Zeunerite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Zeunerite
Gustav Anton Zeuner
Formula:
Cu(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 12H2O
Water content was previously thought to range between 10 and 16 H2O.
Colour:
Yellow-green, emerald-green
Lustre:
Sub-Vitreous, Resinous, Waxy
Hardness:
2½
Specific Gravity:
3.47
Crystal System:
Tetragonal
Member of:
Name:
Named by A. Weisbach in 1872 in honor of Gustav Anton Zeuner (30 November 1828, Chemnitz, Saxony, Germany – 17 October 1907, Desden, Saxony, Germany), physicist and engineer. He was Director of the School of Mines, Freiberg, Saxony, Germany when the mineral was described.
Autunite Group.
A secondary mineral occurring in the oxidised zones of arsenic-bearing hydrothermal uranium deposits.
Easily dehydrates to Metazeunerite.
A secondary mineral occurring in the oxidised zones of arsenic-bearing hydrothermal uranium deposits.
Easily dehydrates to Metazeunerite.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
4397
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:4397:3
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
4ecaa653-274d-4561-8087-dd99ae24bc31
IMA Classification of Zeunerite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
First published:
1872
Classification of Zeunerite
8.EB.05
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
E : Uranyl phosphates and arsenates
B : UO2:RO4 = 1:1
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
E : Uranyl phosphates and arsenates
B : UO2:RO4 = 1:1
40.2a.14.1
40 : HYDRATED NORMAL PHOSPHATES,ARSENATES AND VANADATES
2a : AB2(XO4)2·xH2O, containing (UO2)2+
40 : HYDRATED NORMAL PHOSPHATES,ARSENATES AND VANADATES
2a : AB2(XO4)2·xH2O, containing (UO2)2+
20.7.5
20 : Arsenates (also arsenates with phosphate, but without other anions)
7 : Arsenates of U
20 : Arsenates (also arsenates with phosphate, but without other anions)
7 : Arsenates of U
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Zeu | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Pronunciation of Zeunerite
Pronunciation:
| Play | Recorded by | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Jolyon Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Zeunerite
Sub-Vitreous, Resinous, Waxy
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
Yellow-green, emerald-green
Hardness:
2½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
Perfect on {001}; distinct on {100}
Perfect on {001}; distinct on {100}
Fracture:
Micaceous
Density:
3.47 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.57 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Comment:
Density calculated for 16H2O.
Optical Data of Zeunerite
Type:
Uniaxial (-)
RI values:
nω = 1.610 - 1.613 nε = 1.582 - 1.585
Birefringence:
0.028
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.028
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Optical Extinction:
Parallel
Pleochroism:
Visible
Comments:
O = Blue-green
E = Pale blue-green
E = Pale blue-green
Chemistry of Zeunerite
Mindat Formula:
Cu(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 12H2O
Water content was previously thought to range between 10 and 16 H2O.
Water content was previously thought to range between 10 and 16 H2O.
Crystallography of Zeunerite
Crystal System:
Tetragonal
Class (H-M):
4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) - Ditetragonal Dipyramidal
Space Group:
I4/mmm
Cell Parameters:
a = 7.1797(3) Å, c = 20.857(1) Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 2.905
Unit Cell V:
1075.1 ų
Z:
2
Morphology:
Crystals flat tabular on {001}. Subparallel growths common.
Comment:
Data for synthetic crystal.
