Å | (52) |
| 2.077 Å | (49) |
| 1.633 Å | (43) |
| 1.480 Å | (20) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 22 : Hydration and low-𝑇 subsurface aqueous alteration (see also #23) | |
| Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
| 48 : Soil leaching zone minerals | <0.6 |
Geological Setting:
With other minerals in bauxite deposits.
Type Occurrence of Diaspore
Synonyms of Diaspore
Other Language Names for Diaspore
Varieties of Diaspore
| Chrome-diaspore | Light to dark purple, Cr3+-bearing variety of diaspore. |
| Colour-change diaspore | A generic name for gem diaspore from Turkey that is sold under a variety of trademarked names, such as Zultanite and Csarite. |
| Mangan-diaspore | Manganese-bearing variety of diaspore, containing Mn3+ up to at least Mn:Al = 1:29. |
Relationship of Diaspore to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
| Bracewellite | CrO(OH) | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
| Goethite | α-Fe3+O(OH) | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
| Groutite | Mn3+O(OH) | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnma |
| Montroseite | (V3+,Fe3+)O(OH) | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
| Tsumgallite | GaO(OH) | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 47 photos of Diaspore associated with Natrolite | Na2Al2Si3O10 · 2H2O |
| 20 photos of Diaspore associated with Zunyite | Al13Si5O20(OH,F)18Cl |
| 18 photos of Diaspore associated with Rutile | TiO2 |
| 15 photos of Diaspore associated with Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 15 photos of Diaspore associated with Andalusite | Al2(SiO4)O |
| 10 photos of Diaspore associated with Chlorite Group | |
| 9 photos of Diaspore associated with Pyrophyllite | Al2Si4O10(OH)2 |
| 9 photos of Diaspore associated with Corundum | Al2O3 |
| 8 photos of Diaspore associated with Amesite | Mg2Al(AlSiO5)(OH)4 |
| 8 photos of Diaspore associated with Böhmite | AlO(OH) |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 4.FD.05 | Spertiniite | Cu(OH)2 |
| 4.FD.10 | Bracewellite | CrO(OH) |
| 4.FD.10 | Groutite | Mn3+O(OH) |
| 4.FD.10 | Guyanaite | CrO(OH) |
| 4.FD.10 | Montroseite | (V3+,Fe3+)O(OH) |
| 4.FD.10 | Tsumgallite | GaO(OH) |
| 4.FD.15 | Manganite | Mn3+O(OH) |
| 4.FD.20 | Yttrotungstite-(Y) | YW2O6(OH)3 |
| 4.FD.20 | Yttrotungstite-(Ce) | (Ce,Nd,Y)W2O6(OH)3 |
| 4.FD.25 | Frankhawthorneite | Cu2Te6+O4(OH)2 |
| 4.FD.30 | Khinite | Pb2+Cu2+3[Te6+O6](OH)2 |
| 4.FD.30 | Khinite-3T | Pb2+Cu2+3Te6+O6(OH)2 |
| 4.FD.30 | Housleyite | Pb6CuTe6+4O18(OH)2 |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Diaspore in petrology
An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.
