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Sylvite

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Stassfurt Potash deposit, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany
© Rob Lavinsky

Show Sylvite Photos (29)

Formula:

KCl

System:

Isometric

Colour:

Colourless, grey, white, ...

Lustre:

Vitreous

Hardness:

1½ - 2

Name:

From Latin "sal digestibus Sylvii", salts of Sylvius, named after François Sylvius de le Boe (1614-1672), a physician and chemist of Leyden, Netherlands.

Halite Group

Classification of Sylvite

IMA status:

Valid - first described prior to 1959 (pre-IMA) - "Grandfathered"

Strunz 8th edition ID:

3/A.02-40

Nickel-Strunz 10th (pending) edition ID:

3.AA.20

3 : HALIDES
A : Simple halides, without H₂O
A : M:X = 1:1, 2:3, 3:5, etc.

Dana 8th edition ID:

9.1.1.2

9 : NORMAL HALIDES
1 : AX

Hey's CIM Ref.:

8.1.6

8 : Halides - Fluorides, Chlorides, Bromides and Iodides; also Fluoborates and Fluosilicates
1 : Halides of the alkali metals and ammonium

mindat.org URL:

http://www.mindat.org/min-3850.html
Please feel free to link to this page.

Type Occurrence of Sylvite

Type Locality:

Mt Vesuvius, Somma-Vesuvius Complex, Naples Province, Campania, Italy

Year of Discovery:

1832

Geological Setting of type material:

Evaporite deposit

Occurrences of Sylvite

Geological Setting:

Evaporites in sedimentary basins, sublimate in volcanic fumaroles, burning coal.

Physical Properties of Sylvite

Lustre:

Vitreous

Diaphaneity (Transparency):

Transparent, Translucent

Colour:

Colourless, grey, white, yellowish to reddish, seldom blue or violet

Streak:

White

Hardness (Mohs):

1½ - 2

Tenacity:

Brittle

Cleavage:

Perfect
On {001}

Fracture:

Irregular/Uneven

Density (measured):

1.993(5) g/cm³

Density (calculated):

1.987 g/cm³

Crystallography of Sylvite

Crystal System:

Isometric

Class (H-M):

m3m (4/m 3 2/m) - Hexoctahedral

Space Group:

Fm3m {F4/m 3 2/m}

Cell Parameters:

a = 6.2931Å

Unit Cell Volume:

V 249.23 Å³ (Calculated from Unit Cell)

Morphology:

Crystals cubic; cubo-octahedral or octahedral habits less common. Massive, coarsely granular to compact. Columnar structure rare; as crusts.

Twinning:

On {111} (artificial crystals only).

Epitaxial Relationships of Sylvite

Epitaxial Minerals:

Hematite

Halite

NaCl

Epitaxi Comments:

Hematite inclusions with {0001} of hematite parallel to {001}, {111}, or {011} of halite. Minute halite inclusions oriented in parallel position to the sylvite.

X-Ray Powder Diffraction:

Image Loading

Radiation - Copper Kα
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.

Optical Data of Sylvite

Type:

Isotropic

RI values:

n = 1.4903

Maximum Birefringence:

δ = 0.000 - Isotropic minerals have no birefringence

Surface Relief:

Moderate

Type:

Isotropic

Pleochroism:

Visible

Comments:

Distinct pleochroism observed in colored crystals with weak anomalous birefringence (especially noted in mechanically deformed crystals).

Comments:

Anomalously anisotropic when strained

Chemical Properties of Sylvite

Formula:

KCl

Essential elements:

Cl, K

All elements listed in formula:

Cl, K

CAS Registry number:

7447-40-7

CAS Registry numbers are published by the American Chemical Society

Analytical Data:

Water soluble. Taste salty but more astringent than halite.

Common Impurities:

Br,CO₂=C,O

Relationship of Sylvite to other Species

Common Associates:

Polyhalite	Kieserite	Kainite	Halite	Gypsum
Carnallite	Anhydrite

3.AA.05

Marshite

CuI

3.AA.05

Miersite

(Ag,Cu)I

3.AA.05

Nantokite

CuCl

3.AA.05

UM1999-11:I:CuS

Cu(I,S)

3.AA.10

Iodargyrite

AgI

3.AA.10

Tocornalite

(Ag,Hg)I

3.AA.15

Bromargyrite

AgBr

3.AA.15

Chlorargyrite

AgCl

3.AA.20

Carobbiite

3.AA.20

Griceite

LiF

3.AA.20

Halite

NaCl

3.AA.20

Villiaumite

NaF

3.AA.25

Salammoniac

3.AA.25

UM1998-03-Cl:Tl

TlCl

3.AA.25

Lafossaite

Tl(Cl,Br)

3.AA.30

Calomel

(Hg

)Cl

3.AA.30

Kuzminite

(Hg

)(Br,Cl)

3.AA.30

Moschelite

(Hg

3.AA.35

Neighborite

NaMgF

3.AA.40

Chlorocalcite

KCaCl

3.AA.45

Kolarite

PbTeCl

3.AA.50

Radhakrishnaite

PbTe

(Cl,S)