Crystal Structure
Load
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0005831 | Zeunerite | Locock A J, Burns P C (2003) Crystal structures and synthesis of the copper-dominant members of the autunite and meta-autunite groups: Torbernite, zeunerite, metatorbernite and metazeunerite The Canadian Mineralogist 41 489-502 |  | 2003 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0011096 | Zeunerite | Hennig C, Reck G, Reich T, Robberg A, Kraus W, Sieler J (2003) EXAFS and XRD investigations of zeunerite and meta-zeunerite Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 218 37-45 | | 2003 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 10.3 Å | (100) |
| 6.81 Å | (30) |
| 5.20 Å | (70) |
| 4.58 Å | (5) |
| 3.59 Å | (100) |
| 3.39 Å | (50) |
| 3.16 Å | (10) |
| 3.06 Å | (5) |
| 2.95 Å | (30) |
| 2.91 Å | (5) |
| 2.86 Å | (10) |
| 2.74 Å | (30) |
| 2.53 Å | (40) |
| 2.46 Å | (30) |
| 2.37 Å | (5) |
| 2.32 Å | (20) |
| 2.26 Å | (40) |
| 2.21 Å | (40) |
| 2.18 Å | (20) |
| 2.08 Å | (60) |
| 1.924 Å | (60) |
| 1.794 Å | (50) |
| 1.765 Å | (5) |
| 1.735 Å | (5) |
| 1.708 Å | (10) |
| 1.690 Å | (10) |
| 1.661 Å | (5) |
| 1.640 Å | (40) |
| 1.602 Å | (40) |
| 1.584 Å | (10) |
| 1.562 Å | (20) |
| 1.532 Å | (50) |
| 1.427 Å | (30) |
| 1.378 Å | (40) |
| 1.362 Å | (30) |
| 1.355 Å | (30) |
| 1.312 Å | (20b) |
| 1.289 Å | (5) |
| 1.272 Å | (30b) |
| 1.245 Å | (40) |
| 1.221 Å | (5) |
| 1.210 Å | (10) |
| 1.201 Å | (5) |
| 1.188 Å | (5) |
| 1.178 Å | (5) |
| 1.165 Å | (40b) |
| 1.146 Å | (20) |
| 1.133 Å | (20) |
| 1.127 Å | (20) |
| 1.117 Å | (5) |
| 1.092 Å | (50b) |
| 1.083 Å | (50b) |
| 1.059 Å | (40b) |
| 1.043 Å | (20b) |
| 1.036 Å | (40b) |
| 1.022 Å | (40b) |
| 1.013 Å | (5) |
| 1.004 Å | (20) |
| 1.001 Å | (30) |
| 0.998 Å | (30) |
| 0.995 Å | (40b) |
| 0.991 Å | (10) |
Comments:
ICDD 17-150 and ICDD 17-150a. See ICDD 4-90
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47d : [Arsenates, antimonates, selenates, bismuthinates] | |
| 47f : [Uranyl (U⁶⁺) minerals] |
Geological Setting:
Secondary mineral in oxidation zone of arsenic bearing hydrothermal uranium deposits.
Type Occurrence of Zeunerite
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
State Museum of Mineralogy and Geology, Dresden.
Mining Academy, Freiberg, Saxony, Germany: #21730. (now altered to metazeunerite)
Mining Academy, Freiberg, Saxony, Germany: #21730. (now altered to metazeunerite)
Synonyms of Zeunerite
Other Language Names for Zeunerite
Relationship of Zeunerite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
| Autunite | Ca(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 10-12H2O | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnma |
| Bassetite | Fe2+(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 10H2O | Mon. 2/m |
| Heinrichite | Ba(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 10H2O | Mon. 2/m : P2/b |
| Hydronováčekite | Mg(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 12H2O | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Kahlerite | Fe(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 12H2O | Tet. 4/m : P42/n |
| Nováčekite | Mg(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 10H2O | Mon. 2/m |
| Rauchite | Ni(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 10H2O | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Sabugalite | HAl(UO2)4(PO4)4 · 16H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Saléeite | Mg(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 10H2O | Mon. 2/m |
| Torbernite | Cu(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 12H2O | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I4/mmm |
| Uranocircite | Ba(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 10H2O | Tet. |
| Uranospinite | Ca(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 10H2O | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P4/nmm |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 34 photos of Zeunerite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 24 photos of Zeunerite associated with Fluorite | CaF2 |
| 17 photos of Zeunerite associated with Baryte | BaSO4 |
| 16 photos of Zeunerite associated with Uranosphaerite | Bi(UO2)O2(OH) |
