Hanksite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Hanksite
Henry G. Hanks
Formula:
Na22K(SO4)9(CO3)2Cl
Colour:
Colourless to grey, yellow or almost black; colourless in transmitted light
Lustre:
Vitreous, Dull
Hardness:
3 - 3½
Specific Gravity:
2.562
Crystal System:
Hexagonal
Name:
Named by William Earl Hidden in 1885 in honor of Henry Garber Hanks (12 May 1826, Cleveland, Ohio, USA - 19 June 1907, Alameda County, California, USA) for service as first state mineralogist of California.
The mineral was on display, by Hanks, at the 1884 World's Industrial and Cotton Centennial Exposition at New Orleans, labelled as thenardite but noted by Hidden to be something different.
A crystal of the mineral was examined by Dana and Penfield in 1883, but the source locality was unknown so they waited to publish until more was found.
The mineral was on display, by Hanks, at the 1884 World's Industrial and Cotton Centennial Exposition at New Orleans, labelled as thenardite but noted by Hidden to be something different.
A crystal of the mineral was examined by Dana and Penfield in 1883, but the source locality was unknown so they waited to publish until more was found.
Type Locality:
This page provides mineralogical data about Hanksite.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1815
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1815:5
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
0c92f319-8d89-4dd2-a029-c0d54ed1c399
IMA Classification of Hanksite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
KNa22(SO4)9(CO3)2Cl
First published:
1885
Classification of Hanksite
7.BD.30
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
B : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) with additional anions, without H2O
D : With only large cations
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
B : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) with additional anions, without H2O
D : With only large cations
32.3.1.1
32 : COMPOUND SULFATES
3 : Anhydrous Compound Sulfates containing Hydroxyl or Halogen
32 : COMPOUND SULFATES
3 : Anhydrous Compound Sulfates containing Hydroxyl or Halogen
12.2.2
12 : Carbonates with other anions
2 : Carbonates with sulphate
12 : Carbonates with other anions
2 : Carbonates with sulphate
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Hks | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Hanksite
Vitreous, Dull
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
Colourless to grey, yellow or almost black; colourless in transmitted light
Streak:
White
Hardness:
3 - 3½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
Good on {0001}
Good on {0001}
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven
Density:
2.562 g/cm3 (Measured) 2.585 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Hanksite
Type:
Uniaxial (-)
RI values:
nω = 1.481 nε = 1.461
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.020
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Chemistry of Hanksite
Mindat Formula:
Na22K(SO4)9(CO3)2Cl
Crystallography of Hanksite
Crystal System:
Hexagonal
Class (H-M):
6/m - Dipyramidal
Space Group:
P63/m
Cell Parameters:
a = 10.4896(3) Å, c = 21.2415(6) Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 2.025
Unit Cell V:
2024.11 ų
Z:
2
Morphology:
Large, short prismatic [0001] to tabular {0001} crystals to 20 cm; also as quartzoids with large {1012}; {1010} striated horizontally; crystals frequently in interpenetrating groups.
Comment:
Cell parameters from Callegari et al (2018)
Crystallographic forms of Hanksite
Crystal Atlas:
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Hanksite - {110}, {113}, {001}, {223}
Hanksite - {110}, {113}, {001}
3d models and HTML5 code kindly provided by
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Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0000383 | Hanksite | Araki T, Zoltai T (1973) The crystal structure of hanksite American Mineralogist 58 799-801 |  | 1973 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0020675 | Hanksite | Kato K, Saalfeld H (1972) The crystal structure of hanksite, KNa22[Cl(CO3)2(SO4)9] and its relation to the K2SO4 I structure type Acta Crystallographica B28 3614-3617 |  | 1972 | Searles Lake, San Bernardino County, California | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
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Radiation - Copper Kα
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 3.812 Å | (100) |
| 3.531 Å | (75) |
| 2.787 Å | (72) |
| 3.425 Å | (60) |
| 2.618 Å | (47) |
| 2.930 Å | (31) |
| 1.907 Å | (22) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 25 : Evaporites (prebiotic) |
Geological Setting:
Lacustrine evaporite deposits.
Type Occurrence of Hanksite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Barrel shaped crystals. Roughly spherical aggregates composed of randomly oriented, interpenetrating tabular crystals.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Natural History Museum, Paris, France, 87.281.
Natural History Museum, Vienna, Austria, E4854/8.
National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., USA, 81217.
Natural History Museum, Vienna, Austria, E4854/8.