3.AA.55

Challacolloite

KPb

3.AA.60

Hephaistosite

TlPb

8.1.1

Griceite

LiF

8.1.2

Villiaumite

NaF

8.1.3

Halite

NaCl

8.1.4

Hydrohalite

NaCl · 2H

8.1.5

Carobbiite

8.1.7

Salammoniac

Other Names for Sylvite

Synonyms:

Chloride of Potassium	Hoevelite	Hövelite	Leopoldite	Muriate of Potash
Potassium Chloride	Sal digestivus sylvii	Schätzelite	Silvite	Sylvin
Sylvine	Sylvyne

Other Languages:

German:	Chlorkalium Hoevelit Hövellit Leopoldit Schätzelit Sylviit Sylvit
Russian:	Сильвин
Simplified Chinese:	钾盐钾石盐
Spanish:	Hoevelita Hövelita Leopoldita Schätzelita Sylvita

Other Information

Thermal Behaviour:

Melts at 790°. Highly diathermanous.

Health Warning:

No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

External Links

Search for toxicity information at the United States National Library of Medicine

Industrial Uses:

Source for potasium

References for Sylvite

Reference List:

- +

Bischoff (1865), Berg.- und hüttenmännisches Zeitung, Freiberg, Leipzig: 24: 276.

Bischoff (1865), Ann. Chem. Phys.: 5: 318.

Zinken (1865), Berg.- und hüttenmännisches Zeitung, Freiberg, Leipzig: 24: 79.

Rubens and Snow (1892), Annalen der Physik, Halle, Leipzig: 46: 529.

Rubens et al (1897), Annalen der Physik, Halle, Leipzig: 60: 418.

Martens (1902), Annalen der Physik, Halle, Leipzig: 8: 459.

Johnston-Lavis (1906), Nature: 74: 174.

Bragg (1913), Proceedings of the Royal Society of London: 89: 448.

Strukturber (1931): 1: 105.

Panichi U. (1933), Sul dimorfismo del salgemma e della silvite. Periodico di Mineralogia (Roma), pp.25-33.

Palache, Charles, Harry Berman & Clifford Frondel (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana Yale University 1837-1892, Seventh edition, Volume II: 7-9.

Bedarida F., Della Giusta A.(1970), Dislocazioni a vite in cristalli aciculari di KCl; effeti sulle misure delle intensita dei raggi X. Periodico di mineralogia (Roma), pp.137-143.

Internet Links for Sylvite

Search Engines:

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External Links:

Look for Sylvite on Webmineral

Look for Sylvite on Athena Mineralogy[Link Broken?]

Look for Sylvite on Wikipedia

Look for Sylvite on Mineralien Atlas

Raman and XRD data at RRUFF project

American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database

Sylvite details from Handbook of Mineralogy (PDF)

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Localities for Sylvite

The map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the

symbol to view information about a locality. The

symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.

Hide Locality List

(TL) indicates type locality. ? indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. All other localities listed without reference should be considered as uncertain and unproven until references can be found.


Antarctica
Eastern Antarctica Princess Elizabeth Land Ingrid Christensen Coast Vestfold Hills	Gore, D.B., Nichols, G.T., Lehmann, C.E.R., Burgess, J.S., Baird, A.S.&, Creagh, D.C. (2000) An atlas of surficial salts of the Vestfold Hills, East Antarctica: composition, distribution and origin ANARE Report 143. 146 pp
Queen Maud Land (Dronning Maud Land) Lützow-Holm Bay East Ongul Island Showa Station (Syowa Station)	Watanuki/ Torii/ Nishiyama/ Morikawa, 1979
Western Antarctica Antarctic Peninsula South Shetland Islands Deception Island	Viramonte, J.G., Sureda, R.J., Bossi, G.E., Fourcade, N.H., Omarini, R.H., Geochemical and mineralogical study of the high temperature fumaroles from Decepcion Island, South Shetland, Antarctica. Inst. Assoc. of Volc. and chemistry of the erath interior. Symposium Andean and Antarctic Volcanology Problems. Chile (1974).

Australia
New South Wales Yancowinna Co. Broken Hill	Birch BH Book
Queensland Mount Isa - Cloncurry area Mary Kathleen district Mary Kathleen Mine	T.Kwak & P.Abeysinghe: "Rare earth and uranium minera;s present as daughter crystals in fluid inclusions, Mary Kathleen U-REE skarn, Queensland, Australia: Min. Mag. 51,665-670(1987)
Tasmania Waratah district Waratah Mt Bischoff mine	Bottrill, unpub.

