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Turquoise

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Ottré, Vielsalm, Stavelot Massif, Luxembourg Province, Belgium
© Harjo

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Formula:
Cu(Al,Fe
3+
 
)
 
6
[(OH)
 
4
|(PO
 
4
)
 
2
]
 
2
 · 4H
 
2
O
System:TriclinicColour:bright blue, sky-blue, ...
Hardness:5 - 6
Name:From French "turquoise" meaning "Turkish"; the original material from the south slopes of the Al-Mirsah-Kuh Mountains (Iran), found its way to Europe via Turkey.
Isostructural with:Chalcosiderite


Turquoise Group. Chalcosiderite-Turquoise Series. Planerite-Turquoise Series. The copper analogue of Faustite.

A secondary mineral occurring in the potassic alteration zone of hydrothermal porphyry copper deposits. Also formed by the action of meteoric waters, usually in arid regions, on aluminous igneous or sedimentary rocks (as vein filling in volcanic rocks and phosphatic sediments).

Classification of Turquoise

IMA status:Valid - first described prior to 1959 (pre-IMA) - "Grandfathered"
Strunz 8th edition ID:7/D.15-40
Nickel-Strunz 10th (pending) edition ID:8.DD.15

8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
D : Phosphates, etc. with additional anions, with H2O
D : With only medium-sized cations, (OH, etc.):RO4= 2:1
Dana 7th edition ID:42.9.3.1
Dana 8th edition ID:42.9.3.1

42 : HYDRATED PHOSPHATES, ETC.CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
9 : (AB)7(XO4)4Zq·xH2O
Hey's CIM Ref.:19.2.8

19 : Phosphates
2 : Phosphates of Cu
mindat.org URL:http://www.mindat.org/min-4060.html
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Occurrences of Turquoise

Geological Setting:Secondary mineral in potassic alteration zone of porphry copper deposits. Vein fillings in volcanic rocks and phosphate-rich sediments.

Physical Properties of Turquoise

Lustre:Vitreous, Waxy, Dull
Diaphaneity (Transparency):Transparent, Translucent, Opaque
Comment:Dull to waxy in massive varieties, vitreous in crystals.
Colour:bright blue, sky-blue, pale green, blue-green, turquoise-blue, apple-green, green-gray
Streak:Pale greenish blue to white
Hardness (Mohs):5 - 6
Cleavage:Perfect
on {001}, good on {010}
Fracture:Conchoidal
Density (measured):2.6 - 2.8 g/cm3
Density (calculated):2.91 g/cm3

Crystallography of Turquoise

Crystal System:Triclinic
Class (H-M):1 - Pinacoidal
Space Group:P1
Cell Parameters:a = 7.409(1) Å, b = 7.635(1) Å, c = 9.914(2) Å
α = 111.356°, β = 114.973°, γ = 69.532°
Ratio:a:b:c = 0.97 : 1 : 1.298
Unit Cell Volume:V 449.39 ų
Z:1
Morphology:Crystals rare. Steep pinacoidal crystals exhibiting {010}, {110} and {001}. Fine granular, globular crusts, veinlets, massive.
Crystal Atlas:
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Turquoise no.1 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)

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Structure
  Reference
Kolitsch U Giester G (2000) The crystal structure of faustite and its copper analogue turquoise Locality: Iron Monarch iron ore deposit, South Australia. Mineralogical Magazine 64:905-913.

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More Crystal Structures
Click here to view more crystal structures at the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database
X-Ray Powder Diffraction:
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Radiation - Copper Kα
Data Set:
Horizontal Axis: ° to ° Vertical Axis: % Source Data: Filtered Data: Peaks:
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.

Optical Data of Turquoise

Type:Biaxial (+)
RI values: nα = 1.610 nβ = 1.615 nγ = 1.650
2V:Measured: 40° , Calculated: 44°
Maximum Birefringence:δ = 0.040

Chart shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness) and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:Moderate
Dispersion:r < v strong
Pleochroism:Weak
Comments:X= colorless
Z= pale blue or pale green

Chemical Properties of Turquoise

Formula:
Cu(Al,Fe
3+
 
)
 
6
[(OH)
 
4
|(PO
 
4
)
 
2
]
 
2
 · 4H
 
2
O
Essential elements:Al, Cu, H, O, P
All elements listed in formula:Al, Cu, Fe, H, O, P
Common Impurities:Fe,Ca

Relationship of Turquoise to other Species

Series:Forms a series with Chalcosiderite (see here)
Forms a series with Planerite (see here)
Member of Group:
Turquoise Group:
Common Associates:
WavellitePyriteMontmorilloniteLimoniteKaolinite
ChalcedonyAllophane
Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping):

- +
8.DD.05Chenevixite
Cu
 
2
Fe
3+
2
[(OH)
 
2
|AsO
 
4
]
 
2
8.DD.05Luetheite
Cu
 
2
Al
 
2
[(OH)
 
2
|AsO
 
4
]
 
2
8.DD.10Akrochordite
(Mn
2+
 
,Mg)
 
5
[(OH)
 
2
|AsO
 
4
]
 
2
 · 4H
 
2
O
8.DD.10Guanacoite
Cu
 
2
Mg
 
2
(Mg
 
0.5
Cu
 
0.5
)[(OH)
 
2
|AsO
 
4
]
 
2
 · 4H
 
2
O
8.DD.15Aheylite
(Fe
2+
 
,Zn)Al
 
6
[(OH)
 
4
|(PO
 
4
)
 
2
]
 
2
 · 4H
 
2
O
8.DD.15Chalcosiderite
Cu(Fe
3+
 
,Al)
 
6
[(OH)
 
4
|(PO
 
4
)
 
2
]
 
2
 · 4H
 
2
O
8.DD.15Faustite
(Zn,Cu)Al
 
6
[(OH)
 
4
|(PO
 
4
)
 
2
]
 
2
 · 4H
 
2
O
8.DD.15Planerite
Al
 
6
[(OH)
 
4
|HPO
 
4
|PO
 
4
]
 
2
 · 4 H
 
2
O
8.DD.20Childrenite
(Fe
2+
 
,Mn
2+
 
)Al[(OH)
 
2
|PO
 
4
] · H
 
2
O
8.DD.20Eosphorite
(Mn
2+
 
,Fe
2+
 
)Al[(OH)
 
2
|PO
 
4
] · H
 
2
O
8.DD.20Ernstite
(Mn
2+
 
,Fe
3+
 
)Al[(OH,O)
 
2
|PO
 
4
] · H
 
2
O
Related Minerals - Hey's Index Grouping:

- +
19.2.1Libethenite
Cu
 
2
[OH|PO
 
4
]
19.2.2Cornetite
Cu
 
3
[(OH)
 
3
|PO
 
4
]
19.2.3Reichenbachite
Cu
 
5
[(OH)
 
2
|PO
 
4
]
 
2
19.2.4Ludjibaite
Cu
 
5
[(OH)
 
2
|PO
 
4
]
 
2
19.2.5Pseudomalachite
Cu
 
5
[(OH)
 
2
|PO
 
4
]
 
2
19.2.6Nissonite
Cu
 
2
Mg
 
2
[OH|PO
 
4
]
 
2
 · 5H
 
2
O
19.2.7Zapatalite
Cu
 
3
Al
 
4
[(OH)
 
3
|PO
 
4
]
 
