Beudantite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Beudantite
François Sulpice Beudant [September 5, 1787 Paris, France – December 10, 1850 Paris, France]
Formula:
PbFe3(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6
Colour:
Black, dark green, brown, dark yellow, red, greenish yellow, brown
Lustre:
Vitreous, Sub-Vitreous, Resinous, Greasy
Hardness:
3½ - 4½
Specific Gravity:
4.48
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Member of:
Name:
Named by Armand Lévy in 1826 in honor of François Sulpice Beudant [September 5, 1787, Paris, France – December 10, 1850, Paris, France], systematic Mineralogist, University of Paris, Paris, France. Beudant introduced many new mineral names in his books that have superseded older names.
Type Locality:
Isostructural with:
The arsenate analogue of corkite with which a complete solid-solution range exists. Also forms a solid solution with segnitite and plumbojarosite from which it is difficult to distinguish.
A secondary mineral occurring in the oxidized zones of polymetallic deposits. It shows a large variety of different habits (tabular, acute rhombohedral, pseudo-cubic, pseudo-cuboctahedral, very rarely also acicular).
Some beudantite (and segnitite) may contain minor Sb replacing Fe.
Compare chemically very similar unnamed species: UM1976-04-AsOSO:CuFeHPb and UM1975-08-AsOSO:FeHPb.
A secondary mineral occurring in the oxidized zones of polymetallic deposits. It shows a large variety of different habits (tabular, acute rhombohedral, pseudo-cubic, pseudo-cuboctahedral, very rarely also acicular).
Some beudantite (and segnitite) may contain minor Sb replacing Fe.
Compare chemically very similar unnamed species: UM1976-04-AsOSO:CuFeHPb and UM1975-08-AsOSO:FeHPb.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
652
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:652:3
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
01110743-d986-4333-b261-763f0aee9602
IMA Classification of Beudantite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
PbFe3+3(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6
First published:
1826
Classification of Beudantite
8.BL.05
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
B : Phosphates, etc., with additional anions, without H2O
L : With medium-sized and large cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 = 3:1
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
B : Phosphates, etc., with additional anions, without H2O
L : With medium-sized and large cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 = 3:1
43.4.1.1
43 : COMPOUND PHOSPHATES, ETC.
4 : Anhydrous Compound Phosphates, etc·, Containing Hydroxyl or Halogen
43 : COMPOUND PHOSPHATES, ETC.
4 : Anhydrous Compound Phosphates, etc·, Containing Hydroxyl or Halogen
22.3.24
22 : Phosphates, Arsenates or Vanadates with other Anions
3 : Phosphates, arsenates or vanadates with sulphates
22 : Phosphates, Arsenates or Vanadates with other Anions
3 : Phosphates, arsenates or vanadates with sulphates
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Bdn | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Bdt | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Beudantite
Vitreous, Sub-Vitreous, Resinous, Greasy
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Comment:
May be frosted.
Colour:
Black, dark green, brown, dark yellow, red, greenish yellow, brown
Streak:
Grayish yellow to green
Hardness:
3½ - 4½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
Good on {0001}
Good on {0001}
Density:
4.48(2) g/cm3 (Measured) 4.49 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Beudantite
Type:
Uniaxial (-)
RI values:
nω = 1.957 nε = 1.943
Birefringence:
0.014
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.014
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Very High
Pleochroism:
Visible
Comments:
O = Yellow to red-brown
E = Colourless to yellow
E = Colourless to yellow
Comments:
Anomalously biaxial, exhibiting sectoring. Crystals may exhibit three biaxial sectors around an uniaxial core (Laurion).
Chemistry of Beudantite
Mindat Formula:
PbFe3(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6
Common Impurities:
Cu,Al,P
Chemical Analysis
wt%
| 1 | |
|---|---|
| Al | 1.27 % |
| Fe | 24.04 % |
| P | 0.59 % |
| S | 1.39 % |
| As | 4.09 % |
| Pb | 27.83 % |
| Total: | 59.21 % |
Sample references:
Crystallography of Beudantite
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Class (H-M):
3m (3 2/m) - Hexagonal Scalenohedral
Space Group:
R3m
Setting:
R3m
Cell Parameters:
a = 7.32 Å, c = 17.02 Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 2.325
Unit Cell V:
789.79 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
3
Morphology:
Pseudo-cubic. Crystals tabular, pseudo-cubes, pseudo-cuboctahedra or pseudo-octahedra; very rarely also acicular. Microcrystalline massive.