Austria
Salzburg Abtenau Webing Haagen Mine ?	A. Strasser: Die Minerale Salzburgs (1989)
Haagen quarry ?	A. Strasser: Die Minerale Salzburgs (1989)
Hohe Tauern Gastein valley Bad Gastein Thermal water spa	A. Strasser: Die Minerale Salzburgs, 1989
Upper Austria Hallstatt Salt mine	R. Exel: Die Mineralien und Erzlagerstätten Österreichs (1993)

Belarus
Minsk Province Pripyat Depression Starobin	Fizykochemiczne Problemy Mineralurgii, 32 (1998), 275–280; Russian Journal of Earth Sciences Vol. 6, No. 3, June 2004

Bolivia
Oruro Department Atahuallpa Province Salar de Coipasa	Kempff, O., Paar, W.H., Tawackoli, S.: "Minerales de Bolivia", 115pp (La Paz, 2009)
Potosí Department Nor Lípez Province Salar de Uyuni	Salomon Rivas y Federico Ahlfeld (1998) Los Minerales de Bolivia y sus Parajes. (Santa Cruz)

Canada
New Brunswick Kings Co. Cardwell Parish Penobsquis Potash Corporation of Saskatchewan Mine (PCS Mine; Potash Corporation of America Mine)	Canadian Mineralogist (1981): 19: 291-301.
Nova Scotia Cumberland Co. Pugwash Windsor Salt Mine	R.C. Boehner, "Salt and Potash Resources in Nova Scotia", N.S. Dept. Mines and Energy, Bulletin 5, 1986.
Québec Gaspésie-Îles-de-la-Madeleine Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine TE Grosse Île Les Mines Seleine (Seleine mine)	Sabina, A.P. (2003) Rocks & Minerals for the collector; Îles de la Madeleine, Québec, the Island of Newfoundland, and Labrador. GSC Misc. Report 58, 19-21p.
Saskatchewan Esterhazy Esterhazy Potash Mines	No reference listed
Rocanville PCS mine	Collection of NHM, Vienna

Chile
Antofagasta Region El Loa Province Calama Chuquicamata District Radomiro Tomić mine (Codelco Norte mine)	Cameron, E.M., Leybourne, M.I., and Palacios, C. (2007): Mineralium Deposita 42, 205-218.

China
Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Baotou League (Baotou Prefecture) Bayan Obo Mining District Bayan Obo Bayan Obo (Bayun-Obo; Baiyunebo) deposit	H.-R. Fan et al.: International Geology Review 46(7):638-648 (2004)
Liaoning Province (Manchuria; Dongbei Region) Liaodong Peninsula Dalian Prefecture Wafangdian Co. Fuxian kimberlite field	Huifang Liu (2002): Geological Science and Technology Information 21(2), 51-54
Qinghai (Chinghai) Province Hainan Autonomous Prefecture Qinghai Lake (Lake Koko Nor)	Sun Da-peng, Li Bing-xiao, Ma Yua-hua, and Lin Qun-zhu (2002): Journal of Salt Lake Research 10(4), 1-12; Yanling Tang (2005): Non-metallic deposits of Xinjiang, China [Zhongguo Xinjiang Fei Jinshu Kuangchuang]. Geological Publishing House (Beijing), 289 pp.
Haixi Autonomous Prefecture Da Qaidam (Dachaidan) Co. Mahai Salt lake	Youde Ma (2006): Journal of Salt Lake Research 14(1), 14-28.
Dulan Co. Qarhan (Chaerhan) Salt lake	Milly Wang and Lihe Guo (1988): Acta Geoscientica Sinica 10(1), 187-193
Dabuxun Salt lake	Min Mo, Shuqi Gu, Wenzhong Zheng, and Huanzhu Lin (1986): Geological Review 51(2), 160-164
Golmud (Ge'ermu) Co. West Taijinar (Xitaijinar) Salt lake	Xiying Zhang, Haizhou Ma, Donglin Gao, Minggang Zhang, and Tao Wang (2007): Journal of Salt Lake Research 15(2), 12-20.
Mangnai (Mangya) Co. Dalangtan Salt lake	Mily Wang, Yijie Wang, Chenglin Liu, and Yongzhi Chen (1993): Acta Geoscientica Sinica 15(1)
Shaanxi Province	Yuhua Chen, Heran Yuan, and Zhiyue Du (1998): Geological Review 44(1), 100-105
Shandong Province Linyi Prefecture Yimeng Mts (Yimeng Shan) Mengyin Co. Mengyin Kimberlite field Changma Kimberlite belt Hongqi (Hongji; Hongxi) pipes	Gorshkov, A.I., Titkov, S.V., Yan Nan Bao, Ryabchikov, I.D., and Magazina, L.O. (2006): Geology of Ore Deposits 48(4), 326-334
Tibet Autonomous Region Xigazê (Rikaze; Shigatse) Prefecture Zhongba Co. Zabuye (Zhabuye) Salt Lake (Chabyer Caka)	Yong-Sheng Zhang, Mian-Ping Zheng, Zhen Nie, and Ling-Zhong Bu (2005): Sea-lake Salt and Chemical Industry [Yanye Yu Huagong] 34(4), 1-5.
Xinjiang (Xinjiang-Uygur) Autonomous Region Bayin'gholin (Bayingolin; Bayinguoleng) Autonomous Prefecture Ruoqiang (Qakilik; Chaqiliq) Co. Lop Nur (Lop Nuur; Lop lake; Luobu lake; Luobubo) Luobei depression	Yanling Tang (2005): Non-metallic deposits of Xinjiang, China [Zhongguo Xinjiang Fei Jinshu Kuangchuang]. Geological Publishing House (Beijing), 289 pp.
Hami (Kumul; Qumul) Prefecture Hami (Kumul; Qumul) Co. Qijiaojing salt lake	Yanling Tang (2005): Non-metallic deposits of Xinjiang, China [Zhongguo Xinjiang Fei Jinshu Kuangchuang]. Geological Publishing House (Beijing), 289 pp.
Tulufan (Turfan; Turpan) Prefecture Tulufan (Turfan; Turpan) Co. Xiaohengshan Mine	Yanling Tang (2005): Non-metallic deposits of Xinjiang, China [Zhongguo Xinjiang Fei Jinshu Kuangchuang]. Geological Publishing House (Beijing), 289 pp.
Yunnan Province Nujiang Autonomous Prefecture Lanping Co.	Chunji Xue, Rong Zeng, Shuwen Liu, Guoxiang Chi, Hairuo Qing, Yuchuan Chen, Jianmin Yang, and Denghong Wang (2006): Ore Geology Reviews (in press).
Pu'er Prefecture Jiangcheng Co. Mengyejing Mine	Weihao Yue, Jianguo Gao, Yuncan Li, Yinghui Liu, and Xinkai Liu (2011): Geology and Exploration 47(5), 809-822