National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., USA, 81217.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Lacustrine evaporite deposit.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Reference:
Hidden, W.E. (1885) On hanksite, a new anhydrous sulphato-carbonate of sodium, from San Bernardino County, California. American Journal of Science: 130: 133-135.
Other Language Names for Hanksite
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 7.BD. | Adanite | Pb2(Te4+O3)(SO4) |
| 7.BD. | Hasanovite | KNa(MoO2)(SO4)2 |
| 7.BD. | Evanichite | Pb6Cr3+(Cr6+O4)2(SO4)(OH)7FCl |
| 7.BD. | Kennygayite | [Pb4O2(OH)2](SO4) |
| 7.BD.05 | Sulphohalite | Na6(SO4)2FCl |
| 7.BD.10 | Galeite | Na15(SO4)5F4Cl |
| 7.BD.10 | Schairerite | Na21(SO4)7ClF6 |
| 7.BD.15 | Kogarkoite | Na3(SO4)F |
| 7.BD.20 | Caracolite | Na3Pb2(SO4)3Cl |
| 7.BD.20 | Cesanite | Na3Ca2(SO4)3(OH) |
| 7.BD.20 | Aiolosite | Na4Bi(SO4)3Cl |
| 7.BD.25 | Burkeite | Na6(CO3)(SO4)2 |
| 7.BD.35 | Cannonite | Bi2(SO4)O(OH)2 |
| 7.BD.40 | Lanarkite | Pb2(SO4)O |
| 7.BD.45 | Grandreefite | Pb2(SO4)F2 |
| 7.BD.50 | Itoite | Pb3Ge4+(SO4)2O2(OH)2 |
| 7.BD.55 | Chiluite | Bi3Te6+Mo6+O10.5 |
| 7.BD.60 | Hectorfloresite | Na9(SO4)4(IO3) |
| 7.BD.65 | Pseudograndreefite | Pb6(SO4)F10 |
| 7.BD.70 | Sundiusite | Pb10(SO4)O8Cl2 |
Fluorescence of Hanksite
Pale yellow under LW UV.
Other Information
Notes:
Readily soluble in water. Saline taste.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Hanksite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1815.html
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References for Hanksite
Reference List:
Ramsdell, Lewis S. (1939) Composition, space group and unit cell of hanksite. American Mineralogist, 24 (2) 109-115
Murdoch, Joseph (1951) Notes on California Minerals: nuevite=samarskite; trona and hanksite; gaylussite. American Mineralogist, 36 (3-4) 358-361
Kato, K., Saalfeld, H. (1972) The crystal structure of hanksite, KNa22[Cl(Co3)2(SO4)9] and its relation to the K2SO4I structure type. Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry, 28 (12) 3614-3617 doi:10.1107/s0567740872008441
Araki, Takaharu, Zoltai, and Tibor (1973) The crystal structure of hanksite. American Mineralogist, 58 (7-8) 799-801
Lane, M. D. (2007) Mid-infrared emission spectroscopy of sulfate and sulfate-bearing minerals. American Mineralogist, 92 (1) 1-18 doi:10.2138/am.2007.2170
Palaich, S. E. M., Manning, C. E., Schauble, E., Kavner, A. (2013) Spectroscopic and X-ray diffraction investigation of the behavior of hanksite and tychite at high pressures, and a model for the compressibility of sulfate minerals. American Mineralogist, 98 (8) 1543-1549 doi:10.2138/am.2013.4384
Callegari, Athos Maria, Boiocchi, Massimo, Zema, Michele, Tarantino, Serena Chiara (2018) The crystal structure of hanksite, Na22 K(CO3)2 (SO4)9 Cl, refined from high-resolution X-ray diffraction data. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie - Abhandlungen Journal of Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 195 (2) 115-122 doi:10.1127/njma/2018/0113
Localities for Hanksite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| Mineralogical Magazine 71 (2007) |
Canada | |
| Shang (2000) |
| Greengrass et al. (1999) | |
China | |
| Zhenmi Liu (2000) |
Sweden | |
| Kresten (1990) |
Uganda | |
| Kasedde et al. (2014) |
USA | |
| trona +3 other references |
| trona +5 other references | |
| Arliguie M collection |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 284 +8 other references |
| Smith (1957) +1 other reference | |
| Collection of NHM |
| Murdoch et al. (1966) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
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Trona Mine, Trona, Argus District, Argus Range, San Bernardino County, California, USA