Internet Links for Diaspore
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1285.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Diaspore
Reference List:
Localities for Diaspore
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Afghanistan | |
| Nicastro et al. (2020) |
Antarctica | |
| Am Min 83: 5-6 pp 638-651 |
| Goldschmidt Conference: Journal of Conference Abstracts Volume 5 (2) |
Argentina | |
| FRANCHINI (27º26'S-66º16'O) |
| Milka K. de Brodtkorb (2002) | |
| MAIZA +2 other references |
| Eduardo O. Zappettini and Marcelo Dalponte (2009) |
| Grecco et al. (2012) |
| Sillitoe et al. (2019) |
Armenia | |
| Mederer et al. (2019) |
| Mederer et al. (2019) |
Australia | |
| Loughnan et al. (1976) |
| Wilde (1988) |
| Allibone (1998) |
| |
| R Bottrill |
| Oliver et al. (1982) | |
| Mount Woods Inlier et al. (Honors thesis) +1 other reference |
| Francis (2010) |
| Crooks |
| |
| Ehrig et al. (2012) |
| Bottrill +1 other reference |
| McAndrew |
| Pryce |
Austria | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr (1986) +2 other references |
| Harald Schillhammer collection | |
| Kolitsch (2017) |
| Exel (1993) |
| Exel (1993) |
| |
| |
| |
| Josef Taucher |
| Exel (1993) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2018) |
| Exel (1993) |
| Exel (1993) |
| Exel (1993) |
Azerbaijan | |
| Mansurov et al. (2018) |
Belarus | |
| Levitskiy et al. (2018, July) |
Belgium | |
| BLONDIEAU M. et al. (2017) |
Bolivia | |
| Sillitoe et al. (1998) |
Brazil | |
| Overstreet |
| Anthony (1997) |
| Santos (2012) |
| Queiroz (2016) | |
| Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 40 |
| JULIANI +8 other references | |
| Queiroz (2016) |
| Queiroz (2016) | |
| Queiroz (2016) | |
| Queiroz (2016) | |
| Queiroz (2016) |
| Queiroz (2016) | |
| Queiroz (2016) | |
| Queiroz (2016) | |
| Queiroz (2016) | |
| Queiroz (2016) | |
| Queiroz (2016) | |
Bulgaria | |
| Kostov et al :Minerals of Bulgaria (1964) +2 other references |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Bogdanov et al. (2004) +2 other references |
| Singer et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
| Hikov (2004) +1 other reference |
| Hikov et al. (2011) |
| Georgieva +2 other references |
Cambodia | |
| Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (1993) |
Canada | |
| albite alunite andalusite andesine ... |
| Econ Geol (1996) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2005) |
| personal correspondence with Giles Peatfield (see comments in description) | |
| 450-453 +2 other references |
| SABINA (1976) | |
| an example of a deformed et al. (6) +3 other references |
| Age of the Cabonga nepheline syenite +4 other references |
| 179-181. +2 other references |
| Egan (1986) |
Chile | |
| Econ Geol (1985) +1 other reference |
| Econ Geol (1976) |
| Thompson et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| Singer et al. (2008) | |
| Miranda-Díaz et al. (2022) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Economic Geology +4 other references | |
| Deyell et al. (2005) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
China | |
| Cai et al. (2009) |
| National Geological Archives of China ... |
| Tongrong Liang (1985) | |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) | |
| Taiming Yang et al. (1991) |
| Ni Sun and Wenyuan Cui (2003) | |
| Li et al. (2022) | |
| Duan et al. (2022) |
| Rensheng Huang (2008) | |
| Rensheng Huang (2008) | |
| Yü Lin et al. (2014) |
| Wang et al. (2010) | |
| Qingfei Wang et al. (2007) | |
| Xuefei Liu et al. (2008) +1 other reference | |
| Sifu Liao (2000) |
| Sifu Liao (2000) | |
| Sifu Liao (2000) +1 other reference | |
| Shuhui Cai et al. (2012) |
| Jinchu Zhu et al. (2001) |
| Zhongxin Yuan et al. (2007) |
| Jiangping Mo and Jinao Li (1991) |
| Jiangping Mo and Jinao Li (1991) |
| Jiangping Mo and Jinao Li (1991) | |
| Jiangping Mo and Jinao Li (1991) | |
| Luo et al. (2023) | |
| Jiangping Mo and Jinao Li (1991) | |
| Jiangping Mo and Jinao Li (1991) |
| Jiangping Mo and Jinao Li (1991) |
| Jiangping Mo and Jinao Li (1991) | |
| Jiangping Mo and Jinao Li (1991) | |
| Orris et al. (2002) | |
| Shengjie Wang (1987) +1 other reference |
| Shengjie Wang (1987) | |
| Kehua Yin (2009) | |
| Chen et al. (2022) |
| Tang et al. (2021) | |
| Shenfu Weng et al. (2013) |
| Li +6 other references |
| Wenhao Zhao et al. (1987) |
| Yutaka Kanai (1992) |
| Wang Chen (2007) |