Democratic Republic of Congo (Zaïre)
Kivu Goma Mt Nyiragongo	Bailey, J. C: Formation of cryolite and other aluminofluorides: A petrologic review. Bull. geol. Soc. Denmark, vol. 29, pp. 1-45. Copenhagen, June 10th, 1980

Ethiopia
Afar Province Danakil depression Mount Dallol (Dallol volcano)	Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 94.

Finland
Lapland Region Savukoski Tulppio Sokli carbonatite complex	http://gac.esd.mun.ca/gac_2004/search_abs/sub_program.asp?sess=98&form=10&abs_no=136

France
Languedoc-Roussillon Gard Alès St Julien les Rosiers (St Julien de Valgagues) La Minette	De Ascenção Guedes R. (2006) La calcite et la fluorite de Saint-Julien-les-Rosiers (Gard). Le Règne Minéral, 69, 8-20. (in French)
Lorraine Moselle Château-Salins	No reference listed

Germany
Baden-Württemberg Müllheim Buggingen Potash mine	Braitsch, O., Gunzert, G., Wimmenauer, W., and Thiel, R. (1964): Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 10, 111-124.
Hesse Fulda Neuhof Neuhof-Ellers Potash Works	Krah, O., (1988): Beobachtungen beim Durchbruch eines Basaltganges durch das Kalilager vom Werk Neuhof-Ellers, Der Aufschluss Vol. 39 (2), 103-113
Werra Valley Heringen Wintershall Potash Works	Weiss: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", Weise (Munich), 1990
Phillippsthal Hattorf Potash Works	Weiss: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", Weise (Munich), 1990
Lower Saxony Celle Hänigsen Riedel Potash Works	Weiss: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", Weise (Munich), 1990
Wathlingen Niedersachsen Potash Works	Weiss: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", Weise (Munich), 1990
Göttingen Reyershausen Königshall-Hindenburg Mine	Niemann, H. (1960): Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 7, 137-165.
Hanover Lehrte Bergmannssegen-Hugo Mine	Weiss: "Mineralienfundstellen, Deutschland West", Weise (Munich), 1990
Hansa Mine	Weiss: "Mineralienfundstellen, Deutschland West", Weise (Munich), 1990
Lüneburg Lüneburger Kalkberg	Weiss: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", Weise (Munich), 1990
Solling Volpriehausen Justus I Mine	Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 87.
Mecklenburg-West Pomerania Ludwigslust Lübtheen	Palache, Charles, Harry Berman & Clifford Frondel (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana Yale University 1837-1892, Seventh edition, Volume II, John Wiley & Sons, New York: 9.
Rhineland-Palatinate Eifel Laach lake volcanic complex Kruft Krufter Ofen	Blass, G.; Graf, H.W., Neufunde von bekannten Fundorten (14), Mineralien-Welt 6/4, 37, 1995
Mendig Niedermendig In den Dellen quarries	Blass, G.; Graf, H.W., Neufunde von bekannten Fundorten (14), Mineralien-Welt 6/4, 37, 1995
Thelenberg	Blass, G.; Graf, H.W., Neufunde von bekannten Fundorten (14), Mineralien-Welt 6/4, 37, 1995
Wingertsberg Pumice quarries	Blass, G.; Graf, H.W., Neufunde von bekannten Fundorten (14), Mineralien-Welt 6/4, 37, 1995
Saxony-Anhalt Börde Morsleben Marie Shaft	http://www.mineralienatlas.de/lexikon/index.php/Deutschland/Sachsen-Anhalt/B%C3%B6rde/Morsleben/Schacht%20Marie
Stassfurt Potash deposit Aschersleben Schmidtmannshall	Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 376.
Egeln Tarthun Brefeld	No reference listed
Westeregeln	Naumann, Zirkel: "Elemente der Mineralogie", 13th Ed., 1898
Stassfurt Leopoldshall	Palache, Charles, Harry Berman & Clifford Frondel (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana Yale University 1837-1892, Seventh edition, Volume II, John Wiley & Sons, New York: 8.
Thuringia Bleicherode Wolkramshausen	BOEKE, H.E. (1909): Rinneit, ein neugefundenes eisenchlorürhaltiges Salzmineral.- Centralblatt für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie, 72-75
Sondershausen Glückauf Mine	Palache, Charles, Harry Berman & Clifford Frondel (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana Yale University 1837-1892, Seventh edition, Volume II, John Wiley & Sons, New York: 8.
Thuringian Forest Merkers-Kieselbach Merkers	W.I. Borrisenkow (1968) Zeitschr. für angewandte Geologie 14, 7-10