| 16 photos of Zeunerite associated with Uranophane | Ca(UO2)2(SiO3OH)2 · 5H2O |
| 16 photos of Zeunerite associated with Erythrite | Co3(AsO4)2 · 8H2O |
| 15 photos of Zeunerite associated with Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| 15 photos of Zeunerite associated with Uranospinite | Ca(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 10H2O |
| 14 photos of Zeunerite associated with Mixite | BiCu6(AsO4)3(OH)6 · 3H2O |
| 12 photos of Zeunerite associated with Hematite | Fe2O3 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 8.EB. | Meta-autunite Group | A1-2(UO2)2(TO4)2 · 5-10H2O |
| 8.EB.05 | Autunite | Ca(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 10-12H2O |
| 8.EB.05 | Heinrichite | Ba(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 10H2O |
| 8.EB.05 | Kahlerite | Fe(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 12H2O |
| 8.EB.05 | Hydronováčekite | Mg(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 12H2O |
| 8.EB.05 | Saléeite | Mg(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 10H2O |
| 8.EB.05 | Torbernite | Cu(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 12H2O |
| 8.EB.05 | Uranocircite | Ba(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 10H2O |
| 8.EB.05 | Uranospinite | Ca(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 10H2O |
| 8.EB.05 | Xiangjiangite | (Fe3+,Al)(UO2)4(PO4)2(SO4)2(OH) · 22H2O |
| 8.EB.05 | Metarauchite | Ni(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.EB.05 | Nováčekite | Mg(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 10H2O |
| 8.EB.05 | Rauchite | Ni(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 10H2O |
| 8.EB.10 | Bassetite | Fe2+(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 10H2O |
| 8.EB.10 | Lehnerite | Mn2+(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.EB.10 | Meta-autunite | Ca(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 6H2O |
| 8.EB.10 | Metasaléeite | Mg(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.EB.10 | Metauranocircite | Ba(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 7H2O |
| 8.EB.10 | Metauranospinite | Ca(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.EB.10 | Metaheinrichite | Ba(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.EB.10 | Metakahlerite | Fe2+(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.EB.10 | Metakirchheimerite | Co(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.EB.10 | Metanováčekite | Mg(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.EB.10 | Metatorbernite | Cu(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.EB.10 | Metazeunerite | Cu(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.EB.10 | Przhevalskite | Pb2(UO2)3(PO4)2(OH)4 · 3H2O |
| 8.EB.10 | Pseudo-autunite | (H3O)4Ca2(UO2)2(PO4)4 · 5H2O |
| 8.EB.10 | Metanatroautunite | Na(UO2)(PO4)(H2O)3 |
| 8.EB.15 | Abernathyite | K(UO2)(AsO4) · 3H2O |
| 8.EB.15 | Chernikovite | (H3O)2(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 6H2O |
| 8.EB.15 | Meta-ankoleite | K2(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 6H2O |
| 8.EB.15 | Natrouranospinite | Na2(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 5H2O |
| 8.EB.15 | Trögerite | (H3O)(UO2)(AsO4) · 3H2O |
| 8.EB.15 | Uramphite | (NH4)2(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 6H2O |
| 8.EB.15 | Uramarsite | (NH4)(UO2)(AsO4) · 3H2O |
| 8.EB.20 | Threadgoldite | Al(UO2)2(PO4)2(OH) · 8H2O |
| 8.EB.20 | Chistyakovaite | Al(UO2)2(AsO4)2(F,OH) · 6.5H2O |
| 8.EB.25 | Arsenuranospathite | Al(UO2)2(AsO4)2F · 20H2O |
| 8.EB.25 | Uranospathite | (Al,◻)(UO2)2(PO4)2F · 20(H2O,F) |
| 8.EB.30 | Vochtenite | (Fe2+,Mg)Fe3+(UO2)4(PO4)4(OH) · 12-13H2O |
| 8.EB.35 | Coconinoite | Fe3+2Al2(UO2)2(PO4)4(SO4)(OH)2 · 20H2O |
| 8.EB.40 | Ranunculite | HAl(UO2)(PO4)(OH)3 · 4H2O |
| 8.EB.45 | Triangulite | Al3(UO2)4(PO4)4(OH)5 · 5H2O |
| 8.EB.50 | Furongite | Al13(UO2)7(PO4)13(OH)14 · 58H2O |
| 8.EB.55 | Sabugalite | HAl(UO2)4(PO4)4 · 16H2O |
| 8.EB.60 | Horákite | (Bi7O7OH)[(UO2)4(PO4)2(AsO4)2(OH)2] · 3.5H2O |
Fluorescence of Zeunerite
Not fluorescent
Other Information
Special Storage/
Display Requirements:
Display Requirements:
Frequently dehydrates to metazeunerite. Radioactive.
Health Risks:
Radioactive.