| Yanjie Tang et al. (2001) |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) |
| Zhongming Li et al. (2012) +2 other references | |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) | |
| Yuewen Feng et al. (2012) |
| Bingwu Chu and Chunfang Zhao (2000) |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) |
| Guanqun Yang (1987) |
| Fushan Wang (1991) |
| Fushan Wang (1991) | |
| Luo et al. (2014) |
| Jin Li et al. (1989) |
| Zhang et al. (2004) |
| Kecong Han and Shengyun Ma (1985) |
| Zhongtang Yang et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
| Cuizhi Wang et al. (2005) |
| Cuizhi Wang et al. (2005) |
| Cuizhi Wang et al. (2005) |
| Cuizhi Wang et al. (2005) |
| Cuizhi Wang et al. (2005) |
| Zhang et al. (2024) |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) |
| Jianyin Meng et al. (2011) |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) | |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) | |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) | |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) | |
| National Geological Archives of China ... |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) | |
| Silei Sun et al. (2012) |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) | |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) | |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) | |
| Tongrong Liang (1985) |
| Peng et al. (2022) |
| Long Xiao et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| Zhu et al. (2022) |
| Ruijun Chen et al. (1993) |
| Dongmei Tang et al. (2006) |
| Lei Yu et al. (2012) |
| Hanhe Liu (2007) |
| Zhang et al. (2022) |
| Jambor et al. (1992) |
Czech Republic | |
| |
| Gába |
| Staně +4 other references |
| Staněk +1 other reference | |
| Staněk | |
Dominican Republic | |
| important factors in grade development. Economic Geology (8) +3 other references |
DR Congo | |
| Paul De Bondt collection |
Ecuador | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Eswatini | |
| Cairncross (2004) |
Finland | |
| Aurola |
| Ilkka Mikkola collection |
| Economic Geology (1996) |
| Niskanen (2014) |
France | |
| FORESTIER F. H. (1969) |
| |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Dill (2008) |
| van Marcke de Lummen (1985) +1 other reference |
| Lacroix (1910) |
| Berbain et al. (2005) | |
| S. Caillère and Th. Pobeguin : "Quelques Aspects Microscopiques de la Gibbsite dans les Bauxites du Mas Rouge (Région des Baux) |
Germany | |
| Weiß (1990) |
Greece | |
| Mondillo et al. (2022) |
| Laskou et al. (2007) | |
| Gamaletsos et al. (2017) | |
| Mondillo et al. (2022) | |
| Viswanathan et al. (1979) |
| Voudouris et al. (2013) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Ortelli et al. (2009) +2 other references | |
| Κίλιας et al. (2013) +1 other reference | |
| Voudouris et al. (2019) |
| American Mineralogist (2003) |
| Theye +4 other references | |
| Ockenga et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
| 33-35 +2 other references |
| Karantoni et al. (2021) | |
Greenland | |
| [Mineralogical Record - Vol 24 No 2] +1 other reference |
| Petersen et al. (1993) |
Honduras | |
| Mattioli et al. (2014) |
Hungary | |
| Kovács et al. (2003) |
| Koch: Minerals of Hungary |
| GEODA |
| Szakáll & Jánosi: Minerals of Hungary |
| Koch: Minerals of Hungary |
India | |
| www.mpgovt.nic.in/mineralresources/ | |
Indonesia | |
| Scher et al. (2013) |
| Tumpangpitu porphyry-high sulphidation epithermal deposit et al. (Trans. Inst. Min. Metall. B) +1 other reference | |
| van Leeuwen et al. (2012) |
| Singer et al. (2008) +1 other reference | |
| Singer et al. (2008) | |
| www.newcrest.com.au (2017) |
| Prendergast (2003) |
| White et al. (2016) |
| Tun et al. (2015) |
| Etzel et al. (2015) | |
| Burrows et al. (2020) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| www.portergeo.com.au (2017) | |
| Abidin et al. (2014) |
Iran | |
| Ellahi et al. (2016) +1 other reference |
| Abedini |
| Ahmadnejad et al. (2017) |
| Zamanian (2016) |
| Zamanian et al. (2016) +1 other reference |
Iraq | |
| Al-Hermezi (1985) |
Italy | |
| Mondillo N. et al. (2011) |
| Balestra et al. (2007) |
| Boscardin et al. (2011) +1 other reference |
Japan | |
| Sato (1968) |
| Economic Geology +5 other references |
| Economic Geology +4 other references | |
| Aiba (1982) |
| Higashi (1982) |
| Dr. Kameki Kinoshita collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) | |
| Dr. Kameki Kinoshita collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) +1 other reference | |