Crystallographic forms of Beudantite
Crystal Atlas:
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Beudantite no.1 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Beudantite no.2 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Beudantite no.4 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
3d models and HTML5 code kindly provided by
www.smorf.nl.
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Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0005220 | Beudantite | Szymanski J T (1988) The crystal structure of beudantite, Pb(Fe,Al)3((As,S)O4)2(OH)6 The Canadian Mineralogist 26 923-932 |  | 1988 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 5.725 Å | (50) |
| 5.089 Å | (45) |
| 3.108 Å | (50) |
| 3.078 Å | (100) |
| 2.865 Å | (80) |
| 2.290 Å | (70) |
| 1.979 Å | (35) |
Comments:
Also ICDD 19-689 (somewhat different)
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47b : [Sulfates and sulfites] | |
| 47d : [Arsenates, antimonates, selenates, bismuthinates] |
Geological Setting:
Secondary mineral in oxidation zone of polymetallic deposits.
Type Occurrence of Beudantite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Aggregates of small crystals. Truncated equant rhombohedrons.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Muséum Nationale d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France (type).
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Oxidized zone of a polymetallic ore deposit.
Synonyms of Beudantite
Other Language Names for Beudantite
Russian:Бедантит
Spanish:Beudantita
Bieirosita
Bieirosita
Varieties of Beudantite
Relationship of Beudantite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
| Cloudite | BaFe3+3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Corkite | PbFe3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Gallobeudantite | PbGa3(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6 | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Hidalgoite | PbAl3(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6 | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Hinsdalite | PbAl3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Kemmlitzite | SrAl3(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Oberwolfachite | SrFe3+3(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Svanbergite | SrAl3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| UM2011-07-POSO:AlBaH | BaAl3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6 | |
| Unnamed (Fe-analogue of Weilerite and Ba-analogue of Oberwolfachite) | BaFe3(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6 | |
| Weilerite | BaAl3(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6 | Hex. |
| Woodhouseite | CaAl3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 169 photos of Beudantite associated with Carminite | PbFe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 |
| 143 photos of Beudantite associated with Mimetite | Pb5(AsO4)3Cl |
| 58 photos of Beudantite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 45 photos of Beudantite associated with Goethite | α-Fe3+O(OH) |
| 31 photos of Beudantite associated with Segnitite | PbFe3+3AsO4(AsO3OH)(OH)6 |
| 30 photos of Beudantite associated with Scorodite | Fe3+AsO4 · 2H2O |
| 25 photos of Beudantite associated with Cerussite | PbCO3 |
| 17 photos of Beudantite associated with Fluorite | CaF2 |
| 16 photos of Beudantite associated with Hematite | Fe2O3 |
| 15 photos of Beudantite associated with Olivenite | Cu2(AsO4)(OH) |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 8.BL. | Graulichite-(La) | LaFe3+3(AsO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL. | Oberwolfachite | SrFe3+3(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL. | Kiryuite | NaMnAl(PO4)F3 |
