Rammelsbergite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Rammelsbergite
Karl Rammelsberg
Formula:
NiAs2
Colour:
Tin white with faint pinkish hue
Lustre:
Metallic
Hardness:
5½ - 6
Specific Gravity:
7.0 - 7.2
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1845 by James D. Dana in honor of Karl Friedrich August Rammelsberg [April 1, 1813 Berlin, Germany (Prussia)– December 28, 1899 Gross Lichterfelde, Germany], German chemist and mineralogist who taught at University of Berlin and at the Royal Industrial Institute. He published many significant books on systematic mineralogy.
Type Locality:
Polymorph of:
Isostructural with:
The high-temperature polymorph of NiAs2; pararammelsbergite is the low-temperature polymorph (Fleet, 1972).
Compare, e.g, nickeline and the (now approved / redefined) dienerite.
Compare, e.g, nickeline and the (now approved / redefined) dienerite.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3357
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3357:8
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
5374b14e-aa42-4183-a471-1a4536a93a20
IMA Classification of Rammelsbergite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
Classification of Rammelsbergite
2.EB.15a
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
E : Metal Sulfides, M: S <= 1:2
B : M:S = 1:2, with Fe, Co, Ni, PGE, etc.
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
E : Metal Sulfides, M: S <= 1:2
B : M:S = 1:2, with Fe, Co, Ni, PGE, etc.
2.12.2.12
2 : SULFIDES
12 : AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 1:2
2 : SULFIDES
12 : AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 1:2
3.11.28
3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
11 : Sulphides etc. of Ni
3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
11 : Sulphides etc. of Ni
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Rmb | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Rmb | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Rammelsbergite
Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Tin white with faint pinkish hue
Streak:
Grayish black
Hardness:
5½ - 6 on Mohs scale
Hardness:
VHN100=630 - 758 kg/mm2 - Vickers
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
Good on {101}
Good on {101}
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven
Density:
7.0 - 7.2 g/cm3 (Measured) 7.091 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Rammelsbergite
Anisotropism:
Strong, especially in blues
Reflectivity:
| Wavelength | R1 | R2 |
|---|---|---|
| 400nm | 56.1% | 59.8% |
| 420nm | 56.6% | 60.2% |
| 440nm | 56.8% | 61.0% |
| 460nm | 56.6% | 61.1% |
| 480nm | 56.1% | 60.9% |
| 500nm | 56.2% | 60.8% |
| 520nm | 56.5% | 60.8% |
| 540nm | 56.8% | 60.9% |
| 560nm | 57.0% | 60.9% |
| 580nm | 57.0% | 60.9% |
| 600nm | 56.9% | 60.6% |
| 620nm | 56.8% | 60.1% |
| 640nm | 56.6% | 59.6% |
| 660nm | 56.4% | 58.9% |
| 680nm | 56.6% | 58.5% |
| 700nm | 56.7% | 58.0% |
Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Top of box is 100%. Peak reflectance is 61.1%.
R1 shown in black, R2 shown in red
Colour in reflected light:
White
Pleochroism:
Weak
Comments:
In yellowish to pinkish hue and bluish white
Chemistry of Rammelsbergite
Mindat Formula:
NiAs2
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Co,Se,S,Fe,Sb
Crystallography of Rammelsbergite
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) - Dipyramidal
Space Group:
Pnnm
Setting:
Pnnm
Cell Parameters:
a = 4.759 Å, b = 5.797 Å, c = 3.539 Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.821 : 1 : 0.61
Unit Cell V:
97.63 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
2
Morphology:
Usually massive. Prismatic crystals are rare.