3
 · 4H
 
2
O
19.2.9Sieleckiite
Cu
 
3
Al
 
4
[(OH)
 
6
|PO
 
4
]
 
2
 · 2H
 
2
O
19.2.10Planerite
Al
 
6
[(OH)
 
4
|HPO
 
4
|PO
 
4
]
 
2
 · 4 H
 
2
O
19.2.11Hentschelite
CuFe
3+
2
[OH|PO
 
4
]
 
2
19.2.13Chalcosiderite
Cu(Fe
3+
 
,Al)
 
6
[(OH)
 
4
|(PO
 
4
)
 
2
]
 
2
 · 4H
 
2
O
19.2.14Phosphofibrite
[K
 
<0.5
(H
 
2
O)
 
3
][(Fe
3+
 
,Cu)
 
8
(PO
 
4
)
 
6
(OH)
 
7
(H
 
2
O)
 
4
]

Other Names for Turquoise

Synonyms:
CalaiteCallaicaCallainaCallais (of Pliny)Chalchihuitl (of Blake)
ChalchiteChalchuiteForizegoHydrargillite (of Hausmann)Johnite
Oriental TurquoiseTurquesTurquois
Other Languages:
Arabic:فيروز
Basque:Turkesa
Catalan:Turquesa
Czech:Tyrkys
Dutch:Turkoois
Esperanto:Turkiso
Estonian:Türkiis
Finnish:Turkoosi
French:Turquoise
Turquoise de vieille roche
Galician:Turquesa
Georgian:ფირუზი
German:Türkis
Calait
Chalchit
Chalchuit
Henwoodit
Johnit
Kalait
Kallait
Orientalischer Türkis
Hebrew:טורקיז
Hindi:फीरोजा़
Hungarian:Türkiz
Italian:Turchese
Turchesa
Turchesia
Turchine
Japanese:トルコ石
綠松石
Latin:Turcica
Turquois orientale
Lithuanian:Turkis
Persian:فیروزه
Firuzegi
Polish:Turkus
Portuguese:Turquesa
Quechua:Anqas umiña
Russian:Бирюза
Slovak:Tyrkys
Spanish:Turquesa
Calaita
Chalchita
Chalchuita
Henwoodita
Johnita
Swedish:Turkos
Turkish:Turkuaz
Ukrainian:Бірюза
Vietnamese:Ngọc lam
Varieties:
AgaphiteRashleighite

Other Information

Other Information:Soluble with difficulty in HCl.

Often found as pseudomorphs after orthoclase; also after apatite, bone and teeth.
Health Warning:No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Industrial Uses:Jewelry stone.

References for Turquoise

Reference List:Tavernier (1678) Voy. en Turquie, en Persie, etc., Paris.

Bocconi (1697) Museo di Fisica, etc.: 278 (as Turchine).

Fischer (1806) Mem. Soc. nat. Moscou: 1 (as Turquois orientale).

John (1806) Mem. soc. nat. Moscou: 1 (as Johnite).

John (1807) Journal für Chemie und Physik, Nuremberg: 3: 93 (as Johnite).

Onomasticon Min. Mus. Imp. Moscou (1811) (as Calaite).

Hausmann, J.F.L. (1813) Handbuch der Mineralogie 3 volumes, Göttingen: 444 (as Hydrargillite).

Blake (1883) American Journal of Science: 25: 197 (as Chalchuite).

Dana, E.S. (1892) System of Mineralogy, 6th. Edition, New York: 844.

Carnot (1894) Comptes rendu de l’Académie des sciences de Paris: 118: 995.

Penfield (1900) American Journal of Science: 10: 346.

Schaller (1912) American Journal of Science: 33: 35.

Schaller (1912) Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie, Leipzig: 50: 120.

Pogue, J.E. (1915) The Turquois, a study of its history, mineralogy, geology, ethnology, archaeology, mythology, folklore, and technology. National Academy of Science Mem. 12, part 2, 207 pp.

Davy (1929) Transactions of the Royal Geology Society of Cornwall: 16: 43.

Hintze, Carl (1931) Handbuch der Mineralogie. Berlin and Leipzig. 6 volumes: 1 [3B]: 941.

Ball (1941) Bulletin of the Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution, no. 128 (Uses of turquoise in N. & S. America).

Pearl (1941) Economic Geology: 36: 335.

Northrop (1942) University of New Mexico Bulletin no. 379: 313.

Pearl (1945) Gemmologist, London: 14: 62.

Graham, R. (1947) X-ray study of chalcosiderite and turquoise. University of Toronto Studies, Geology Series, 52, 39–53.

Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 7th edition, revised and enlarged, 1124 pp.: 646.

American Mineralogist (1953): 38: 964.

Cid-Dressner, H. (1965) Determination and refinement of the crystal structure of turquois, CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8 •4H2O. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie, Leipzig: 121: 87–113.

Zeitschrift für Kristallographie: 121: 87-113.

Guthrie, G.D., Jr. and D.L. Bish (1991) Refinement of the turquoise structure and determination of the hydrogen positions. Geological Society of America, Annual Meeting Abstracts with Program, 23(5), 158A (abs.).

Foord, E.E. & Taggart, J.E. (1998): A reexamination of the turquoise group; the mineral aheylite, planerite (redefined), turquoise and coeruleolactite. Mineralogical Magazine, 62, 93-111.

Extra Lapis No. 16 (1999).

Anthony, J.W., Bideaux, R.A., Bladh, K.W., and Nichols, M.C. (2000) Handbook of Mineralogy, Volume IV. Arsenates, Phosphates, Vanadates. Mineral Data Publishing, Tucson, AZ, 680pp.: 606.

Kolitsch, U. and G. Giester (2000): The crystal structure of faustite and its copper analogue turquoise. Mineral. Mag. 64, 905-913.

Internet Links for Turquoise

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  • Raman and XRD data at RRUFF project
  • American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database
  • Search for Turquoise in the Natural History Museum (London) online catalogue
  • Turquoise details from Handbook of Mineralogy (PDF)
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    Localities for Turquoise

    Hide Locality List
    The map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.
    (TL) indicates type locality. ? indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. All other localities listed without reference should be considered as uncertain and unproven until references can be found.
    Argentina
     
    • Córdoba
      • Punilla Department
        • Tanti
    		No reference listed
    Mr. Nelson Valenzuela.
    • Jujuy
    		Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., and Moring, B.C. (2008): US Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1155.
    • Salta
    		Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., and Moring, B.C. (2008): US Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1155.
    Australia
     