| 8.BL. | Cloudite | BaFe3+3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.05 | Corkite | PbFe3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.05 | Hidalgoite | PbAl3(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.05 | Hinsdalite | PbAl3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.05 | Kemmlitzite | SrAl3(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.05 | Svanbergite | SrAl3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.05 | Weilerite | BaAl3(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.05 | Woodhouseite | CaAl3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.05 | Gallobeudantite | PbGa3(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.05 | UM2011-07-POSO:AlBaH | BaAl3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Arsenogoyazite | SrAl3(AsO4)(AsO3OH)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Arsenogorceixite | BaAl3(AsO4)(AsO3OH)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Arsenocrandallite | CaAl3(AsO4)(AsO3OH)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Benauite | SrFe3+3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Crandallite | CaAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Dussertite | BaFe3+3(AsO4)(AsO3OH)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Eylettersite | Th0.75Al3(PO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Gorceixite | BaAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Goyazite | SrAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Kintoreite | PbFe3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Philipsbornite | PbAl3(AsO4)(AsO3OH)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Plumbogummite | PbAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Segnitite | PbFe3+3AsO4(AsO3OH)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 va | Viséite | |
| 8.BL.10 | Springcreekite | BaV3+3(PO4)2(OH,H2O)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Galloplumbogummite | Pb(Ga,Al,Ge)3(PO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.13 | Arsenoflorencite-(La) | LaAl3(AsO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.13 | Arsenoflorencite-(Nd) | NdAl3(AsO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.13 | Arsenoflorencite-(Ce) | CeAl3(AsO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.13 | Florencite-(Ce) | CeAl3(PO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.13 | Florencite-(La) | LaAl3(PO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.13 | Florencite-(Nd) | NdAl3(PO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.13 | Waylandite | BiAl3(PO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.13 | Zaïrite | BiFe3+3(PO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.13 | Arsenowaylandite | BiAl3(AsO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.13 | Graulichite-(Ce) | CeFe3+3(AsO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.13 | Florencite-(Sm) | SmAl3(PO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.13 | Unnamed (As-analogue of Zaïrite) | (Bi,Pb)Fe3+3(AsO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.15 | Viitaniemiite | Na(Ca,Mn2+)Al(PO4)(F,OH)3 |
| 8.BL.25 | Pattersonite | PbFe3+3(PO4)2(OH)5 · H2O |
Fluorescence of Beudantite
Not fluorescent.
Other Information
Notes:
Soluble in HCl.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Beudantite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-652.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
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Mineral Dealers:
References for Beudantite
Reference List:
Hartley, E. G. J. (1900) Communications from the Oxford Mineralogical Laboratory. On the constitution of the natural Arsenates and Phosphates. Part IV.—Beudantite. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 12 (57) 234-238 doi:10.1180/minmag.1900.012.57.02
Kingsbury, Arthur W. G., Hartley, J. (1960) Carminite and beudantite from the northern part of the Lake District and from Cornwall. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 32 (249) 423-432 doi:10.1180/minmag.1960.032.249.01
Szymański, J. T. (1988) The crystal structure of beudantite, Pb(Fe,Al)3[(As,S)O4]2(OH)6. The Canadian Mineralogist, 26 (4) 923-932
Localities for Beudantite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| Dina (1993) |
| American Mineralogist (1982) +3 other references |
| Holley (2012) |
Australia | |
| Ashley et al. (1999) |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) |
| Rankin et al. (2002) |
| Graham et al. (2005) |
| Chapman et al. (2005) +2 other references |
| Gilligan et al. (1995) | |
| Birch et al. (1997) |