Twinning:
On {101}
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0011937 | Rammelsbergite | Kjekshus A, Rakke T, Andresen A (1974) Compounds of the marcasite type crystal structure. IX. Structural data for FeAs2, FeSe2, NiAs2, NiSb2, and CuSe2 Acta Chemica Scandinavica A28 996-1000 | 1974 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
| 0011957 | Rammelsbergite | Kjekshus A, Peterzens P G, Rakke T, Andresen A F (1979) Compounds with the marcasite type crystal structure. XIII. Structural and magnetic properties of CrtFe1-tAs2, CrtFe1-tSb2, Fe1-tNitAs2 and Fe1-tNitSb2 Acta Chemica Scandinavica A33 469-480 | 1979 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 2.82 Å | (100) |
| 2.52 Å | (90) |
| 2.42 Å | (60) |
| 2.00 Å | (30) |
| 1.84 Å | (70) |
| 1.75 Å | (30) |
| 1.66 Å | (30) |
| 1.21 Å | (100) |
Comments:
ICDD 15-441
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| High-𝑇 alteration and/or metamorphism | |
| 33 : Minerals deposited by hydrothermal metal-rich fluids (see also [#12]) |
Geological Setting:
In moderate temperature hydrothermal veins
Type Occurrence of Rammelsbergite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Bright silvery metallic masses
Synonyms of Rammelsbergite
Other Language Names for Rammelsbergite
German:Rammelsbergit
Russian:Раммельсбергит
Simplified Chinese:斜方砷镍矿
Spanish:Niquel Blanco
Rammelsbergita
Rammelsbergita
Varieties of Rammelsbergite
Relationship of Rammelsbergite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
| Alloclasite | Co1-xFexAsS | Mon. 2 : P21 |
| Anduoite | (Ru,Os)As2 | Orth. |
| Clinosafflorite | CoAs2 | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
| Costibite | CoSbS | Orth. mm2 : Pmn21 |
| Löllingite | FeAs2 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnnm |
| Nisbite | NiSb2 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnnm |
| Oenite | CoSbAs | Orth. |
| Omeiite | (Os,Ru)As2 | Orth. |
| Paracostibite | CoSbS | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pbca |
| Pararammelsbergite | NiAs2 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pbca |
| Safflorite | (Co,Ni,Fe)As2 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnnm |
| UM1998-01-AsSb:CoFeNi | (Fe,Ni)SbAs |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 159 photos of Rammelsbergite associated with Nickeline | NiAs |
| 66 photos of Rammelsbergite associated with Baryte | BaSO4 |
| 64 photos of Rammelsbergite associated with Nickelskutterudite | (Ni,Co,Fe)As3 |
| 58 photos of Rammelsbergite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 52 photos of Rammelsbergite associated with Skutterudite | CoAs3 |
| 48 photos of Rammelsbergite associated with Pyrite | FeS2 |
| 39 photos of Rammelsbergite associated with Galena | PbS |
| 35 photos of Rammelsbergite associated with Pyrargyrite | Ag3SbS3 |
| 35 photos of Rammelsbergite associated with Acanthite | Ag2S |
| 29 photos of Rammelsbergite associated with Fluorite | CaF2 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 2.EB. | Iridarsenite | (Ir,Ru)As2 |
| 2.EB. | Selenolaurite | RuSe2 |
| 2.EB. | Andrieslombaardite | RhSbS |
| 2.EB. | Kanatzidisite | (SbBiS3)2Te2 |
| 2.EB.05a | Aurostibite | AuSb2 |
| 2.EB.05b | Bambollaite | Cu(Se,Te)2 |
| 2.EB.05a | Cattierite | CoS2 |
| 2.EB.05a | Erlichmanite | OsS2 |
| 2.EB.05a | Fukuchilite | Cu3FeS8 |
| 2.EB.05a | Geversite | PtSb2 |
| 2.EB.05a | Hauerite | MnS2 |
| 2.EB.05a | Insizwaite | Pt(Bi,Sb)2 |
| 2.EB.05a | Krut'aite | CuSe2 |
| 2.EB.05a | Laurite | RuS2 |
| 2.EB.05a | Penroseite | (Ni,Co,Cu)Se2 |
| 2.EB.05a | Pyrite | FeS2 |
| 2.EB.05a | Sperrylite | PtAs2 |
| 2.EB.05a | Trogtalite | CoSe2 |
| 2.EB.05a | Vaesite | NiS2 |
| 2.EB.05a | Villamanínite | (Cu,Ni,Co,Fe)S2 |
| 2.EB.05a | Dzharkenite | FeSe2 |
| 2.EB.05a | Gaotaiite | Ir3Te8 |
| 2.EB.05a v | Cayeuxite | |
