Andalusite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Andalusite
Formula:
Al2(SiO4)O
Colour:
Pink to red brown, occasionally yellow, green, white, gray rarely violet
Lustre:
Vitreous, Sub-Vitreous, Greasy
Hardness:
6½ - 7½
Specific Gravity:
3.13 - 3.21
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Name:
Named by Jean-Claude Delamétherie in 1798 for the supposed type locality, "Andalusia region", Spain, although he seems to have been not very familiar with Spanish geography and the type locality is not in Andalusia.
Andalusite was first analysed by Werner on specimens coming from Spain. Both Werner and Delamétherie believed that the specimens came from Andalusia, which is why the latter named it "andalusite". However, it seems that the analyzed specimens came from El Cardoso (Guadalajara), a town they erroneously thought to be in Andalusia. Consequently, the type locality must be considered El Cardoso, probably the outcrop located in Zahurdon. The error was perpetuated by other later authors, who considered that the origin was the province of Almeria, and remained so in the majority of books, even in modern ones. Furthermore, andalusite had already been known previously and had even been described, in its chiastolite variety, by a Spanish author, paleontologist and Franciscan priest José Torrubia, in 1754. The description was published in his famous book, "Aparato para la Historia Natural Española", in which aragonite also appears. In both cases, the descriptions are accompanied by illustrations that depict both minerals unmistakably. (See the article by Dr. Miguel Calvo, "Minerales que tienen en España su localidad tipo" - http://milksci.unizar.es/miner/mineralesp/tipo.html )
Andalusite was first analysed by Werner on specimens coming from Spain. Both Werner and Delamétherie believed that the specimens came from Andalusia, which is why the latter named it "andalusite". However, it seems that the analyzed specimens came from El Cardoso (Guadalajara), a town they erroneously thought to be in Andalusia. Consequently, the type locality must be considered El Cardoso, probably the outcrop located in Zahurdon. The error was perpetuated by other later authors, who considered that the origin was the province of Almeria, and remained so in the majority of books, even in modern ones. Furthermore, andalusite had already been known previously and had even been described, in its chiastolite variety, by a Spanish author, paleontologist and Franciscan priest José Torrubia, in 1754. The description was published in his famous book, "Aparato para la Historia Natural Española", in which aragonite also appears. In both cases, the descriptions are accompanied by illustrations that depict both minerals unmistakably. (See the article by Dr. Miguel Calvo, "Minerales que tienen en España su localidad tipo" - http://milksci.unizar.es/miner/mineralesp/tipo.html )
Polymorph of:
Isostructural with:
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
217
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:217:4
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
33b504af-9c8c-491a-bee3-caa7887071d0
IMA Classification of Andalusite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Al2SiO5
Classification of Andalusite
9.AF.10
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
A : Nesosilicates
F : Nesosilicates with additional anions; cations in [4], [5] and/or only [6] coordination
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
A : Nesosilicates
F : Nesosilicates with additional anions; cations in [4], [5] and/or only [6] coordination
52.2.2b.1
52 : NESOSILICATES Insular SiO4 Groups and O,OH,F,H2O
2 : Insular SiO4 Groups and O, OH, F, and H2O with cations in [4] and >[4] coordination
52 : NESOSILICATES Insular SiO4 Groups and O,OH,F,H2O
2 : Insular SiO4 Groups and O, OH, F, and H2O with cations in [4] and >[4] coordination
15.1
15 : Silicates of Aluminum
15 : Silicates of Aluminum
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Symbol | Source | Reference |
---|---|---|
And | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
And | Kretz (1983) | Kretz, R. (1983) Symbols of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 68, 277–279. |
And | Siivolam & Schmid (2007) | Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download |
And | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
And | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Pronunciation of Andalusite
Pronunciation:
Play | Recorded by | Country |
---|---|---|
Jolyon Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Andalusite
Vitreous, Sub-Vitreous, Greasy
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent, Opaque
Colour:
Pink to red brown, occasionally yellow, green, white, gray rarely violet
Comment:
in thin section, colorless to pink or green.
Streak:
White
Hardness:
6½ - 7½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
Good on {110}
Poor on {100}
Good on {110}
Poor on {100}
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Sub-Conchoidal
Density:
3.13 - 3.21 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.149 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Andalusite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.629 - 1.640 nβ = 1.633 - 1.644 nγ = 1.638 - 1.650
2V:
Measured: 73° to 86°, Calculated: 80° to 84°
Birefringence:
0.009
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.009 - 0.010
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Dispersion:
r < v strong
Pleochroism:
Weak
Comments:
X= reddish pink
Y=Z= greenish yellow
Clear colored crystals can show strong pleochroism (Faye and Harris, 1969)
Y=Z= greenish yellow
Clear colored crystals can show strong pleochroism (Faye and Harris, 1969)
Comments:
Iron substitution may dramatically increase RI and birefringence.