Hungary
Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén Co. Zempléni Mts. Erdőbénye Mulató Hill

Iceland
Vestmannaeyjar archipelago (Westman islands) Heimaey island Heimaey Eldfell	Mitolo, D., Garavelli, A., Pedersen, L., Balić-Žunić, T., Jakobsson, S.P., Vurro, F. (2008): Mineralogy of actually forming sublimates at Eldfell Volcano, Heimaey (Vestmannaeyjar archipelago), Iceland. Plinius, 34, 322.

Iran
Hormozgan Province Sar Pohl (Puhal; Pukal; Pujal; Pohl; Pol)	Talbot, C., Farhadi, R., and Aftabi, P. (2009): Ore Geology Reviews 35, 352-366.

Italy
Campania Naples Province Somma-Vesuvius Complex Mt Vesuvius (TL)	Palache, Charles, Harry Berman & Clifford Frondel (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana Yale University 1837-1892, Seventh edition, Volume II, John Wiley & Sons, New York: 9.
Sicily Agrigento Province Racalmuto Racalmuto Mine	De Michele, V. (1974). Guida mineralogica d'Italia. Istituto Geografico De Agostini, Novara, 2 vol
Caltanissetta Province San Cataldo Mine	AA. VV., 1996. Collezionare minerali. Hobby & Work.
Catania Province Etna Volcanic Complex Mt Etna	Palache, Charles, Harry Berman & Clifford Frondel (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana Yale University 1837-1892, Seventh edition, Volume II, John Wiley & Sons, New York: 9; AA. VV., 1996. Collezionare minerali. Hobby & Work.
The Cutrona cave	www.cse.speleo.it
Enna Province Pasquasia mine	AA. VV., 1996. Collezionare minerali. Hobby & Work.
Messina Province Lipari Eolie Islands (Aeolian Islands) Stromboli Island	AA. VV., 1996. Collezionare minerali. Hobby & Work.
Vulcano Island La Fossa crater	Italo Campostrini list - 2008

Japan
Kyushu Region Nansei Archipelago Kagoshima Prefecture Iou Island (Iwo Island; Iou-tou; Satsuma-Iou-jima; Satsuma-Iwojima)	(E. Nitta, M. Kimata, M. Hoshino, T. Echigo, S. Hamasaki, H. Shinohara, N. Nishida, T. Hatta, M. Shimizu (2006) “High-temperature sublimate minerals from Iwodake volcano, Satsuma-Iwojima, Kyusyu, Southwestern Japan.” –oral presentation at IMA meeting in Kobe.)
Tokyo Prefecture Izu Archipelago Oushima Island (Ohshima; Oshima) Mt. Mihara	K. Sakurai collection

Kazakhstan
Atyrau Province (Atyrau Oblysy; Atyrau Oblast') Atyrau (Gur'yev) Inder B deposit and salt dome	Pekov, I. (1998) Minerals First discovered on the territory of the former Soviet Union 369p. Ocean Pictures, Moscow

Mexico
Chihuahua Mun. de Aquiles Serdán Santa Eulalia District East Camp San Antonio Mine (San Antonio el Grande Mine)	Megaw, P.K.M., 1990b, Geology and geochemistry of the Santa Eulalia mining district, Chihuahua, Mexico.: Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Arizona, 549 p
Coahuila Mun. de Cuatrociénegas Cuatro Ciénegas (Cuatrociénegas de Carranza; Venustiano Carranza) Limestone caves Rancho Guadalupe cave	Forti, P. et al. (2006): ACTA CARSOLOGICA 35/1, 79–98.
Mexico Mun. de Zacazonapan Tizapa	Bull. Minéral. , 1984, 107, pp. 285-305.

Namibia
Kunene Region Damaraland District Kalkfeld Kalkfeld complex	American Mineralogist, Vol. 84, pp. 1117-1125, 1999.; New Data on Minerals (2004): 39: 50-64

Netherlands
Gelderland Winterswijk Ratum Deep drill	T.G. Nijland, J.C. Zwaan, D. Visser, J. Leloux - De mineralen van Nederland - 2007
Groningen Zuidwending Adolf van Nassau salt mine	http://nlog.nitg.tno.nl/resources/zout/0310300%20Zuidwending%20openbaar%20scan.pdf

New Zealand
North Island Waikato Hauraki Central Maratoto Valley prospect	Simpson et al. , New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics Abstracts, http://www.rsnz.org/publish/nzjgg/2004/009.php http://crownminerals.med.govt.nz/minerals/docs/nzmining/nzmining_up014.pdf http://members.segweb.org/PDF97-2/269_Brth.pdf