| Day (1998) | |
| Byrnes (1993) |
| Byrnes (1993) | |
| |
| Parbhakar-Fox (2016) |
| Parbhakar-Fox (2016) | |
| Harris et al. (2003) |
| Noble R.J et al. (1983) |
| Kolitsch et al. (1999) |
| Bottrill +1 other reference |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) | |
| Birch (2017) +1 other reference |
| |
| [Mandarino +1 other reference |
| Mineralogical Record 24 | |
| Grice et al. (1991) | |
| Dana (xxxx) +3 other references |
| Annual Report of the Western Australian ... |
| Simpson Mineral Collection of the ... +2 other references |
| Downes et al. (2006) |
| Dunkan +4 other references |
| Bottle Creek Gold deposits +2 other references |
| Downes et al. (2011) |
Austria | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2013) |
| A.Pichler (2003) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| C.Auer (2024) |
| Pichler (2009) |
| Pichler (2009) |
| G. Niedermayr: Carinthia II 191./111.:97-102 (2001) |
| Auer (2021) |
| Putz (2007) | |
| R.Poeverlein (2016) |
| R.Poeverlein (2016) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| C.Auer (2021) | |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| Niedermayr et al. (2009) | |
| Tomazic (1999) |
| Auer (2023) |
| Auer (2019) |
| [Lapis 1992: 2 p.19-30] |
| Schachinger et al. (2015) |
| Bojar (1993) |
| Jakely (2008) |
| Poeverlein et al. (2007) |
| Lapis 2007 | |
Azerbaijan | |
| Imamverdiyev et al. (2022) |
Belgium | |
| |
| Blaß et al. (1995b) |
| Dehove et al. (2006) |
| |
Canada | |
| Mineralogical Record 1989 |
| BC Minfile data |
| McClenaghan et al. (2015) |
| Sabina (1967) |
| Norman Wilson collection |
| Kirkland Lake - Rouyn-Noranda - Val d'Or +1 other reference |
| Sabina (1967) |
| 166-175. +2 other references |
| Alexander (2021) |
| Traill |
| Dawson Creek +1 other reference | |
| Boyle (1965) | |
| Traill |
| Traill |
| Dawson Creek +1 other reference | |
| Jambor et al. (1962) | |
| Traill | |
| Boyle (1965) | |
| Gomi (2001) |
Chile | |
| Samples analysed by Dr. Jochen Schluter |
| Samples analysed by Dr. Jochen Schlüter (Hamburg University) |
| SEM-EDS by Joy Desor |
| Remy Phillippe personal communication |
| Samples analysed by Dr. Jochen Schlüter (Hamburg University) |
| "Faja de mineralización de oro +2 other references |
| Deyell et al. (2005) |
| Samples analysed by Dr. Jochen Schluter et al. (Salzburg Department of Mineralogy) |
China | |
| Jurui He et al. (1992) |
| www.trinityminerals.com (2004) |
| Yi Li (2001) +1 other reference |
| Yi Li and Lairen Lai (2004) |
| Jensen (2009) +1 other reference |
| Qida Zhang and Dakang Song (1990) +1 other reference |
| Peng et al. (2022) |
| Fuguang Zhao (2007) |
Cuba | |
| Romero (2010) |
Czech Republic | |
| E. Kocourková-Víšková et al. (2015) |
| RÜSENBERG et al. (1996) |
| Lapis 2002 (7/8) |
| Litochleb J. et al. (Šumava, Česká republika) |
| Pauliš +3 other references |
| Sejkora (1994) |
| VÍŠKOVÁ et al. (2022) |
DR Congo | |
| Deliens (1996) |
Egypt | |
| Helmy et al. (2021) |
| Afify et al. (2022) |
Eritrea | |
| Barrie (2007) |
Europe | |
| Sejkora et al. (2001) |
Finland | |
| Ilkka Mikkola collection |
France | |
| Uwe Kolitsch (SXRD + SEM-EDS) |
| Pascal Chollet collection +1 other reference | |
| Analysed DRX by MNHN of Paris France ... |
| Pélisson (1989) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| perso.wanadoo.fr (2003) |
| P.-C. Guiollard (2002) +1 other reference | |
| J. Geffroy | |
| Queneau (n.d.) | |
| Vessely Yannick collection |
| Boisson et al. (2019) |
| Favreau G. et al. (1996) |
| Yves Mourey Collection |
| GOURAULT C. (2006) |
| Personally collected by Yves MOUREY in ... |
| GOURAULT C. (2011) |
| Yves Mourey Collection |
| Le Roch (2009) |
| Chauris (2014) |
| Germain C. et al. (1990) |
| Germain C. et al. (1990) |
| Thierry Brunsperger collection. |
| Wittern |
| Alain Schaefer collection |
| R. Stein collection |
| Lebocey et al. (2010) |
| Anthony et al. (2000) |
| Queneau (n.d.) | |
| Jean Chervet collection |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Forner et al. (1997) |
| Les Anciennes mines de Padern - Montgaillard ( Aude ) |
| www.zampano.com (n.d.) |
| Georges FAVREAU collection + EDX ... +1 other reference |