| 2.EB.10b | Alloclasite | Co1-xFexAsS |
| 2.EB.10d | Costibite | CoSbS |
| 2.EB.10a | Ferroselite | FeSe2 |
| 2.EB.10a | Frohbergite | FeTe2 |
| 2.EB.10c | Glaucodot | (Co0.50Fe0.50)AsS |
| 2.EB.10a | Kullerudite | NiSe2 |
| 2.EB.10a | Marcasite | FeS2 |
| 2.EB.10a | Mattagamite | CoTe2 |
| 2.EB.10e | Paracostibite | CoSbS |
| 2.EB.10e | Pararammelsbergite | NiAs2 |
| 2.EB.10f | Oenite | CoSbAs |
| 2.EB.10a | Petříčekite | CuSe2 |
| 2.EB.15a | Anduoite | (Ru,Os)As2 |
| 2.EB.15a | Clinosafflorite | CoAs2 |
| 2.EB.15a | Löllingite | FeAs2 |
| 2.EB.15a | Nisbite | NiSb2 |
| 2.EB.15a | Omeiite | (Os,Ru)As2 |
| 2.EB.15c | Paxite | CuAs2 |
| 2.EB.15a | Safflorite | (Co,Ni,Fe)As2 |
| 2.EB.15b | Seinäjokite | (Fe,Ni)(Sb,As)2 |
| 2.EB.20 | Arsenopyrite | FeAsS |
| 2.EB.20 | Gudmundite | FeSbS |
| 2.EB.20 | Osarsite | (Os,Ru)AsS |
| 2.EB.20 | Ruarsite | (Ru,Os)AsS |
| 2.EB.25 va | Antimony-bearing Gersdorffite | Ni(As,Sb)S |
| 2.EB.25 | Cobaltite | CoAsS |
| 2.EB.25 | Gersdorffite | NiAsS |
| 2.EB.25 | Hollingworthite | (Rh,Pt,Pd)AsS |
| 2.EB.25 | Irarsite | (Ir,Ru,Rh,Pt)AsS |
| 2.EB.25 | Jolliffeite | NiAsSe |
| 2.EB.25 | Krutovite | NiAs2 |
| 2.EB.25 | Maslovite | PtBiTe |
| 2.EB.25 | Michenerite | PdBiTe |
| 2.EB.25 | Padmaite | PdBiSe |
| 2.EB.25 | Platarsite | Pt(As,S)2 |
| 2.EB.25 | Testibiopalladite | PdSbTe |
| 2.EB.25 | Tolovkite | IrSbS |
| 2.EB.25 | Ullmannite | NiSbS |
| 2.EB.25 | Willyamite | CoSbS |
| 2.EB.25 | Changchengite | IrBiS |
| 2.EB.25 | Mayingite | IrBiTe |
| 2.EB.25 | Kalungaite | PdAsSe |
| 2.EB.25 | Milotaite | PdSbSe |
| 2.EB.25 | Paragersdorffite | Ni(As,S)2 |
| 2.EB.25 | Orthogersdorffite | NiAsS |
| 2.EB.25 | Kvačekite | NiSbSe |
| 2.EB.30 | Urvantsevite | Pd(Bi,Pb)2 |
| 2.EB.35 | Rheniite | ReS2 |
Fluorescence of Rammelsbergite
Not fluorescent
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Rammelsbergite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3357.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Rammelsbergite
Reference List:
Localities for Rammelsbergite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| C. S. Lurgo Mayón (1999) |
| Milka K. de Brodtkorb (1973) +2 other references | |
| DE BRODTKORB |
| Brodtkorb (2002) | |
| Las Especies Minerales de La Republica ... |
Australia | |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
Austria | |
| Christian Auer specimen |
| Michael Waitzinger et al. (2021) |
| |
| Paar et al. (1978) |
| Paar et al. (1978) +1 other reference | |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Friedrich (1933) |
| Pribitzer (1956) +3 other references | |
Bolivia | |
| Machlan et al. (1989) |
Bulgaria | |
| Kalaidjiev et al. (2009) |
| Strashimirov et al. (2002) +2 other references |
| ATANASSOVA +3 other references |
Canada | |
| Lloyd Twaites Collection |
| Sabina (1976) |
| Papezik (1967) |
| Badham (1975) |
| Badham (1975) | |
| D. C. Harris (1973) +1 other reference | |
| ntgomap.nwtgeoscience.ca (n.d.) |
| Thompson (1951) | |
| Badham et al. (1980) |
| Badham et al. (1980) | |
| Badham et al. (1980) | |
| Badham | |
| Thompson (1951) | |
| Lang (1952) +2 other references |
| Lang (1952) | |
| Lang (1952) +1 other reference | |
| Bailey (2017) | |
| Lang (1952) | |
| ntgomap.nwtgeoscience.ca (2015) | |
| Sangster et al. (1998) |
| Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 16 (1978) |
| 159-161. +1 other reference |
| Reiner Mielke |
| geological survey of canada paper 73-13 | |
| personal correspondance with Doug Scott | |
| R.Mielke 2009 | |
| Traill R. J. (1983) | |
| Reiner Mielke 2016 |
| Sabina | |
| Geological Survey of Canada +1 other reference | |
| Reiner Mielke | |
| Sabina (2000) | |
| Ontario Geological Survey Miscellaneous ... +2 other references | |
| Collection A.Debnam |
| Reiner Mielke 2016 |
| Can Mineral December 1971 v. 11 no. 1 ... +1 other reference |