Norway
Akershus Eidsvoll (Eidsvold) Minnesund Byrud Emerald Mine	Rondeau, B., Fritsch, E., Peucat, J.-J., Nordrum, F.S. & Groat, L. (2008): Characterization of Emeralds from a historical deposit: Byrud (Eidsvoll), Norway. Gems & Gemology, 44, 108-122
Buskerud Drammen Konnerud Konnerudkollen Mines (Konnerud Mines)	Segalstad, T. V. & Telstø, L. (2002): Mineraldannelsen i Konnerudkollen gruver. Bergverksmuseets Skrift 20, 35-49
Eikeren-Skrim granite complex	Hansteen, T.H. & Burke, E.A. (1994): Aphthitalite in high-temperature fluid inclusions in quartz from the Eikeren-Skrim granite complex, the Oslo paleorift. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 74 (4), 238-240
Øvre Eiker Gunhildrud Bakstevalåsen	Jahren, J.; Berg, H.J.; Hurum, J.H. & Wulff-Pedersen, E. (1998): Nye undersøkelser av amazonitt-genthelvin pegmatitten fra Fiskum, Øvre Eiker. Bergverksmuseets Skrift 14, 13-16
Nordland Lofoten Flakstad Flakstadøy Island Nusfjord
Vest-Agder Farsund Farsund Plutonic Complex	Konnerup-Madsen. J. (1979): Fluid inclusions in quartz from deep-seated granitic intrusions, south Norway. Lithos 12,13-23; Neumann, H. (1985): Norges Mineraler. Norges geologiske Undersøkelse Skrifter 68, p. 49

Poland
Kujawsko-Pomorskie Inowrocław Solno mine	Eligiusz Szełęg collection
Wielkopolskie Klodawa	Jirásek, J.: Solný důl Kłodawa (Polsko). Minerál, 2004, roč. 12, č. 2, s. 98-102. ISSN 1213-0710 (excerpted from unpublished thesis Hanczke, T.: Mineralogia i petrografia soli czechstyńskich kopalni "Kłodawa". Doktroská práce, Uniwersytet Jagiellonski, Instytut nauk geologicznych, 1967.)

Republic of Congo (Brazzaville)
Kouilou Department Holle potash deposit	www.uoguelph.ca/~geology/rocks_for_crops/20congo_rep.PDF
Youbi deposit	Henry Rauche (2009) Updated Reserve and Resource Estimate for MagMinerals Kouilou Potash Project, Republic of Congo

Romania
Alba Co. Apuseni District Rosia Poieni Mine	A.H. Damman et al. , Eur. J. Mineral. , 1996, 8, pp. 1081-1096.

Russia
Eastern-Siberian Region Prebaikalia (Pribaikal'e) Irkutskaya Oblast' Lena-Angara salt Basin Tyret' railway station	Pekov, I. (1998) Minerals First discovered on the territory of the former Soviet Union 369p. Ocean Pictures, Moscow
Lower Tunguska Nepa River basin Nepskoe K salt deposit	American Mineralogist, Volume 87, pages 1509–1513, 2002
Zheleznogorsk Korshunovskoye (Korzunovskoe; Korzhunovska; Korshunovskiy) Iron mine	Mazurov, M.P., Grishina, S.N., Istomin, V.E., and Titov, A.T. (2007): Geology of Ore Deposits 49(4), 271-284.; Mazurov et al (2007) Geology of Ore Deposits, 49, 271–284.
Saha Republic (Sakha Republic; Yakutia) Daldyn-Alakit kimberlite field Daldyn Udachnaya-Vostochnaya pipe	M. Kamenetsky et al. , Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 5, 2003.
Far-Eastern Region Kamchatka Oblast' Tolbachik volcano Great Fissure (Main Fracture) eruption Northern Breakthrough (North Breach) First scoria cone	Pekov, I. (1998) Minerals First discovered on the territory of the former Soviet Union 369p. Ocean Pictures, Moscow
Second scoria cone	L.P. Vergasova et al.: Eur. J. Mineral. 16:533-543 (2004); Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data, Elena Yu. Bykova material
Novaya fumarole	European Journal of Mineralogy; October 2000; v. 12; no. 5; p. 1041-1044
Uzon Caldera	Active Volcanoes of Kamchatka, vol 2, p 140, S.A. Fedotov
Primorskiy Kray Khanka Lake Pavlovskoe REE-coal Deposit	V.V. Seredin data
Sakhalinskaya Oblast' Kuril Islands Iturup Island Kudriavy (Kudryavyi) volcano	http://maurice.strahlen.org/kurilles/kurilles.htm; Yudovskaya, M.A. et al (2007) Zapiski RMO, 136, #5, 45-51.
Urals Region Middle Urals Permskaya Oblast' Kama river Solikamsk Verkhnekamskoe K deposit	P.M. Kartashov data

Seychelles
Africain Island	Gorshkov, A.I., Baturin, G.N., Bogdanova, O.Y., and Magazina, L.O. (2000): Lithology and Mineral Resources 35(2), 183-188.

South Africa
Northwest Province Marico District Abjaters cave	Minerals of South Africa

Spain
Asturias
Catalonia Barcelona Bages Cardona Salt Mountain	Calvo, M. (2006): Minerales y Minas de España. Vol. III, Halogenuros. Museo de Ciencias Naturales de Álava, 267 pp
Extremadura Badajoz Mérida Wollastonite occurrence	J.C. Fernandez-caliani et al. , Eur. J. Mineral. , 1996, 8, pp. 1015-1026.