    • New South Wales
      • Canbelego Co.
        • Gidalambone
          • Girilambone
    		Chapman, J. R., Sharpe, J. L. and Williams, P. A. (2005): The copper deposits at Girilambone, New South Wales. Australian Journal of Mineralogy, 11, 91-99.
      • Yancowinna Co.
        • Broken Hill
    		Australian Min. 3:1 (1997)
    • Queensland
      • Mt Isa - Cloncurry area
        • Gunpowder District
          • Mount Gordon
    		[MinRec 18:431, 19:471, 19:486]; Day, B. E. & Beyer, B. D. (1996): Some mines of the Mt Isa district. Part 3 - The Mt Oxide mine. Australian J. of Mineralogy 2 (1), 3-10.
    • South Australia
      • Eyre peninsula
        • Middleback Range
          • Iron Knob
    		[MinRec 12:106]
      • Olary Province
        • Manna Hill
    		Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., and Moring, B.C. (2008): US Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1155.
        • Old Boolcoomata Station
      • Yorke Peninsula
        • Kadina
        • Moonta
    		[MinRec 19:412]
    • Tasmania
    		Bottrill & Baker (in prep) Catalogue of minerals of Tasmania
      • Dunorlan
    		Bottrill & Baker (in prep) Catalogue of minerals of Tasmania
      • George Town district
        • Back Creek
    		Bottrill & Baker (in prep) Catalogue of minerals of Tasmania
    • Victoria
      • Gippsland
        • Hoddle Range
          • Fish Creek
    		No reference listed
      • Greta South
      • Lake Boga
    		[AmMin 85:1321]; Am Min 93:691-697
      • Mansfield
      • Merrijig
      • Parish of Edi
    		No reference listed
      • Parish of Moorooduc
      • Romsey
        • View Hill
      • Wangaratta
    • Western Australia
      • Greenbushes Tinfield
    		[MinRec 9:83]
    Min.Mag. 39,577-579(1974)
    Austria
     
    • Lower Austria
      • Waldviertel
        • Mühldorf
    		Martin Slama collection
    • Tyrol
      • North Tyrol
        • Inn valley
          • Brixlegg - Schwaz area
            • Brixlegg - Rattenberg
              • Geyer - Silberberg District
                • Silberberg Mt.
    		Schnorrer, G. and Poeverlein, R. (2002) Schwaz-Brixlegg-Fundstellen: 2. Die Minerale des Stockerstollens bei Brixlegg in Tirol. Aufschluss, 53, 209-228.
    Lapis 19(7/8):13-78 (1994); Schnorrer, G. & Poeverlein, R. (2008): Schwaz-Brixlegger Fundstellen. 6. Die Minerale des Gratlspitz bei Brixlegg in Tirol. Aufschluss 59, 7-28.
    Azerbaijan
     
    • Gədəbəy (Gadabey) District
    		Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., and Moring, B.C. (2008): US Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1155.
    Belgium
     
    • Liège Province
      • Stavelot Massif
        • Lienne valley
          • Lierneux
            • Petit-Sart
    		Uwe Kolitsch collection
    • Luxembourg Province
      • Stavelot Massif
    		Michel Bloindieau
    No reference listed
          • Cahai (Cahay)
    		[www.johnbetts-fineminerals.com]
    Harjo Neutkens
    No reference listed
    Brazil
     
    • North Region
      • Pará
        • Viseu
    		Rev. Esc. Minas vol.57 no.4 Ouro Preto Oct./Dec. 2004
    • Southeast Region
      • Minas Gerais
    		[MinRec 20:394]
      • São Paulo
    		http://www.sbgeo.org.br/597.html
    Bulgaria
     
    • Haskovo Oblast (Khaskovo Oblast)
      • Rhodope Mts
    		Kunov, A. & Mandova, E. (1997): Supergene minerals of the Obichnik Au-Ag deposit (Eastern Rhodopes). Spisanie na Bulgarskoto Geologichesko Druzhestvo 58, 19-24. (in Bulgarian)
        • Spachievo ore field (Spahievo ore field)
    		 Kunov, A. & Petrov, P. (2001): Beaverite from the Chala gold-base metal ore deposit: a new mineral for Bulgaria. Geokhimiya, Mineralogiya i Petrologiya 38, 67-71.
    Chile
     
    • Antofagasta Region
      • El Loa Province
        • Calama
          • Chuquicamata District
    		[MinRec 9:330]
    Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., and Moring, B.C. (2008): US Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1155.
        • Escondida
    		Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., and Moring, B.C. (2008): US Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1155.
      • Tocopilla Province
        • Sierra Gorda District
          • Caracoles
    		A.Molina & M. Dini collections - analysed material
    • Atacama Region
      • Chañaral Province
        • El Salvador district
    		Maurizio Dini database 2007
      • Copiapó Province
        • Zapallar district
    		Samples analysed by Dr. Jochen Schluter (Hamburg University), Germany.
      • Huasco Province
        • Alto del Carmen
    		Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., and Moring, B.C. (2008): US Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1155.
    • Tarapacá Region
      • Iquique Province
        • Pozo Almonte
    		Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., and Moring, B.C. (2008): US Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1155.
    China
     
    • Anhui Province
    		Yang Xiao-Yong, Zheng Yong-Fei, Yang Xue-Ming, Liu Xianghua, and Wang Kuiren (2003): Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Monatshefte 2003(1), 97-112.
    www.gac.ca/activities/abstracts/YK2007_complete.pdf
    [MinRec 18:326, 18:365]
      • Shiyan Prefecture
        • Yun Co.
    		http://nevadagem.com/pages/mineinfo5.html
    http://nevadagem.com/pages/mineinfo5.html
        • Zhushan Co.
    		http://www.smartminerals.com/cina2004/art_hubei.htm
    http://www.smartminerals.com/cina2004/art_hubei.htm
    http://www.smartminerals.com/cina2004/art_hubei.htm
    http://turquoisecenter.com/rough.html
    • Shaanxi Province
      • Shangluo Prefecture
    		Anthony, J.W. et al.: Handbook of Mineralogy
    • Yunnan Province
      • Honghe Autonomous Prefecture
        • Gejiu Co.
    		Huan Zhang, Taiyi Luo, Henmin Gao, Deyun Ma, and Yan Tao (2007): Chinese Journal of Geochemistry 26(4), 439-445.
    Czech Republic
     
    • Bohemia (Böhmen; Boehmen)
      • Karlovy Vary Region
        • Horní Slavkov (Schlaggenwald)
          • Krásno
    		Sejkora, J., Škoda, R. and Ondruš, P., 2006: New naturally occurring mineral phases from the Krásno  Horní Slavkov area, western Bohemia, Czech Republic. Journal of the Czech Geological Society, 51, 159-187.; Sejkora, J., Škoda, R., Ondruš, P., Beran, P. & Susser, C. (2006): Mineralogy of phosphate accumulations in the Huber stock, Krásno ore district, Slavkovský les area, Czech Republic. Journal of the Czech Geological Society 51, 103-147.
            • Vysoký Kámen
    		Sejkora, J., Süsser, C., Plášil, J.: Natrodufrénit a asociace fosfátů, ložisko Vysoký kámen – greisen, Krásno u Horního Slavkova. Bulletin mineralogicko-petrografického oddělení Národního muzea v Praze, 2007, roč. 14-15, s. 116-125; Sejkora, J., Ondruš, P., Fikar, M., Veselovský, F., Mach, Z. & Gabašová, A. (2006): New data on mineralogy of the Vysoký Kámen deposits near Krásno, Slavkovský les area, Czech Republic. Journal of the Czech Geological Society 51, 43-55.
    Democratic Republic of Congo (Zaïre)
     
    • Katanga (Shaba)
      • Katanga Copper Crescent
        • Western area
          • Kolwezi
    		Paul De Bondt.; Paul De Bondt.
      • Kipushi
    		No reference listed
    Egypt
     
    • Sinai Peninsula
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 949.
    Ethiopia
     
    Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 949.
    France
     
    • Auvergne
      • Allier
        • Ébreuil
          • Échassières
    		G. Aubert : "Les coupoles granitiques de Montebras et d'Echassières (Massif Central Français) et la genèse de leur minéralisations (BRGM, 1969); NICOLAS, J. & de ROSEN, A. (1963): Le massif granitique des Colettes (Allier) et ses mineralizations. Bulletin de la Société Française de Minéralogie et de Cristallographie 86, 126-128.
    Pierre Le Roch & Jean-Marc Johannet collections
    J.M. Boisson et al. : "Filon Sainte Barbe, Commune d'Echassières, Allier, France", Le Cahier des Micromonteurs, 2000, 4, 3-46
    de ROSEN, A. (1966): Évolution continue d\'un massif granitique et succession minérale: le massif des Colettes (Échassières, Allier). Deuxième partie: filons, altérations et minéralisations. – Bull. Minéral. Franç. Minéral. Cristallogr., 89, 155-176.
    • Limousin
      • Creuse
        • Boussac
          • Montebras-en-Soumans
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 949.
    • Rhône-Alpes
      • Rhône
    		[Le Cahier des Micromonteurs 1988, 4, p.6-46]
    Germany
     
    • Bavaria
      • Franconia
        • Fichtelgebirge
          • Fichtelberg
            • Mehlmeisel
    		Meier, S. (2007): Das Flötztal im südlichen Fichtelgebirge. Lapis 32, 17-20; 58.
      • Upper Palatinate
        • Oberpfälzer Wald
          • Vohenstrauß
            • Pleystein
    		Dill, H.G., Weber, B. (2009), Pleystein-City on Pegmatite, 4th International Symposium on Granitic Pegmatites, Recife, Brazil.
            • Waidhaus
              • Hagendorf
    		http://www.berthold-weber.de/h_miner.htm
    • Hesse
      • Wetzlar
        • Laufdorf
    		S. Weiß: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", Weise (Munich), 1990
        • Weilburg
          • Essershausen
    		[var: Rashleighite] P Kohorst collection
    • North Rhine-Westphalia
      • Sauerland
        • Meschede
          • Bestwig
    		Wittern: "Mineralfundorte in Deutschland", 2001
        • Sundern
          • Hellefeld
    		Wittern: "Mineralfundorte in Deutschland", 2001
    • Saxony
      • Erzgebirge
        • Schneeberg District
    		J. Gröbner und U. Kolitsch (2005): Neufunde aus dem Bergrevier Schneeberg im Erzgebirge. Lapis 30 (7-8), 71-73; 81-82.
      • Oberlausitz
        • Görlitz
          • Rengersdorf
    		T. Witzke & T. Giesler (1997): Neufunde aus Sachsen (VI): Churchit-(Y), Cyrilovit, Faustit, Kidwellit, Meurigit und Nickelhexahydrit aus der Lausitz.- Lapis 22, 9, 36-38
      • Vogtland
        • Klingenthal
          • Kielberg Mt.
    		Min Rec 39 pp355-367
          • Mühlleithen
    		Fischer, E. (1958): Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 6, 182-189.
    Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 949; H. Vollstädt, R. Baumgärtel: "Einheimische Edelsteine", 2nd. ed., Steinkopff (Dresden), 1977
        • Plauen
    		M Adelt collection
    Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 949.
    • Thuringia
      • Saalfeld
    		Wittern: "Mineralfundorte in Deutschland", 2001
      • Zeulenroda
    		H. Vollstädt, R. Baumgärtel: "Einheimische Edelsteine", 2nd. ed., Steinkopff (Dresden), 1977
    Iran
     
    • Fars Province
      • Shiraz
    		Mousivand, F. (2007): N. Jahrb. Mineral. Abh. 183, 297-315.
    • Kerman Province
    		Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., and Moring, B.C. (2008): US Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1155.
    • Khorasan (Khorassan; Khorasan va Sistan; Khurasan; Khorass; Khoras) Province
      • Ali-Mirsa-Kuh Mts
        • Nishâpûr (Nishabur; Neyshabur)
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 949.
    • West Azarbaijan Province
      • Takab (Takan Tepe)
    		Daliran, F. (2008): Mineralium Deposita 43, 383-404.
    • Yazd Province
    		Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., and Moring, B.C. (2008): Porphyry copper deposits of the world: Database and grade and tonnage models, 2008. US Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1155.
    Ireland
     
    • Co. Kerry
    		Moreton et al. (1995) Irish J. Earth Sciences, 14, 1-5..
    • Co. Limerick
      • Shanagolden
    		No reference listed
    [MinRec 24:392]
    Moreton, S. & Green, D.I. (2005) J. Russ. Soc., 8(2), p.78-80.
    Japan
     
    • Honshu Island
      • Chubu Region
        • Shizuoka Prefecture
          • Shimoda City
            • Rendaiji
    		Takashi Yamada, Tokuhei Tagai, Takeshi Kojiro, Akira Harada, and Yasuhiro Kosuge (1999) Rare Minerals from Kawazu Mine, Shizuoka Prefecture. Chikyu-Wakusei Godo-Taikai Koen-Yoshi (Abstract of the Joint Meeting of the Societies of Earth and Planetary Sciences), conference presentation, Mc-002
      • Kanto Region
        • Tochigi Prefecture
          • Imaichi
    		Masutomi Museum specimens (Kyoto)
    Kazakhstan
     
    • Qaraghandy Oblysy (Karaganda Oblast')
      • Karkaralinsk Rayon
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 949.
    Kenya
     
    • Coast Province
      • Taita Taveta District
    Madagascar
     
    • Tuléar (Toliara) Province
      • Southwestern Region
        • Ampanihy District
    		J.Behier (1963): Carte mineralogique de Madagascar. Archive Serv. Geol.Mad. A 1871
    Mexico
     
    • Baja California Norte
      • Mun. de Ensenada
    		[www.johnbetts-fineminerals.com]
    Panczner(1987):383.
    Panczner(1987):383.
    Panczner (1987): 383.
    Panczner (1987): 383.
        • El Rosario
    		Panczner(1987):383.
    Panczner(1987):383.
    • Sonora
    		P Cristofono collection
      • Mun. de Cananea
        • Cuitaca
    		Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., and Moring, B.C. (2008): US Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1155.
      • Mun. de Nacozari de García
        • La Caridad
    		Panczner(1987).
      • Mun. de Onavas
        • Santa María
    		Panczner(1987):383.
    • Zacatecas
      • Mun. de Concepción del Oro
        • Concepción del Oro
    		Panczner(1987).
      • Mun. de Mazapil
        • Mazapil
    		Panczner (1987): 383.
    Panczner (1987): 383.
    Panczner (1987): 383.
        • Santa Rosa
    		Panczner (1987): 143-398.
    Mongolia
     
    • Bulgan Aimag
      • Erdenet
    		Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., and Moring, B.C. (2008): US Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1155.
    Norway
     
    • Telemark
      • Notodden
        • Lake Heddal
    		K. Brastad (1980, pers. com.); Neumann (1985, p. 126).+ Werner, R. (1998): Tinfos jernverks kvartsbrudd. STEIN 25 (2), 6-7
    Papua New Guinea
     
    • Western Province (Fly Province)
      • Star Mts
        • Mount Fubilan
    		Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., and Moring, B.C. (2008): US Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1155.
    Peru
     
    • Moquegua Department
      • Mariscal Nieto Province
        • Tala
    		Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., and Moring, B.C. (2008): US Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1155.
    Poland
     