| Watanabe et al. (1996) |
| Masui et al. (1944) |
| Morishita et al. (2008) |
| ... |
| Yamada (2004) |
| Fujii et al. (1971) |
| Fujii et al. (1971) | |
| Harada (1954) |
| Fujii et al. (1971) |
| Dr. Kameki Kinoshita collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) +1 other reference |
| Miyajima et al. (2003) |
| King (n.d.) |
| Sadanaga et al. (1974) |
| Matsubara et al. (1998) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Jeremolenko (2002) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Palache et al (1944) |
| Shpanov et al. (1971) |
Laos | |
| Tate (2005) |
Madagascar | |
| www.gemresearch.ch/andranon/madcon.htm. |
| Rakotondrazafy et al. (2008) |
| Behier (1963) |
Malawi | |
| H.G. Dill |
Malaysia | |
| Caisheng Zhao et al. (2004) |
Mexico | |
| Sotelo (2016) |
| Sotelo (2016) | |
Mongolia | |
| Economic Geology +5 other references |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Morocco | |
| S. Weiß: Lapis 31 (7/8) |
| Tuduri et al. (2018) |
| Lecolle +5 other references | |
| Berrada (2009) |
Myanmar | |
| Shi et al. (2012) |
| Myint Myat Phyo et al. (2019) |
| Dr. Kyaw Khaing Win |
| Harald Schillhammer collection | |
| Soonthorntantikul et al. (2017) |
| Harald Schillhammer collection | |
| Giuliani et al. (2015) | |
| Singer et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
| Val Collins collection +2 other references |
Namibia | |
| Rocks & Minerals 83:6 pp520-526 |
| von Seckendorff et al. (2000) |
New Zealand | |
| Martin et al. (2023) |
| Muiruru F.G. (1985) | |
| Railton et al. (1990) |
| Bell et al. (1912) |
| Christie et al. (2007) |
| Railton et al. (1990) | |
North Macedonia | |
| Singer et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
| Barić (1960) +2 other references |
Norway | |
| Evje og Hornnes geomuseum Fennefoss +1 other reference |
| Wilke (1976) |
| Frondel (1941) |
| Hermans et al. (1976) |
| Engvoldsen et al. (1991) |
| Giuseppetti et al. (1990) | |
| Knut Edvard Larsen collection (MM-3397) | |
| Larsen et al. (2010) | |
| Larsen et al. (2010) |
| Brøgger (1890, January) | |
| Berge (n.d.) |
| Berge (n.d.) | |
| Berge (n.d.) |
| Berge (n.d.) | |
| Sellbekk et al. (2008) |
| Berge (n.d.) |
| Berge (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| Larsen et al. (2010) |
| Larsen et al. (2010) | |
| Larsen et al. (2010) | |
| Berge (n.d.) |
| Larsen et al. (2010) |
| Knut Edvard Larsen |
| Flink (1899) +1 other reference | |
| Berge (n.d.) |
| Berge (n.d.) |
| |
| Knut Edvard Larsen collection and ... | |
| Larsen et al. (2010) | |
| Peter Andresen collection | |
| Berge et al. (2002) |
| Bugge (1951) |
Papua New Guinea | |
| Yates et al. (1967) |
| Yates et al. (1967) | |
| Yates et al. (1967) | |
| Yates et al. (1967) | |
| Yates et al. (1967) | |
| Espi et al. (2007) |
| Rinne et al. (2018) |
| Singer et al. (2008) | |
| Singer et al. (2005) |
| Singer et al. (2005) | |
Peru | |
| Marcoux et al. (1994) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) | |
| Longo et al. (2005) | |
| Luis M. Cerpa et al. (2011) |
| Alvarez A et al. (1988) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Philippines | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) | |
| Singer et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
Poland | |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
Portugal | |
| Pedro Alves collection |
Romania | |
| Mineralium Deposita (2004) +1 other reference |
| Ed.:Szakáll S.-Kristály ... |
Russia | |
| International Geology Review Volume 19 |
| Izbrodin et al. (2009) |
| Seltmann et al. (2010) |
| Sorokina et al. (2016) |
| Sorokina et al. (2019) |
| Kissin et al. (2020) |
| Buravleva et al. (2016) |
| V.A. Kovalenker (2005) +1 other reference |
| Zelenski et al. (2020) |
| S.I. Delitsyn data |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Mordberg (1999) |
| Pekov (1998) |
| Pekov et al. (2004) |
| ... | |
| dan weinrich |
| Bailey |
| Ryazantseva (2001) +1 other reference | |
| V.A. Gorelov (1997) |
| [World of Stones 12:49] | |
| Seltmann et al. (2010) |
| Sidorenko et al. (1973) +1 other reference |
| Pekov (1998) |
| Pekov (1998) | |
| S.Kolesnichenko |
Serbia | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Drovenik (1958) | |
| |
Slovakia | |
| Jakub Jirasek - ... |
| Haidinger W. +4 other references | |
| Koděra (1986) | |
| Lexa et al. (1999) | |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Rojkovičová | |