Internet Links for Zeunerite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-4397.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Zeunerite
Reference List:
Weiss-Frondel, Judith (1951) Studies of uranium minerals (VII): Zeunerite. American Mineralogist, 36 (3-4) 249-255
Berman, Robert M. (1957) Studies of uranium minerals (XXIII): Torbernite, zeunerite and uranospherite. American Mineralogist, 42 (11-12) 905-908
(1958) Systematic mineralogy of uranium and thorium. Bulletin Vol. 1064. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/b1064 pp.191-195
Locock, A. J., Burns, P. C. (2003) Crystal Structures and Synthesis of the Copper-Dominant Members of the Autunite and Meta-Autunite Groups: Torbernite, Zeunerite, Metatorbernite and Metazeunerite. The Canadian Mineralogist, 41 (2) 489-502 doi:10.2113/gscanmin.41.2.489
Hennig, C., Reck, G., Reich, T., Roßberg, A., Kraus, W., Sieler, J. (2003) EXAFS and XRD investigations of zeunerite and meta-zeunerite. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials, 218 (1) 37-45 doi:10.1524/zkri.218.1.37.20776
Localities for Zeunerite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| Las Especies Minerales de La Republica ... |
| J C Lodovichi specimen |
| Raúl Joreg Tauber Larry |
Austria | |
| Paar et al. (1978) |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| 54 (in German) +1 other reference |
| 54 (in German) +1 other reference | |
| 54 (in German) +1 other reference | |
Belgium | |
| Société Géologique de Belgique (Annales de la) |
| Hatert et al. (2002) | |
Brazil | |
| Wilson (1976) |
| [MinRec 23:276 | |
Canada | |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Peatfield (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| Mauthner (1996) |
| Tyson (1989) |
Chile | |
| samples analysed by Gerhard Moehn and ... |
| "Estudios geológico del sector de ... +2 other references |
China | |
| Hercule Shen's Collection |
| Li et al. (2002) |
| Dahlkamp et al. (2009) |
| Dahlkamp et al. (2009) | |
Czech Republic | |
| Plášil J. et al. (2011) |
| Lapis 2002 (7/8) |
| Pauliš P. et al. (Kutna Hora, issue 1) |
| 70 (in German) +2 other references | |
| Pauliš P. et al. (Kutna Hora, issue 1) |
| Viktor Goliáš et al. (2016) |
| Bradna |
| Sejkora (1994) |
| Sejkora et al. (2019) |
DR Congo | |
| Gauthier et al. (1989) |
Egypt | |
| Bisher (2012) |
Europe | |
| Lapis 17 (2) |
France | |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| - (1998) |
| H. Agrinier and J. Geffroy : "Les Minéraux Séléniés du Point Uranifère de Liauzun-en-Olloix (Puy de Dôme) |
| Favreau G. et al. (1996) |
| Boisson J.-M. et al. (2023) +1 other reference |
| - (1998) |
| R.PIERROT et al. (1973) |
| R.PIERROT et al. (1973) |
| R. Pierrot |
| Wittern et al. (Cologne) |
| Wittern et al. (Cologne) |
| Hohl: "Minéraux et Mines du Massif Vosgien" (Mulhouse) |
| Escande et al. (1973) +6 other references |
| Escande et al. (1973) +6 other references | |
| |
| - (1998) |
| - (1998) | |
| - (1998) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Collection Frédéric Bonnet |
| - (1998) | |
| - (1998) | |
| Tschernich et al. (1992) +2 other references |
| [Le Cahier des Micromonteurs |
| - (1998) | |
| - (1998) |
| R. Pierrot |
| Jean-Marie Claude collection +2 other references |
| CLAUDE Jean-Marie trouvaille et ... | |
Germany | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Lapis 21 (12) | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| H. Steen: Erzgräber 11 (1997) | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Blaß et al. (2000) |
| |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Wittern (2001) +2 other references |
| Weiß (1990) |
| |
| |
| Walenta (1992) | |
| [Lapis 1992 |
| Walenta (1992) |
| |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| |
| Aufschluss 1977 (5) |
| Lapis 1987 (7/8) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) | |
| Wittern (2001) |
| see locality page |
| 54. +1 other reference |
| |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Koch (2008) |
| Aufschluss 69/ (7+8) +1 other reference |
| Lapis (5) |
| Lapis (5) | |
| Lapis 2001 (6) |
| Bergbau PSL Blatt Lebach 6507-4 +1 other reference |
| Andreas Gerstenberg collection (www.mineral-forum.com) |
| SEM-EDS and XRD by Joy Desor and ... |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| Wittern (2001) |