    • Lower Silesia (Dolnośląskie)
      • Gogołów-Jordanów Massif
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 949.
    Portugal
     
    • Évora District
      • Vila Viçosa
        • Pardais
    		[var: Rashleighite]
    • Guarda District
      • Sabugal
    		Schnorrer-Köhler (1991), Mineral Occurrences.
    • Viseu District
      • Vila Nova de Paiva
        • Queiriga
    Rwanda
     
    • Western Province
      • Gatumba District
    		F. Hatert, P. Lefèvre, A.M. Fransolet, M.R. Spirlet, F. Fontan, P. Keller : "Ferrorosemaryite, []NaFe2+Fe3+Al(PO4)3, a new phosphate mineral from the Rubindi pegmatite, Rwanda", Bull. Liaison S.F.M.C., Vol. 16, 2004, pp 44-45.
    Senegal
     
    • Tambacounda Region
      • Falémé River basin
        • Saraya
    		Gineste, C. & Bantsimba, C. (2005): Sénégalite et phosphates associés de Kouroudiako, Falémé, Sénégal. Le Règne Minéral, 65, 13-24.
    • Thiès Region
      • Taiba
    		http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/micheelsenite.pdf.
    South Africa
     
    • Northern Cape Province
    		Minerals of South Africa
      • Bushmanland
        • Koenabib farm
    		No reference listed
      • Keimoes
    		Minerals of South Africa
    Spain
     
    • Castile and Leon
      • Salamanca
        • Golpejas
      • Zamora
    		[MinRec 25:222]; Eugeni Bareche specimens
    • Catalonia
      • Barcelona
        • Baix Llobregat
    		Camprubí, A., Melgarejo, J.C., Proenza, J.A., Costa, F., Bosch, J., Estrada, A., Borrell, F., Yushkin, N.P., Andreichev, V.L., 2003. Mining and geological knowledge during the Neolithic: a geological study on the variscite mines at Gavà, Catalonia. Episodes, v. 26 (4), p. 295-301.
            • Bruguers
    		Bareche, E (2005) "Els minerals de Catalunya. Segle XX" Ed. Grup Mineralògic Català, Barcelona, 269 p.
    • Galicia
      • Pontevedra
        • Tomiño
    		Cesar M. Salvan; Juan Usoz
    U.S. Virgin Islands
     
    • St. John
    		Alminas, Henry V.; Foord, Eugene E.; Tucker, Robert E. (1994) Geochemistry, mineralogy, and geochronology of the U.S. Virgin Islands USGS Bulletin 2057 36p
    UK
     
    • England
      • Cornwall
        • Liskeard District
          • Caradon & Phoenix Area (South-Eastern Bodmin Moor)
            • Linkinhorne
    		[var: Rashleighite] Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 7th edition, revised and enlarged, 1124 pp.: 951.
          • St Neot Area
    		No reference listed
        • St Agnes District
          • Newlyn East
    		[var: Rashleighite] No reference listed
    No reference listed
          • Belowda Area
            • St Columb Major
    		[var: Rashleighite] No reference listed
          • Fraddon
    		[MinRec 12:350-352]
          • Luxulyan Area (Luxulian Area)
            • Hensbarrow Downs
              • Bugle
    		[var: Rashleighite] No reference listed
    [MinRec 12:350-352]
              • Stenalees
    		[var: Rashleighite] No reference listed
        • St Just District
          • Botallack - Pendeen Area
            • Botallack
              • Botallack Mine
    		No reference listed
        • Wadebridge District
    		[var: Rashleighite]
      • Cumbria
        • North and Western Region (Cumberland)
          • Caldbeck Fells
    		No reference listed
    USA
     