| Gayraud et al. (2011) +1 other reference |
| Favreau et al. (2010) |
| Jean Claude Dol |
| Jean Claude Dol |
| Le Cahier des micromonteurs |
| Johannet (2012) | |
| Lheur et al. (1998) |
| Berbain et al. (2005) |
| GAYRAUD (2010) |
| Jean-Luc Portes Collection |
| Jean-Marie Claude collection +3 other references |
Germany | |
| Emser Hefte 15 (3) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Lapis 21 (12) |
| Lapis 21 (12) | |
| Lapis 21 (12) | |
| Holger Klapproth collection |
| Schlomann et al. (1988) | |
| Pöllmann et al. (1990) |
| Lapis 21 (12) |
| Wittern (1995) |
| Lapis 1985 (11) |
| Walenta (1992) +2 other references |
| Schlomann et al. (1991) |
| https://www.mineralienatlas.de/?l=53526 |
| J. Gröbner: Neufunde aus der Grube Michael bei Weiler (1/2003) |
| Markl (1992) +1 other reference |
| |
| |
| Lapis 21 (12) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Lapis 21 (12) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| PETITJEAN collection No. GH017 |
| Collection of Steffen Michalski |
| Collection of Steffen Michalski | |
| Antnony | |
| Collection of Steffen Michalski | |
| Collection of Steffen Michalski |
| In the collection of Brent Thorne. ... | |
| Collection of Steffen Michalski |
| Collection of Steffen Michalski | |
| Lapis 25 (2) | |
| Collection of Steffen Michalski | |
| Belendorff et al. (1987) | |
| Collection of Steffen Michalski | |
| Vom Rath (1871) |
| Legner et al. (2022) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) |
| collection Manfred Groß |
| "Lithothek" collection of the ... |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) | |
| |
| |
| Eigenfunde/Halde Manfred Gross |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Bender et al. (1994) |
| Matthias Reinhardt (2011) |
| Reinhardt et al. (2016) |
| Blaß et al. (1995) |
| Blaß et al. (1995) | |
| Blaß et al. (1995) |
| Lapis 1988 (1) |
| Lapis 1988 (1) |
| Lapis 1988 (1) |
| Lapis 1988 (1) |
| von Sandberger (1857) +4 other references |
| Golze +3 other references |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Lapis (5) |
| Markl et al. (1990) |
| Lapis (9) |
| Weiss: "Mineralienfundstellen et al. (Munich) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Der Aufschluss Vol. 60 |
| Lapis (9) +1 other reference |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) |
| Th.Lühr collection |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) | |
| Junker et al. (1991) |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) | |
| Lapis 30 (7/8) |
| Lapis (4) |
| Gröbner J. et al. (2006) | |
| Hajek (2010) |
| Kleeberg et al. (1992) |
| www.dergraul.de (2001) | |
| www.dergraul.de (2001) | |
| |
| Effenberger et al. (2000) | |
| Lapis 30 (7/8) |
| Wittern (2001) |
Greece | |
| Blaß et al. (1998) |
| Rieck et al. (1999) | |
| Chukanov et al. (2007) | |
| Gröbner et al. (2002) +1 other reference | |
| Wendel et al. (1999) +1 other reference | |
| Hanke (1998) |
| Gröbner (2001) | |
| Branko Rieck collection | |
| Uwe Kolitsch (unpublished SEM-EDS analyses) |
| Lapis et al. (1999) |
| Branko Rieck and Uwe Kolitsch ... |
| Rieck (199x) +1 other reference |
| Blaß et al. (1998) |
| 42. +1 other reference | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2014) | |
| Gelaude et al. (1996) | |
| Triantafyllidis et al. (2024) | |
| Ko Jansen | |
| Triantafyllidis (2019) |
| Andrew P. Fornadel et al. (2011) |
| Dill et al. (2010) |
Greenland | |
| Petersen (2001) |
Hungary | |
| Acta Min. Petro. (Szeged) |
| Sánoor Szakáll et al. (1997) |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya | |
| Szakáll-Gatter-Szendrei: Mineral ... |
| Szakáll-Gatter-Szendrei: Mineral ... |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Szár Hill |
| HOM Database |
| HOM Collection |
Iran | |
| Boni (2007) |
Ireland | |
| de Haller +2 other references |
Italy | |
| Sylvano IOB Collection +1 other reference |
| Bortolozzi et al. (2015) |
| Ciriotti M.E. (2011) |
| Bracco R. (2007) +1 other reference |
| Lastrico (2006) |
| Vergani et al. (2020) |
| Carmagnola et al. (2019) |
| Vergani et al. (2020) |
| Vergani et al. (2020) | |
| Gentile et al. (2023) |
| Bruno Marello collection +1 other reference |