| MDI41P10SW00023 |
| Reiner Mielke |
| Can Mineral December 1971 v. 11 no. 1 ... | |
| Reiner Mielke |
| Girard (1971) |
| www.ir.gov.sk.ca (2003) |
| Maurice et al. (1983) +1 other reference | |
| p201-211. +1 other reference |
| USGS Open File Report 81-1666 |
Chile | |
| sample analysed by Dr. Frank Keutsch |
| informe preliminar": Caja de Crédito ... +1 other reference |
| C. Ruiz Fuller/F. Peebles (1988) |
| C. Ruiz Fuller/F. Peebles (1988) |
China | |
| Yongrui Zhao and Yunqing Zhen (2006) |
| Yongrui Zhao and Yunqing Zhen (2006) | |
| Huanbin Song et al. (2008) |
| Kaiji Yu (1981) |
| Yuan Li (1998) +1 other reference |
Czech Republic | |
| Ondruš et al. (1989) |
| Kaspar et al. (1991) | |
| Kašpar | |
| Roman Gramblička collection |
| Duda | |
| Ondruš et al. (2003) | |
| Ondruš et al. (2003) | |
| Ondruš et al. (2003) |
| Roman Gramblička collection |
| Fengl (1.) |
| Scharm +7 other references | |
| Sejkora (2016) |
| Pauliš |
| Sejkora (1994) |
| Fiala V. (1977) |
| Pauliš P. Nejzajímavější ... | |
| www.mineralos.cz (2002) |
| Parma (1973) |
| Roman Gramblicka collection +1 other reference |
| Hyrsl et al. (2009) | |
| Sejkora (1994) |
Finland | |
| Vuorelainen |
| Hector et al. (2023) |
France | |
| Pillard F. et al. (1985) |
| Paul De Bondt. |
| Les Minéraux de Sainte Marie-aux-Mines | |
| Paul De Bondt |
| Gramaccioli (1985) |
| Wittern +3 other references | |
| Lheur (2023) |
| Lheur (2023) | |
| membres.lycos.fr (2005) |
| Inventaire Mineralogique de la France ... |
| Le Règne Minéral 47: 5-21 |
| Notice de la carte géologique d'Arreau | |
| "Les minéraux et al. (1977) |
Germany | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Wimmenauer (1955) |
| Günter Grundmann collection |
| Knausenberger (1994) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) | |
| Walenta (1992) +1 other reference | |
| |
| |
| Staude et al. (2012) | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Lapis 21 (12) |
| Nickel et al. (1985) |
| Wagner et al. (2002) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| Andreas Gerstenberg collection |
| Weiß (1990) |
| www.meteorite-lab.org (n.d.) | |
| |
| |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Lapis 2001 (6) |
| Mitteilungen der Pollichia (3) +1 other reference | |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Siemroth |
| Lieber et al. (1986) | |
| Lapis 17 (12) |
| Möhn et al. (10/2020) |
| Förster et al. (2005) |
| Vollstädt et al. (1991) | |
| J. Gröbner and U. Kolitsch (2007) |
| Lapis (4) |
| Baumann et al. (2000) | |
| Gröbner J. +1 other reference |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| Hajek (2010) |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| Haidinger W (1845) |
| Lapis 30 (7/8) | |
| Lapis 30 (7/8) |
| Lapis 30 (7/8) | |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Roman Gramblička collection |
| Wittern (2001) |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (n.d.) |
| The Canadian Mineralogist | |
| Tröger (2012) |
| M Adelt collection |
| Gröbner et al. (2007) +1 other reference | |
| T. Witzke & F. Rüger: Lapis 1998 (7/8) |
| Wittern (2001) |
Greece | |
| |
| Bull. Minéral. |
| Tombros (2008) |
India | |
| Raju et al. (2007) |
Iran | |
| Javad Amiri collection |
| Tschermaks mineralogische und ... +2 other references | |
| Rezazadeh et al. (2020) |
Iraq | |
| Yassin et al. (Eds.) |
Ireland | |
| Bergakademie Freiberg |
Italy | |
| Carmagnola et al. (2019) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Respino (1980) |
| AA. VV. +1 other reference |
| doi.org (n.d.) +2 other references |
| Moroni et al. (2019) | |
| Billows (1941) +1 other reference | |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Billows (1941) +1 other reference | |
| doi.org (n.d.) +3 other references | |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| AA. VV. +1 other reference | |