    • Alabama
      • Clay Co.
    		[MinRec 9:390-391]
        • Idaho District
          • Gold Mines Creek
    		Rocks & Min.:58:61.
    Mineralogy of Alabama Geol Surv Ala. Bull 120
      • Cleburne Co.
    		Rocks & Min 70:5 pp 320-333
      • Coosa Co.
        • Weogufta
    		Mineralogy of Alabama Geol Surv Ala. Bull 120
    • Arizona
      • Cochise Co.
        • Dragoon Mts
    		Galbraith, F.W. & D.J. Brennan (1959), Minerals of AZ: 74.
            • Courtland
              • Casey Hill
    		MRDS database Dep. ID file #10046265, MRDS ID #M241147.
            • Gleeson
    		Univ. AZ Bull. 41 (1916-17), Mineralogy of Useful Minerals in AZ: 59.
    Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 404; Crawford, W.P. & F. Johnson (1937), Turquoise deposits of Courtland, Arizona: Econ.Geol.: 32: 511-523.
            • Turquoise Mountain
    		Keith, Stanton B. (1973), Arizona Bureau of Mines Bull. 187, Index of Mining Properties in Cochise County, AZ: 81.
        • Mule Mts
          • Warren District
    		[MinRec 12:314-316]
    Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 404; Galbraith, F.W. & D.J. Brennan (1959), Minerals of AZ: 74.
    Galbraith, F.W. & D.J. Brennan (1959), Minerals of AZ: 74.
              • Sacramento Hill
    		No reference listed
        • Sulphur Springs Valley
          • Pearce Hills
            • Pearce District
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 404; Guild, F.N. (1910), The mineralogy of Arizona, The Chemical Publishing Co., Easton, PA; Galbraith, F.W. & D.J. Brennan (1959), Minerals of AZ: 74.
        • Tombstone Hills
    		[www.johnbetts-fineminerals.com]
    Self collected by Brent Thorne
      • Gila Co.
        • Fort Apache Indian Reservation
          • Canyon Creek
    		Moore, Richard T. (1968), AZ Bur. of Mines Bull. 177: 54-55.
    MRDS database Dep. ID #10161389, MAS ID #0040070672.
    Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 404.
          • Miami-Inspiration District
            • Inspiration
              • Castle Dome area (Castle Dome Mine area; Pinto Valley Mine area)
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 404; Peterson, N.P., et al (1946), Hydrothermal alteration in the Castle Dome copper deposit, AZ, Econ.Geol.: 41: 820-840; Peterson, N.P. (1962), Geology and ore deposits of the Globe-Miami district, AZ, USGS PP 342; Peterson, N.P., et al (1951), Geology and ore deposits of the Castle Dome area, Gila Co., USGS Bull. 971; Simmons, W.W. & J.E. Fowells (1966), Geology of the Copper Cities Mine, in S.R. Titley and C.L. Hicks (eds.), Geology of the porphyry copper deposits, southwestern North America, Univ. of AZ Press, Tucson: 151-156; Galbraith, F.W. & D.J. Brennan (1959), Minerals of AZ: 74.
            • Miami
              • Sleeping Beauty Peak
                • Copper Cities Mine area
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 125, 404; Peterson, N.P. (1954), Copper Cities copper deposit, Globe-Miami district, AZ, Econ.Geol.: 49, 362-377; Peterson, N.P. (1962), Geology and ore deposits of the Globe-Miami district, AZ, USGS PP 342: 76; Peterson, N.P., et al (1951), Geology and ore deposits of the Castle Dome area, Gila Co., USGS Bull. 971; Peterson, N.P., et al (1946), Hydrothermal alteration in the castle Dome copper deposit, AZ, Econ.Geol.: 41: 820-840; Peterson, N.P. (1962), Geology and ore deposits of the Globe-Miami District, Arizona, USGS PP 342: 91.
    Charles Mila specimen
      • Graham Co.
        • Gila Mts
          • Lone Star District (Safford District; Dos Pobres District)
            • Sanchez
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 106, 261, 404; Robinson, R.F. & A. Cook (1966), The Safford copper deposit, Lone Star mining district, Graham Co., AZ, in S.R. Titley and C.L. Hicks (editors), Geology of the porphyry copper deposits, southwestern North America, Univ. AZ Press, Tucson: 251-266.
        • Greasewood Mountain
          • O-Bar-O Canyon
    		MRDS database Dep. ID #10209994.
      • Greenlee Co.
        • Shannon Mts
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 404; Moolick, R.T. & J.J. Durek (1966), The Morenci district, in S.R. Titley and C.L. Hicks (editors), Geology of the porphyry copper deposits, southwestern North America, Univ. AZ Press, Tucson: 221-231.
    Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 107, 137, 404.
            • Morenci
    		MRDS database Dep. ID #10027138, MRDS ID #M002216.
      • Maricopa Co.
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 404.
    Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 404; Galbraith, F.W. & D.J. Brennan (1959), Minerals of AZ: 87.
    MRDS file #10113372.
      • Mohave Co.
    		MRDS file #10113287.
        • Cerbat Mts (Cerbat Range)
    		MRDS file #10259054.
          • Wallapai District
    		Sterrett, D.B. (1908), Precious stones: Mineral Resources of the U.S., 1908, Part 2; MRDS file #10027775.
            • Cerbat District
              • Cerbat
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 405; Frenzel, A.B. (1898), A turquoise deposit in Mohave Co., AZ, Engr,Mining Jour,: 66:24.
            • Mineral Park District
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd. ed.: 404; Eidel, J.J., et al (1968), Copper-molybdenum mineralization at Mineral Park, Mohave Co., AZ, in J.D. Ridge (ed.), Ore deposits of the United States, 1933-1967, A.I.M.E.: 1258-1281; Sterrett, D.B. (1908), Turquoise-Mineral Park area, in Mineral Resources of the United States, USGS: 847-852; Crawford, W.P. & Johnson, F. (1937), Turquoise deposits of Courtland, AZ, Econ.Geol.: 32:511-523; Thomas, B.E. (1949), Ore deposits of the Wallapai district, AZ, Econ.Geol.: 44:663-705; Schrader, F.C. (1907), The mineral deposits of the Cerbat Range, Black Mountains, and Grand Wash Cliffs, Mohave Co., AZ, USGS Bull. 340: 53-83; Guild, F.N. (1910), The mineralogy of AZ, The Chemical Publishing Co., Easton, PA.
    Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd. ed.: 107; Galbraith, F.W. & Brennan (1959), Minerals of AZ: 74.
              • Mineral Park
    		[www.johnbetts-fineminerals.com]
      • Pima Co.
        • Ajo District
          • Little Ajo Mts
            • Ajo
    		Thomas, W.J. & R.B. Gibbs (1983), Famous mineral localities: The New Cornelia mine, Ajo, AZ, Min.Rec.: 14: 283-298.
        • Empire Mts
          • Empire District
            • Hilton (Lead Mountain)
              • Copper Camp
                • Hilton Mines (Hilton Mine group; Hiltano group; Hiltano & State of Maine group)
                  • Prince Mine group
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 158.
        • Sierrita Mts
          • Pima District (Olive District; Mineral Hill District; Twin Buttes District)
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 107, 405; Schmidt, H.A., et al (1959), Disseminated deposits at the Esperanza copper mine, in Southern AZ Guidebook II, AZ Geol. Soc. Digest: 2: 205.
            • Twin Buttes
    		Galbraith, F.W. (1947), Minerals of Arizona, AZ Bur. Mines Bull. 153: 405.
        • Silver Bell Mts
          • Silver Bell District
            • Mineral Mountain
              • Silver Bell Mine
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 399.
    Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 399, 405.
            • Vaca Hills
    		MRDS database Dep. ID file #10039891, MRDS ID #M051061.
    MRDS database Dep. ID file #10095454, MRDS ID #M051062.
    MRDS database Dep. ID file #10039893, MRDS ID #M051065.
    MRDS database Dep. ID file #10095455, MRDS ID #M051066.
      • Pinal Co.
        • Riverside District
          • Kelvin
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 399, 405; Galbraith, F.W. & D.J. Brennan (1959), Minerals of AZ: 74.
    Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 405.
    • Arkansas
      • Montgomery Co.
        • Mauldin Mt.
    		Rocks & Min.: 56:190.
        • North Mountain
    		Rocks & Min.: 63:113; 64:294; Sick (1984).
      • Polk Co.
        • Gilham
          • Porter Mountain
    		Rocks & Min.: 64:295.
        • Shady
    		Rocks & Min.:64:297-298.
    Am Min 51:1811-1814
      • Pulaski Co.
        • Ferndale
    		Rocks & Min.:63:120 & 64:296; Stone, et al (1973).
    • California
      • San Benito Co.
        • Panoche Valley
          • Llanada