| Ciriotti et al. (2021) | |
| Ciriotti et al. (2019) |
| Vincenzo Miletto Collection | |
| Ciriotti et al. (2019) | |
| Ciriotti et al. (2019) | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| ALBERTINI C. (2014) |
| Luigi Chiappino data |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Mariani P. et al. (1975) |
| Brizzi et al. (1994) |
| Ciriotti M.E. and Blass.G. (2010) |
| - (2023) |
| Ferretti et al. (2017) |
| Campostrini I. (2013) |
| Conedera M. et al. (2016) |
| Bortolozzi G.M. et al. (2022) |
| SEM/EDX analysis by Dario Cericola +1 other reference |
| Canal et al. (2012) |
| Rocchetti I. (2012) |
| Vecchi et al. (2013) |
| Bortolozzi et al. (2013) |
| Paolo Gasparetto et al. (2014) |
| SEM/EDS analysis by AMI SIUK | |
| Fabio Tosato +3 other references | |
| Ferretti et al. (2019) |
| "Lithothek der Münchener Micromounter" ... |
| Jansen et al. (1998) | |
| Biagioni C. et al. (2016) |
| Biagioni et al. (2013) |
| Biagioni et al. (2013) | |
| Nannoni et al. (2008) | |
| Int. Assoc. of Collectors of Slag Minerals (2) | |
| Cerutti et al. (1995) |
| Jansen et al. (1998) |
| Saccardo D. et al. (Torrebelvicino, Vicenza) |
Japan | |
| Yamada (2005) |
| Yamada (2004) | |
| Hirama et al. (2011) |
| Kouno et al. (2007) |
| Uehara et al. (2014) |
| Yamada (2004) |
| - (unpublished species lists maintained by local collectors) +1 other reference |
| |
| Alfredo Petrov collection |
Kazakhstan | |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Evseev (1995) +1 other reference |
| Evseev (1995) |
| Anthony et al. (2000) |
Mexico | |
| Megaw (2023) |
| Min Rec 35:6 pp4-17 |
| Wilson (2004) | |
| |
| Smith et al. (1953) |
| www.abcrox.com (n.d.) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) |
Morocco | |
| Georges Favreau collection |
| Georges FAVREAU collection + EDS | |
| Favreau et al. (2006) |
| Favreau (2012) |
Namibia | |
| Gebhard (1999) |
| von Bezing (2007) |
Netherlands | |
| |
Norway | |
| Raade (1993) |
| Husdal (2019) |
| Kamphaug (1986) +1 other reference |
Peru | |
| Longo et al. (2005) |
| Maria Boni et al. (2009) |
Poland | |
| Warchulski et al. (2014) |
Portugal | |
| Pedro Alves collection and analytical ... |
| MINERAL UP MAGAZINE |
| Alves et al. (2017) |
| Pedro Alves collection and analytical ... | |
| Pedro Alves collection and analytical ... |
| Gomes et al. (2016) |
| Pedro Alves collection |
| Pedro Alves collection. Characterized ... | |
| Leal Gomes | |
| Nuno Afonso collection (XRD-analysed) |
| Alves (2017) |
| Pedro Alves collection. Characterized ... |
| Rui Nunes and Pedro Alves collections +1 other reference |
| Ko Jansen collection |
Russia | |
| Yakovleva et al. (2003) +1 other reference |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Grant et al. (2001) |
| Wilson (2016) +1 other reference |
| PonomareV (2022) |
| Pekov (1998) | |
Slovakia | |
| Vlasáč et al. (2021) |
South Africa | |
| Rocks & Minerals 83:5 pp 410-421 |
| Atanasova et al. (2016) |
| Cairncross et al. (1998) |
| Atanasova et al. (2016) |
| Atanasova et al. (2016) |
| Atanasova et al. (2016) |
| SAMS (South African Micromount Society) |
| Robert O. Meyer collection +2 other references |
| Reeks (2007) |
Spain | |
| Georges FAVREAU collection + EDX ... |
| Calvo (2015) |
| Ko Jansen collection |
| Calvo (2015) |
| Calvo (1999) |
| Calvo (2015) |
| J. Gröbner und B. Sainz de Barranda (1999) |
| Abella i Creus (2018) |
| Tanago et al. (2012) |
| Sainz de Baranda Graf et al. (2023) |
| Gonzalez Del Tanago +3 other references |
| Calvo Rebollar et al. (2022) |
| Castroviejo (1990) |
| Lopez (1987) |
| Borja Sainz de Baranda (1996) | |
| Calvo (2014) |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| EDXS analyses |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| EDXS analyses |
| |
| Meisser (2012) |
| Ansermet (2012) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
Thailand | |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
UK | |
| Kingsbury et al. (1960) |
| Weiss et al. (2007) | |
| P D Trebilcock Collection. |
| S. Rust collection. |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Kingsbury et al. (1960) +2 other references |
| Fluorite: The Collector's Choice. Extra ... |