| doi.org (n.d.) +3 other references | |
| AA. VV. | |
| Stara et al. (1996) | |
| Stara et al. (1996) | |
| Piepoli (1933) +1 other reference |
| Piepoli (1933) +1 other reference |
| Piepoli (1933) +1 other reference | |
| Piepoli (1933) +1 other reference | |
| AA. VV. |
Japan | |
| Matsukuma (1958) |
Mexico | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Wilson et al. (1986) +1 other reference |
Mongolia | |
| Borisenko et al. (1999) +1 other reference |
Morocco | |
| Econ Geol (1997) |
| Jahn et al. (2003) |
| Jahn et al. (2003) | |
| Jahn et al. (2003) |
| Favreau et al. (2006) |
| Subías et al. (2022) | |
| Guilbert et al. (1968) +1 other reference |
| Favreau et al. (2006) | |
| Praszkier (2010) | |
| Maria Lázaro et al. (2012) |
Norway | |
| Neumann (1944) |
Poland | |
| Salamon W. |
| Lis et al. (1986) | |
| Harańczyk 1972: Mineralizacja ... | |
| Pieczka |
| Mochnacka et al. (2012) | |
| Hoehne K. 1936: Über einige Arsen- +3 other references | |
| Piestrzyński et al. (2012) | |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Salamon W. | |
| Lis et al. (1986) | |
| Salamon W. |
| Piestrzynski et al. (2000) | |
| Auguścik-Górajek et al. (2021) | |
| Madziarz (2006) |
| Muszer A. et al. (PbSe) +1 other reference | |
| Mochnacka et al. (2015) |
Romania | |
| Ilinca (1998) +1 other reference |
| Zajzon et al. (2015) | |
| Ilinca (1998) +1 other reference |
| Ilinca (1998) +1 other reference | |
| Ilinca (1998) +1 other reference | |
| Ilinca (1998) +1 other reference | |
| Hirtopanu et al. (2015) |
| Hîrtopanu P. et al. (2004) |
Russia | |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Galuskin (2007) |
| www.igem.ru (2001) +1 other reference |
| Kozlov et al. (2011) |
| Tararin et al. (2007) |
| Tararin et al. (2007) | |
| Tretiakova et al. (2010) |
| Yulia D. Gritsenko (2005) +2 other references |
| Goryachev et al. (2008) |
| Goryachev et al. (2014) | |
| Zaikov et al. (2006) |
| Gamyanin +6 other references |
| USGS Open File Report 2005-1252 p173ff +2 other references |
| Gillen et al. (Eds.) |
Slovakia | |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Halahyjová-Andrusovová G. et al. (in Slovak) |
| Števko M. (2020) | |
| Jeleň et al. (2009) |
South Korea | |
| CHOI et al. (1985) +2 other references |
Spain | |
| Schnorrer (2000) |
| Am Min 57:3 pp 354-363 +1 other reference |
| Fanlo et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| Econ Geol (1992) |
| |
Sweden | |
| Jan Olov Nyström (1991) |
| Holtstam et al. (1999) |
| |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Beda Hofmann (1986) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Ansermet (2012) | |
| Ansermet (2012) |
Turkey | |
| Kabiru et al. (2017, April) |
UK | |
| Mineralogical Magazine 1965 34 : ... |
| |
| Davis et al. (1965) |
| Ixer et al. (1987) |
| Day (1999) |
| Brian Craik-Smith collection +5 other references |
| Mineralogical Magazine 1965 34 : ... |
| Ixer et al. (1998) |
| [J.Russell Soc 1998:23] |
| Temple (1954) +1 other reference |
| Mineralogical Magazine 1954 30 : ... |
| National Museum of Wales database +1 other reference |
USA | |
| Graeme (1993) |
| Graeme (1993) |
| Wenrich (1988) +1 other reference | |
| Gornitz (1986) +2 other references |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| USGS Open-File Report 83-417 +1 other reference | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Januzzi et al. (1976) |
| Rainville et al. (1976) |
| [MinRec - 23:Michigan 68] +1 other reference |
| Raič et al. (2015) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Oen (1984) +2 other references |
| [Rocks & Minerals Vol 68 March/April ... |
| Page et al. (1956) +2 other references | |
| David Von Bargen et al. (1993) |
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