| Bacsó |
| [European Journal of Mineralogy ... |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
Slovenia | |
| Albrecht von Quadt et al. (2007) |
| Albrecht von Quadt et al. (2007) | |
Solomon Islands | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
South Africa | |
| Rocks & Minerals 83:5 pp 410-421 +1 other reference |
| Paul Meulenbeld collection Photo ID: ... |
| Robert O. Meyer collection +2 other references |
| de Villiers (1943) |
| Gutzmer (1996) | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) +1 other reference | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
| Gutzmer (1996) +1 other reference |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) +1 other reference | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
| Visual ID from specimen | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) +1 other reference | |
| dan weinrich |
| Von Bezing (1991) | |
| Schoch et al. (1985) |
| Schaller W T et al. (1967) +2 other references | |
South Korea | |
| Takagi (2008) | |
| "Exploration and utilization of the ... |
Spain | |
| Cesar Menor-Salvan |
| Sainz de Baranda Graf et al. (2023) | |
| Calvo (2009) |
Sudan | |
| Germann et al. (1994) |
Sweden | |
| Jansson et al. (2013) |
| Lyckberg (2006) |
| Flink (1910) |
| Gatedal (n.d.) |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Lapis 29 (1) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Am Min 88:5-6 pp 789-805 |
Taiwan | |
| Geologic Map of Taiwan 1988 +1 other reference |
Tanzania | |
| Hintze (2010) |
Thailand | |
| Li et al. (2023) |
Turkey | |
| Yigit (2012) |
| e-collection.library.ethz.ch (n.d.) |
| Öztürk (1997) |
| Yigit et al. (2000) |
| Betts (n.d.) |
| Smith J L (1851) |
| Hatipoglu et al. (2009) | |
| Hikmet Kinaci et al. (2023) |
| Hikmet Kinaci et al. (2023) | |
| Schuiling (1962) |
| www.odysseyresources.com (2003) |
UK | |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Day (1999) |
Uruguay | |
| Palache et al (1944) |
USA | |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) | |
| Nye (1968) +1 other reference |
| Singer et al. (2005) | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Thomas et al. (1983) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Murdoch (1966) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 144 +2 other references |
| www.mineralsocal.org | |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 144. +4 other references |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Min Rec (1986) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Shepard (1842) +2 other references |
| |
| Cook (1978) |
| King et al. (1994) |
| Min Rec (1978) |
| Alan R. Plante | |
| Min Rec (1978) | |
| Alan R. Plante | |
| Alan R. Plante | |
| Min Rec (1978) | |
| USGS National Geochemical Database ... |
| USGS National Geochemical Database ... | |
| USGS National Geochemical Database ... | |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) | |
| USGS National Geochemical Database ... | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Econ Geol (1994) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| NBMG Bull 58 Geology and Mineral ... +1 other reference | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Wallace et al. (1975) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Wallace et al. (1975) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| NMBGMR Open-file Report - 535 |
| Rocks & Min.: 60:84. |
| Keith (1907) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| U.S Bureau of Mines/Spatial Data from the Minerals System/Mineral Industry Location System (Mas/Mils) |
| - (2005) |
| Dana 7:I:678 & 694. |
| Mineral Commodity Files |
| Schmidt et al. (1985) | |
| Stuckey et al. (1967) |
| Wilson et al. (1978) |
| Rocks & Min.:60:93. |
| Gordon (1922) |
| USGS National Geochemical Database ... | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL ... +1 other reference |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Rocks & Min.:60:165. |
| Rocks & Min.:60:165. | |
| Rocks & Min.: 60:165. | |
| Owens et al. (2013) | |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Cannon (1975) +1 other reference |
| Dott |
Uzbekistan | |
| Badalov et al. (1976) |
| Eilu (2003) +1 other reference |
Vietnam | |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) | |
| Khoi et al. (2011) |
Zimbabwe | |
| Kerrich et al. (1988) |
| Cairncross (2004) |
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