Sweden
Lappland Kiruna district Pahtohavare Cu-Au deposit	Lindblom, S.,Broman, C. and Martinsson, O.(1996): Magmatic-hydrothermal fluids in the Pahtohavare Cu-Au deposit in greenstone at Kiruna, Sweden. Mineralium Deposita Volume 31: 307-318
Medelpad Sundsvall Alnö	Kresten,P. (1990): The Alnø area (in Swedish). In: Lundqvist, T. (Ed.), Beskrivning Till Bergrundskartan Over Västernorrlands län. Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning serie Ba, 31, 238–278.

Tanzania
Arusha Region Mt. Oldoinyo Lengai (Ol Doinyo Lengai)	Mitchell, R.H. (2006) Mineralogy of stalactites formed by subaerial weathering of natrocarbonatite hornitos at Oldoinyo Lengai, Tanzania. Mineralogical Magazine: 70: 437-444

The Moon
Mare Crisium Luna 24 landing site	P.M. Kartashov data

U.S. Virgin Islands	Alminas, Henry V.; Foord, Eugene E.; Tucker, Robert E. (1994) Geochemistry, mineralogy, and geochronology of the U.S. Virgin Islands USGS Bulletin 2057 36p


UK
England Co. Durham Billingham Billingham anhydrite mine	Mineralogical Magazine 1959 32 : 172-175.
North Yorkshire Eskdale Eskdale No. 3 borehole (Sleights)	Mineralogical Magazine 1951 29 : 667-689.
Eskdale No. 4 borehole (Sneaton)	Mineralogical Magazine 1951 29 : 667-689.
Eskdale No. 6 borehole (Upgang)	Mineralogical Magazine 1951 29 : 667-689.
Loftus Boulby Mine	UK Journal of Mines and Minerals, No. 14 p4-7

Ukraine
Ivano-Frankivs'k Oblast' (Ivanovo-Frankovsk Oblast') Kalusa Salt deposit (Kalusz)	Palache, Charles, Harry Berman & Clifford Frondel (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana Yale University 1837-1892, Seventh edition, Volume II, John Wiley & Sons, New York: 9.; Pekov, I. (1998) Minerals First discovered on the territory of the former Soviet Union 369p. Ocean Pictures, Moscow
L'viv Oblast' (Lviv Oblast'; Lwiw Oblast') Drohobych Stebnyk (Stebnik) salt deposit	Griniv, S. P., Iorysh, Z. I. & Skul'skaya, L. I. (1986): Kalistrontite from the Stebnik deposit of potassium salts. Mineralogicheskii Sbornik (Lvov) 40, 74-78. (in Russian)
Zhytomyr Oblast' (Zhitomir Oblast') Volodarsk-Volynskii (Volodars'k-Volyns'kyy; Wolodarsk-Wolynskii)	Lyckberg, P., Chornousenko, V. & Wilson, W. E. (2009): Volodarsk-Volynski, Zhitomir Oblast, Ukraine. Mineralogical Record, 40, 473-506.; Bailey, J. C: Formation of cryolite and other aluminofluorides: A petrologic review. Bull. geol. Soc. Denmark, vol. 29, pp. 1-45. Copenhagen, June 10th, 1980.