    		Murdoch, Joseph & Robert W. Webb (1966), Minerals of California, Centennial Volume (1866-1966): California Division Mines & Geology Bulletin 189: 375; Mrose, M.E., Meyrowitz, R., Alfors, J.T., and Chesterman, C.W. (1967) Nissonite. American Mineralogist: 52: 927 (297 ?); Pemberton, H. Earl (1983), Minerals of California: 322.
      • San Bernardino Co.
    		[MinRec 8:282]
    Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 950.
        • Turquoise Mountain District
          • Turquoise Mountain
    		[www.johnbetts-fineminerals.com]
        • Turquoise Mts
    		Wright, L.A., et al (1953), Mines and mineral resources of San Bernardino County, California: California Journal of Mines and Geology: 49: tabulated list, No. 434: 149; Sinkankas, J. (1959) Gemstones of North America. D. Van Nostrand Co., New York, 675 pp.: 227; Pemberton, H. Earl (1964b), Place names in the Turquoise Mountains The Mineralogist: 32: 10-13 October 1964; Pemberton, H. Earl (1983), Minerals of California; Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 322.
      • San Luis Obispo Co.
    		Murdoch, Joseph & Robert W. Webb (1966), Minerals of California, Centennial Volume (1866-1966): California Division Mines & Geology Bulletin 189: 376.
    • Colorado
      • Conejos Co.
    		"Minerals of Colorado, updated & revised", p. 13, by Eckel, Edwin B., 1997
      • Eagle Co.
    		NMBMMR New Mexico Mineral symposium (2002) pp. 11-12
      • Lake Co.
        • Leadville District
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 950; Mineralogical Record: 16: 171-201.
        • St. Kevin - Independence
    		NMBMMR New Mexico Mineral symposium (2002) pp. 11-12; USGS: Geological Survey Circular 321
    NMBMMR New Mexico Mineral symposium (2002) pp. 11-12
    NMBMMR New Mexico Mineral symposium (2002) pp. 11-12
      • Mineral Co.
    		NMBMMR New Mexico Mineral symposium (2002) pp. 11-12
      • Rio Grande Co.
    		NMBMMR New Mexico Mineral symposium (2002) pp. 11-12
          • South Mountain
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckels
      • Saguache Co.
        • Bonanza District (Kerber Creek District)
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 950; U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
        • Cotton Creek
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckels
      • Teller Co.
    		Rock & Gem, September 2001, pp. 48-51
          • Cripple Creek
    		Min Rec 36:2 pp143-185
    NMBMMR New Mexico Mineral symposium (2002) pp. 11-12
    Min Rec 36:2 pp143-185
    NMBMMR New Mexico Mineral symposium (2002) pp. 11-12
    • Montana
      • Silver Bow Co.
        • Butte District
    		The Mineralogy of The Butte District, Montana; Guilbert and Zeihen
    • Nevada
      • Churchill Co.
        • Fairview District
    		NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada
      • Clark Co.
        • Crescent District
    		[www.johnbetts-fineminerals.com]
    NBMG Bull 62 Geology and Mineral Deposits of Clark County, Nevada
    NBMG Bull 62 Geology and Mineral Deposits of Clark County, Nevada
    NBMG Bull 62 Geology and Mineral Deposits of Clark County, Nevada
    NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada
        • Las Vegas District
    		NBMG Rept 17 Turquoise Deposits of Nevada (1968)
    Rob Lavinsky
      • Douglas Co.
        • Buckskin District
    		NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada
      • Elko Co.
        • Beaver District
    		NBMG Bull 106 Geology and Mineral Resources of Elko County, Nevada
        • Carlin District
    		NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada
        • Merrimac District
    		NBMG Rept 17 Turquoise Deposits of Nevada (1968)
        • Railroad District
    		NBMG Bull 106 Geology and Mineral Resources of Elko County, Nevada
        • Swales Mountain District
    		NBMG Bull 106 Geology and Mineral Resources of Elko County, Nevada
        • Wells District
    		NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada
      • Esmeralda Co.
    		Rocks & Minerals, Nov. 1999
    NBMG Bull 78 Geology and Mineral Deposits of Esmeralda County, Nevada
    NBMG Rept 17 Turquoise Deposits of Nevada (1968)
    NBMG Bull 78 Geology and Mineral Deposits of Esmeralda County, Nevada
    NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada
        • Coaldale District
    		NBMG Rept 17 Turquoise Deposits of Nevada (1968)
    NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada
    NBMG Rept 17 Turquoise Deposits of Nevada (1968)
    NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada
    NBMG Bull 78 Geology and Mineral Deposits of Esmeralda County, Nevada
    NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada
        • Crow Springs District
    		NBMG Bull 78 Geology and Mineral Deposits of Esmeralda County, Nevada
    NBMG Rept 17 Turquoise Deposits of Nevada (1968)
        • Gilbert District
    		NBMG Bull 78 Geology and Mineral Deposits of Esmeralda County, Nevada
    NBMG Rept 17 Turquoise Deposits of Nevada (1968)
    NBMG Bull 78 Geology and Mineral Deposits of Esmeralda County, Nevada
        • Klondyke District
    		NBMG Rept 17 Turquoise Deposits of Nevada (1968)
        • Lone Mountain District
    		 MacFall, 1951. Gem Hunter's Guide, 1st ed. & NBMG Rept. 17
    NBMG Rept 17 Turquoise Deposits of Nevada (1968)
    NBMG Rept 17 Turquoise Deposits of Nevada (1968)
        • Rock Hill District
    		NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada
        • Royston District
    		NBMG Bull 78 Geology and Mineral Deposits of Esmeralda County, Nevada
    NBMG Bull 78 Geology and Mineral Deposits of Esmeralda County, Nevada
      • Eureka Co.
        • Cortez District
    		NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada
        • Lynn District
    		NBMG Rept 17 Turquoise Deposits of Nevada (1968)
    NBMG Rept 17 Turquoise Deposits of Nevada (1968)
        • Maggie Creek District
    		NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada
      • Humboldt Co.
        • Iron Point District
          • Valmy
    		Proceedings of the Russian Mineralogical Society, 135(6), 2006, pp 13–18; Dr. William S. Wise presentation to Northwest Micro Mineral Study Group on 1 May 2004, Update on Mineralogy of the Silver Coin Mine, Iron Point District, Edna Mountains, Humboldt Co., Nevada
    [MinRec 23:425]
      • Lander Co.
        • Battle Mountain District
    		NBMG Bull 80 Geology and Mineral Deposits of Lander County, Nevada
    NBMG Bull 80 Geology and Mineral Deposits of Lander County, Nevada
    NBMG Bull 80 Geology and Mineral Deposits of Lander County, Nevada
        • Bullion District
    		NBMG Bull 80 Geology and Mineral Deposits of Lander County, Nevada
    NBMG Bull 80 Geology and Mineral Deposits of Lander County, Nevada
    NBMG Bull 80 Geology and Mineral Deposits of Lander County, Nevada
    NBMG Bull 80 Geology and Mineral Deposits of Lander County, Nevada
    NBMG Bull 80 Geology and Mineral Deposits of Lander County, Nevada
    NBMG Bull 80 Geology and Mineral Deposits of Lander County, Nevada
    NBMG Bull 80 Geology and Mineral Deposits of Lander County, Nevada
    NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada
    NBMG Bull 80 Geology and Mineral Deposits of Lander County, Nevada
    NBMG Bull 80 Geology and Mineral Deposits of Lander County, Nevada
    NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada
    NBMG Bull 80 Geology and Mineral Deposits of Lander County, Nevada
    NBMG Bull 80 Geology and Mineral Deposits of Lander County, Nevada
    NBMG Bull 80 Geology and Mineral Deposits of Lander County, Nevada
    NBMG Bull 80 Geology and Mineral Deposits of Lander County, Nevada
    NBMG Bull 80 Geology and Mineral Deposits of Lander County, Nevada
    NBMG Rept 17 Turquoise Deposits of Nevada (1968)
    NBMG Bull 80 Geology and Mineral Deposits of Lander County, Nevada
    NBMG Bull 80 Geology and Mineral Deposits of Lander County, Nevada
        • Callaghan Ranch District
    		NBMG Bull 80 Geology and Mineral Deposits of Lander County, Nevada
    NBMG Bull 80 Geology and Mineral Deposits of Lander County, Nevada
    NBMG Bull 70 Geology and Mineral Resources of Washoe and Storey Counties, Nevada
        • Carico Lake District
    		NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
        • Cortez District
    		NBMG Bull 80 Geology and Mineral Deposits of Lander County, Nevada
    NBMG Bull 80 Geology and Mineral Deposits of Lander County, Nevada
    NBMG Bull 80 Geology and Mineral Deposits of Lander County, Nevada