| 62. +1 other reference |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Leon Hupperichs collection |
| Lapis 30 (7/8) | |
| A. Weisbach (1872) +1 other reference |
| Neues Jahrb. Mineral. Mon. 558-576 |
| Herrmann et al. (2007) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Martin et al. (2001) |
| Lapis 30 (7/8) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Gröbner et al. (2007) +1 other reference | |
| T. Witzke & F. Rüger: Lapis 1998 (7/8) |
| T. Witzke & F. Rüger: Lapis 1998 (7/8) |
Greece | |
| Simon et al. (2017) +1 other reference |
Hungary | |
| GEODA |
India | |
| Singh et al. (2002) |
Iran | |
| |
Italy | |
| 415. +1 other reference |
| Redazionale (2005) | |
| Ottenziali et al. (1992) |
| Guastoni et al. (2008) |
| Gentile et al. (2023) +1 other reference |
| Gentile et al. (2023) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Piccoli (2002) +1 other reference |
| Fraccaro et al. (2007) +1 other reference | |
| Ravagnani (1974) |
| Ciriotti et al. (2019) |
| Tavagnasco Miniere e Minerali | |
| Guastoni (2009) |
| A. Rosso (M.E. Ciriotti, 2007) |
| Ferretti et al. (2017) |
| Campostrini I. (2013) |
| Campostrini et al. (2006) |
| Vecchi et al. (2013) |
| Campostrini et al. (2005) |
| doi:10.3390/min8060248 +2 other references |
| Giarduz M. & Maggioni G. (2010) |
| Giarduz M. |
| LIBVRNA N°2 September 2021 |
| Zordan et al. (2001) +2 other references |
Japan | |
| Kozo Nagashim & Akira Kato (1966) |
| Dr. Kameki Kinoshita collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) +1 other reference |
Mexico | |
| Some crystals were found in May 2008 - ... |
Morocco | |
| Favreau et al. (2019) |
| Favreau et al. (2006) |
| Favreau et al. (2007) |
| Favreau et al. (2006) | |
| Favreau et al. (2006) | |
Norway | |
| Husdal (2020) |
| Nordrum (2012) |
Poland | |
| Siuda et al. (2003) |
| Mochnacka et al. (2000) +2 other references |
| Lis et al. (1986) | |
| Syczewski et al. (2023) |
| Eligiusz Szełęg collection (SEM/EDS identification) |
Portugal | |
| "Sopas de Pedra" of A. M. Galopim de ... |
Russia | |
| Krinov D.I. et al. (2011) |
Slovakia | |
| Polák Ľ. et al. (2017) |
| Pauliš P. |
| Donát A. (1998) |
| Koděra (1986) | |
| Martin Števko |
| Koděra (1986) | |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Species list by Dr. Hans Börner |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
Spain | |
| Rewitzer C. +1 other reference |
| López (n.d.) |
| Mata i Perelló (1990) +1 other reference |
| Joan Rosell (2021) |
| Sainz de Baranda Graf et al. (2023) |
| CASANOVA HONRUBIA |
Switzerland | |
| Kolitsch (1998) |
| Brugger et al. (2003) |
Tajikistan | |
| Chernikov et al. (1997) |
UK | |
| Bruce et al. (1998) |
| Wolfe (1996) |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Lapis 11 (2) | |
| George Eric Stanley Curtis collection |
| King et al. (1989) +1 other reference |
| Kingsbury (1952) +2 other references |
| Elton et al. (1995) |
| Golley et al. (1995) | |
| Golley et al. (1995) | |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Braithwaite et al. (1990) |
| Day (1999) | |
| Miller et al. (1966) +1 other reference | |
| R. S. W. Braithwaite and J. R. Knight (1990) +1 other reference |
USA | |
| - (2008) |
| West et al. (1952) |
| Bollin et al. (1958) |
| Leicht (1971) +1 other reference |
| Gornitz (2004) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Scarborough (1981) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Am Min 50:909-923 +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Minerals 71:2 pp94-101 |
| USGS Bull 988G +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Jensen (1985) +2 other references |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Smith et al. (1984) |
| USGS: Geological Survey Circular 351 |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| DANA R. KELLEY AND PAUL F. KERR (1958) | |
| Anthony et al. (2000) | |
| DAVIDSON +1 other reference |
| DAVIDSON +1 other reference | |
| Am Min 36:249-255 +1 other reference |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Kampf et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
| Kampf et al. (2012) | |
| Joe Marty (2015) |
| |
| Collected by Tom Wyman |
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Clara Mine, Oberwolfach, Ortenaukreis, Freiburg Region, Baden-Württemberg, Germany