USA
Alabama Clarke Co. Salt swell	Mineralogy of Alabama Geol Surv Ala. Bull 120
Arizona Apache & Navajo Cos. Region including sec. 24; T.18N.; R.25E. & surrounding area	Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 387; Peirce, H.W. (1969), Salines, in Mineral and water resources of AZ, AZ Bur. of Mines Bull. 180: 417-424.
California Imperial Co. Salton Sea	RRUFF Project Specimen ID: R050166
Inyo Co. Deep Springs Valley Deep Springs Lake (Deep Springs Playa)	Jones, Blair Francis (1961), Zoning of saline minerals at Deep Spring Lake, California: USGS PP 424-B, Article 83: B200; Jones, Blair Francis (1965), The hydrology and mineralogy of Deep Spring Lake, Inyo County, California. USGS Professional Paper 502-A, 56 pp.: 44; Murdoch, Joseph & Robert W. Webb (1966), Minerals of California, Centennial Volume (1866-1966): California Division Mines & Geology Bulletin 189: 357.
Kern Co.	No reference listed
Colorado Dolores Co. Paradox Basin	Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckels
Gunnison Co. Dorchester District Taylor Park Italian Mountain	Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
Montezuma Co. Paradox Basin	Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckels
Louisiana Iberia Parish Avery Island (Petite Anse)	R&M 69:3 pp 156-162
Jefferson Island (Lake Peigneur Sulphur mine; Cote Caroline)	R&M 69:3 pp 156-162
Plaquemines Parish Grand Ecaile dome (Lake Washington; Cockrell)	R&M 69:3 pp 156-162
Venice Salt dome	R&M 69:3 pp 156-162
Michigan Midland Co.	Mineralogy of Michigan (2004) Heinrich & Robinson
Newaygo Co.	Mineralogy of Michigan (2004) Heinrich & Robinson
Nevada Humboldt Co. Sulfur District Crofoot-Lewis mine (Hycroft mine) Lewis pit	NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada
Lander Co. Battle Mountain District Copper Canyon mine West orebody	NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada
White Pine Co. Robinson District	NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada
New Mexico Eddy and Lea Counties Carlsbad Potash District	Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 385, 595; Northrop, Minerals of New Mexico, 3rd. rev. ed. (1996)
Eddy Co. Carlsbad	AmMin 47:152
Carlsbad Potash District Intrepid Potash Mine	Keith Christy specimens
Kermac Potash Co. mine	NMBMMR Bull 87 Mineral and Water Resources of New Mexico
Mosaic mine (Union Potash & Chemical Co. mine; International Minerals & Chemical Corp. mine)	NMBMMR Bull 87 Mineral and Water Resources of New Mexico
National Potash Co. mine	NMBMMR Bull 87 Mineral and Water Resources of New Mexico
PCA Mine (Potash Company of America mine)	NMBMMR Bull 87 Mineral and Water Resources of New Mexico
Snowden & McSweeney McNutt no. 1 well	NMBMMR Bull 87 Mineral and Water Resources of New Mexico
Southwest Potash Co. mine	NMBMMR Bull 87 Mineral and Water Resources of New Mexico
U. S. Potash Co. mine (U.S. Borax & Chemical Co.)	NMBMMR Bull 87 Mineral and Water Resources of New Mexico
Lea Co.	Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed.
Lincoln Co. Capitan District	Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed.
New York Livingston Co. Retsof Retsof Mine (Retsof salt mine)	George Robinson & Steven Chamberlain (2007) Gazetteer of major New York State mineral localities. Rocks & Minerals, 82, #6, 472-483.
York Retsof Mine	Jensen (1978) Minerals of New York State, p.164
North Dakota Bottineau Co.	Geology of Bottineau County, North Dakota. Bulletin (North Dakota Geological Survey) ;, 78,
Burke Co.	https://www.dmr.nd.gov/ndgs/Mineral/nd_saltnew.asp
Dunn Co.	https://www.dmr.nd.gov/ndgs/Mineral/nd_saltnew.asp
Texas Duval Co. Palangana salt dome	R&M 66:3 pp 196-224
Jefferson Co. Hamshire Big Hill salt dome	Darrell Munson, Stephen Bauer, Christopher Rautman, Brian Ehgartner, and Allan Sattler (2003) ANALYSIS OF THE MASSIVE SALT FALL IN BIG HILL CAVERN 103 SAND2003-0703
Matagorda Co. Markham dome	R&M 45:6 pp 371-379
Presidio Co. Shafter District Red Hills Cu-Mo deposit	GSA Conference (2001) Paper No. 173-0 THE RED HILLS INTRUSIVE SYSTEM, PRESIDIO COUNTY, TEXAS: THE EASTERNMOST LARAMIDE PORPHYRY COPPER-MOLYBDENUM DEPOSIT IN SOUTHWESTERN NORTH AMERICA
Utah Emery Co. San Rafael District (San Rafael Swell) Spring Canyon Potash Occurrence	U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
Grand Co. Arths Pasture Deposit	U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
Bartlett Flat Occurrence	U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
Crescent Eagle Reeder No. 1 Well Occurrence (Defense Plant Corp.)	U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
Salt Valley Anticline Occurrence	U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
Crescent Junction	UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
Interriver District Beehive Butte Occurrence	U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
Cane Creek potash mine (Texas Gulf Sulfur)	UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
Texas Gulf Sulfur CC-1 Well	UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
Little Grand District (S. E. Green River) Dripping Spring Occurrence	U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
Mineral Canyon Area Dead Man Point Occurrence	U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
Moab District Moab Brine Company Deposit	U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
Paradox Basin	UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
Red Wash Deposit	U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
Seven Mile Anticline	UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
Ten Mile Potash Deposit	U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
The Knoll Deposit	U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
Thompsons District (S. E. Thomsons) Salt Valley Area	UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
San Juan Co. Moab District Lisbon Valley Potash Area Occurrence	U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
Moab Valley	UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
Paradox Basin Shafer No. 1 well	Omer B. Raup and Beth M. Madsen (1986) Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 56, #2, 248-251
Paradox Valley Paradox Valley District	UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
Tooele Co. Bonneville Salt Flats Bonneville Ltd. Potash Plant (Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical Corp.)	U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
Salduro SW Subsurface Brines	U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
Great Salt Flats	UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
Great Salt Lake Desert Floating Island SW Brines Occurrence	U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
Salduro	UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
Salt Flats Subsurface Brines (MRDS - 10087451)	U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
Subsurface Brines Occurrence (MRDS - 10012236)	U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
Subsurface Brines Occurrence (MRDS - 10012249)	U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
Subsurface Brines of Salduro Quadrangle (MRDS - 10087456)	U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
Silver Island Mts Silver Island District (Silver Islet District) Bonneville Racetrack Subsurface Brines	U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
Miners Canyon Quadrangle Subsurface Brines	U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
Tetzlaff Peak Subsurface Brines	U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
Wendover	UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah

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