| Kingsbury et al. (1960) +1 other reference |
| Kingsbury et al. (1960) +1 other reference |
| |
| Michael Merry | |
| Kingsbury (1954) +3 other references | |
| Kingsbury et al. (1960) |
| Golley et al. (1995) | |
| Kingsbury et al. (1960) +1 other reference |
| Day (1999) |
| Cooper et al. (1990) |
| Cooper et al. (1990) +1 other reference | |
| Kingsbury et al. (1957) +3 other references | |
| Kingsbury et al. (1960) +3 other references | |
| Kingsbury et al. (1957) +4 other references | |
| Kingsbury et al. (1957) +5 other references |
| Cooper et al. (1990) +1 other reference | |
| Kingsbury et al. (1956) +4 other references | |
| Kingsbury et al. (1957) +1 other reference | |
| Kingsbury et al. (1957) +3 other references |
| Mike Leppington collection (visual ID) | |
| Kingsbury (1951) +4 other references |
| Kingsbury et al. (MS) +4 other references | |
| Journal of The Russell Society | |
| Day (1999) | |
| Kingsbury et al. (1960) +1 other reference |
| Stanley et al. (1991) | |
| BMS Collection. +8 other references |
| Kingsbury et al. (1960) +2 other references | |
| Cooper et al. (1990) |
| Kingsbury et al. (1960) |
| Day (1999) |
| Mineralogical Magazine 1966 35 : ... |
| Tindle (2008) | |
| |
| Mason et al. (1997) |
| National Museum of Wales database +1 other reference |
USA | |
| Alaska Div. GGS: Geo. Report 42 (1970) |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Graeme (1993) +1 other reference |
| Robert PECORINI collection |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| In collection of Tom Trebisky. |
| Collected 1980. Analyzed Bart Cannon ... |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Raman analyzed at the University of ... |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Howard (1987) +1 other reference |
| Ron Layton. +1 other reference |
| Bulletin of the Mineralogical Society ... +1 other reference |
| [Mineralien Welt 1/93:44] |
| Marty et al. (2010) |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... | |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... | |
| American Mineralogist |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Ream (2004) |
| |
| - (2005) |
| Cossaboom (1981) +1 other reference |
| Waisman (1992) +1 other reference |
| Min News 20:6 pp11-12 |
| - (2005) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| - (2005) |
| Dr. William S. Wise presentation to ... |
| Osterberg (1990) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Min News (1999) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| NBMG Bull 73 Geology and Mineral ... |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Collection of Kelly Starnes 1992 |
| Marco Ciriotti collection (analysed by SEM-EDS, 2005) |
| Castor et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 26 (1988) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| NMGS 37th Field Conference |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| R&M 77:5 p298-305 +1 other reference | |
| geoinfo.nmt.edu (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Smith and Hoff (1984) |
| Smith et al. (2000) |
| Rocks & Min.: 60:111. | |
| Smith (1991) |
| Smith (1991) | |
| Price et al. (1985) | |
| Smith (1991) | |
| Coolbaugh et al. (2020) |
| R&M 73:3 p196-201 | |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... |
| collected by Brent Thorne |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... | |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... | |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... | |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... |
| Kokinos et al. (1993) |
| Min Rec 24:1 pp11-22 | |
| Kokinos et al. (1993) | |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... | |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference |
| collected by Brent Thorne |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| - (2005) |
| a second occurrence +1 other reference |
Vietnam | |
| B. Fojt & I. Kusinir (2001) |
Zambia | |
| Korowski et al. (1980) +1 other reference |
Zimbabwe | |
| Frei (2005) |
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Clara Mine, Oberwolfach, Ortenaukreis, Freiburg Region, Baden-Württemberg, Germany