    NBMG Bull 80 Geology and Mineral Deposits of Lander County, Nevada
        • Hilltop District
    		NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada
    NBMG Bull 80 Geology and Mineral Deposits of Lander County, Nevada
        • New Pass District
    		NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada
    NBMG Bull 80 Geology and Mineral Deposits of Lander County, Nevada
        • Ravenswood District
    		NBMG Bull 80 Geology and Mineral Deposits of Lander County, Nevada
    NBMG Bull 80 Geology and Mineral Deposits of Lander County, Nevada
      • Lincoln Co.
    		NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada
      • Lyon Co.
        • Yerington District
          • Carson Hill
    		NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
    NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
    NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada
          • Yerington
    		Rocks & Minerals, Nov. 1999
    Pullman, Steven, and Thomssen, Richard, "Nevada Mineral Locality Index" Rocks & Minerals, Vol. 74 No. 6. pg. 375
    NBMG Rept 17 Turquoise Deposits of Nevada (1968)
    NBMG Rept 17 Turquoise Deposits of Nevada (1968)
      • Mineral Co.
        • Candelaria District
    		NBMG Rept 17 Turquoise Deposits of Nevada (1968)
    NBMG Rept 17 Turquoise Deposits of Nevada (1968)
          • Candelaria Silver mine
    		Collection of Kelly Starnes 1990
    NBMG Bull 58 Geology and Mineral Resources of Mineral County, Nevada
    NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada
        • Pilot Mountains District
          • Mina
    		Rocks & Min.: 24:145.
    NBMG Bull 58 Geology and Mineral Resources of Mineral County, Nevada
    NBMG Rept 17 Turquoise Deposits of Nevada (1968)
    NBMG Rept 17 Turquoise Deposits of Nevada (1968)
    NBMG Rept 17 Turquoise Deposits of Nevada (1968)
        • Silver Star District
    		NBMG Rept 17 Turquoise Deposits of Nevada (1968)
      • Nye Co.
        • Belmont District
    		NBMG Bull 99B Geology and Mineral Resources of Northern Nye County, Nevada
    NBMG Bull 99B Geology and Mineral Resources of Northern Nye County, Nevada
    NBMG Bull 99B Geology and Mineral Resources of Northern Nye County, Nevada
        • Cactus Springs District
    		NBMG Bull 77 Geology and Mineral Resources of Southern Nye County, Nevada
    NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada
    NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada
        • Manhattan District
    		NBMG Bull 99B Geology and Mineral Resources of Northern Nye County, Nevada
        • Morey District
    		NBMG Bull 99B Geology and Mineral Resources of Northern Nye County, Nevada
        • Northumberland District
          • Stoneberger Creek
    		NBMG Bull 99B Geology and Mineral Resources of Northern Nye County, Nevada
        • Republic District
    		NBMG Rept 17 Turquoise Deposits of Nevada (1968)
        • Royston District
    		NBMG Bull 99B Geology and Mineral Resources of Northern Nye County, Nevada
    NBMG Bull 99B Geology and Mineral Resources of Northern Nye County, Nevada
    NBMG Bull 99B Geology and Mineral Resources of Northern Nye County, Nevada
        • Tonopah District
    		NBMG Bull 99B Geology and Mineral Resources of Northern Nye County, Nevada
          • Tonopah
    		Rocks & Min.:7:96.
    Rocks & Min.:7:96.
    NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada
    Rocks & Min.: 7: 94-95.
        • Tybo District
    		NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
      • Pershing Co.
    		NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada
      • Storey Co.
    		NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada
      • White Pine Co.
    		NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada
    • New Jersey
    		Gems and Minerals of America - Jay Ellis Ransom-1974
    • New Mexico
      • Doña Ana Co.
    		Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed.
    No reference listed
      • Grant Co.
        • Burro Mountains District
          • Tyrone Area
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 949.
    USGS Prof Paper 973F
    NMBMMR Bull 83 Mineral Deposits of Western Grant County, New Mexico
    NMBMMR Bull 83 Mineral Deposits of Western Grant County, New Mexico
    Minerals of New Mexico, 3rd Edition; D. Court Collection
        • Eureka District
    		NMBMMR New Mexico Mineral symposium (2001) pp. 18-19
    NMBMMR New Mexico Mineral symposium (2001) pp. 18-19
    NMBMMR New Mexico Mineral symposium (2001) pp. 18-19
    NMBMMR New Mexico Mineral symposium (2001) pp. 18-19
    NMBMMR New Mexico Mineral symposium (2001) pp. 18-19
    Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed.
    Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed.
        • Georgetown District
          • San Lorenzo
    		Timothy Hanson, 1994 Mineralogical Record pp 195-202 "Copper Roses from the Rose Mine, Near San Lorenzo, New Mexico"
        • Hanover-Fierro District
    		NMBMMR Mineral Museum no. 12485
    Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed.
          • Santa Rita
    		Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed.
        • White Signal District
    		NMBMMR Bull 83 Mineral Deposits of Western Grant County, New Mexico
    NMBMMR Bull 83 Mineral Deposits of Western Grant County, New Mexico
      • Hidalgo Co.
    		Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed.
    Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed.
      • Lincoln Co.
        • Nogal District
    		NMBMMR Circular 123 Mineral Deposits of Nogal and Bonito Mining Districts New Mexico
    NMBMMR Circular 123 Mineral Deposits of Nogal and Bonito Mining Districts New Mexico
      • Otero Co.
    		Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed.
      • Santa Fe Co.
    		NMBMMR Bull 81 Summary of the Mineral Resources of Bernalillo, Sandoval, and Santa Fe Counties, New Mexico
    Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed.
          • Los Cerrillos Mts.
    		Rocks & Min.: 21:670.
    Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed.
      • Socorro Co.
    		Northrop, Minerals of New Mexico, 3rd Rev. ed., 1996
          • Bingham
    		[MinRec 23:425]
    Mineralogical Record: 26(5): 483.
    A Listing of North Carolina Minerals- Leonard S. Wiener and Sigrid Ballew-1995
    William Robertson - Mystic Mountain Trading Post and Mining Company
    • Pennsylvania
      • Cumberland Co.
        • Mount Holly Springs
    		[MinRec.: 11:311]
      • Northampton Co.
        • Lower Saucon Township
          • Hellertown
    		[MinRec 11:311]
    • South Dakota
      • Custer Co.
        • Custer District
          • Fourmile
    		Rocks & Minerals: 75(3): 156-169.
    • Texas
      • Culberson Co.
        • Guadalupe Mts
    		Rocks & Minerals: 66(3): 196-224.
    McFall, 1951. Gem Hunter's Guide
      • Hudspeth Co.
        • Carizzo Mts
    		R&M 66:3 pp 196-224
    R&M 66:3 pp 196-224
    R&M 66:3 pp 196-224
    • Utah
      • Salt Lake Co.
        • Oquirrh Mts
          • Bingham District (West Mountain District)
    		UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
      • Tooele Co.
        • Sheeprock Mts
          • East Erickson District
    		UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah; U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
    U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
    UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
    • Virginia
      • Campbell Co.
        • James River-Roanoke River Manganese District
          • Lynch Station
    		Minerals of Virginia 1990 by R. V. Dietrich
      • Louisa Co.
        • Gold-Pyrite Belt
          • Mineral
    		Minerals of Virginia 1990 by R. V. Dietrich
      • Rockbridge Co.
        • Lyndhurst-Vesuvius District
    		MinRec: 10:49; Rocks & Min.: 57:20-22 & 60:168.
    Uzbekistan
     
    • Kyzylkum Desert
      • Central Kyzylkum Region
        • Auminzatau Mts
    		Pavel M. Kartashov data
        • Bukantau Mts
    		Pechenkin, V.G., and Pechenkin, I.G. (2005): Lithology and Mineral Resources 40(5), 462-471.
    • Samarkand (Samarqand) Viloyati
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 949.
    • Tashkent (Toshkent) Viloyati
      • Almalyk
    		Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., and Moring, B.C. (2008): US Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1155.
    Mineral and/or Locality
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