Chemistry of Andalusite
Mindat Formula:
Al2(SiO4)O
Elements listed:
Chemical Analysis
Oxide wt%:
1 | |
---|---|
SiO2 | 34.78 % |
TiO2 | 0.02 % |
Al2O3 | 51.80 % |
Mn2O3 | 12.67 % |
Fe2O3 | 0.97 % |
MgO | 0.06 % |
Total: | 100.3 % |
Empirical formulas:
Sample ID | Empirical Formula |
---|---|
1 | (Al0.70Mn3+0.27Fe3+0.02)Al1.00O1.00[Si0.98Al0.02O4.00] |
Sample references:
ID | Locality | Reference | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Le Coreux, Salmchâteau, Vielsalm, Luxembourg, Wallonia, Belgium | Mn-rich andalusite-dominant cores of zoned kanonaite-andalusite porphyroblasts in schist. |
Crystallography of Andalusite
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) - Dipyramidal
Space Group:
Pnnm
Setting:
Pnnm
Cell Parameters:
a = 7.798(7) Å, b = 7.9031(10) Å, c = 5.5566(5) Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.987 : 1 : 0.703
Unit Cell V:
342.44 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
As euhedral crystals or columnar aggregates having nearly square cross sections, commonly elongated parallel to [001], to 20 cm. Crystals may be much interrupted due to intersection with outer minerals. Also fibrous, compact, massive.
Twinning:
On {101} - rare
Crystallographic forms of Andalusite
Crystal Atlas:
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0000728 | Andalusite | Winter J K, Ghose S (1979) Thermal expansion and high-temperature crystal chemistry of the Al2SiO5 polymorphs American Mineralogist 64 573-586 | 1979 | 0 | 298 | ||
0000729 | Andalusite | Winter J K, Ghose S (1979) Thermal expansion and high-temperature crystal chemistry of the Al2SiO5 polymorphs American Mineralogist 64 573-586 | 1979 | 0 | 673 | ||
0000730 | Andalusite | Winter J K, Ghose S (1979) Thermal expansion and high-temperature crystal chemistry of the Al2SiO5 polymorphs American Mineralogist 64 573-586 | 1979 | 0 | 873 | ||
0000731 | Andalusite | Winter J K, Ghose S (1979) Thermal expansion and high-temperature crystal chemistry of the Al2SiO5 polymorphs American Mineralogist 64 573-586 | 1979 | 0 | 1073 | ||
0000732 | Andalusite | Winter J K, Ghose S (1979) Thermal expansion and high-temperature crystal chemistry of the Al2SiO5 polymorphs American Mineralogist 64 573-586 | 1979 | 0 | 1273 | ||
0000938 | Andalusite | Ralph R L, Finger L W, Hazen R M, Ghose S (1984) Compressibility and crystal structure of andalusite at high pressure 12 kbar continuous-scan American Mineralogist 69 513-519 | 1984 | 0 | 293 | ||
0000939 | Andalusite | Ralph R L, Finger L W, Hazen R M, Ghose S (1984) Compressibility and crystal structure of andalusite at high pressure 12 kbar step-scan American Mineralogist 69 513-519 | 1984 | 0 | 293 | ||
0000940 | Andalusite | Ralph R L, Finger L W, Hazen R M, Ghose S (1984) Compressibility and crystal structure of andalusite at high pressure 25 kbar step-scan American Mineralogist 69 513-519 | 1984 | 0 | 293 | ||
0000941 | Andalusite | Ralph R L, Finger L W, Hazen R M, Ghose S (1984) Compressibility and crystal structure of andalusite at high pressure 37 kbar continuous scan American Mineralogist 69 513-519 | 1984 | 0 | 293 | ||
0004114 | Andalusite | Burt J B, Ross N L, Angel R J, Koch M (2006) Equations of state and structures of andalusite to 9.8 GPa and sillimanite to 8.5 GPa American Mineralogist 91 319-326 | 2006 | Minas Gerais, Brazil | 0.0001 | 293 | |
0004115 | Andalusite | Burt J B, Ross N L, Angel R J, Koch M (2006) Equations of state and structures of andalusite to 9.8 GPa and sillimanite to 8.5 GPa American Mineralogist 91 319-326 | 2006 | Minas Gerais, Brazil | 1.474 | 293 | |
0004116 | Andalusite | Burt J B, Ross N L, Angel R J, Koch M (2006) Equations of state and structures of andalusite to 9.8 GPa and sillimanite to 8.5 GPa American Mineralogist 91 319-326 | 2006 | Minas Gerais, Brazil | 2.512 | 293 | |
0004117 | Andalusite | Burt J B, Ross N L, Angel R J, Koch M (2006) Equations of state and structures of andalusite to 9.8 GPa and sillimanite to 8.5 GPa American Mineralogist 91 319-326 | 2006 | Minas Gerais, Brazil | 3.129 | 293 | |
0004118 | Andalusite | Burt J B, Ross N L, Angel R J, Koch M (2006) Equations of state and structures of andalusite to 9.8 GPa and sillimanite to 8.5 GPa American Mineralogist 91 319-326 | 2006 | Minas Gerais, Brazil | 3.932 | 293 | |
0004119 | Andalusite | Burt J B, Ross N L, Angel R J, Koch M (2006) Equations of state and structures of andalusite to 9.8 GPa and sillimanite to 8.5 GPa American Mineralogist 91 319-326 | 2006 | Minas Gerais, Brazil | 5.441 | 293 | |
0004120 | Andalusite | Burt J B, Ross N L, Angel R J, Koch M (2006) Equations of state and structures of andalusite to 9.8 GPa and sillimanite to 8.5 GPa American Mineralogist 91 319-326 | 2006 | Minas Gerais, Brazil | 7.565 | 293 | |
0004121 | Andalusite | Burt J B, Ross N L, Angel R J, Koch M (2006) Equations of state and structures of andalusite to 9.8 GPa and sillimanite to 8.5 GPa American Mineralogist 91 319-326 | 2006 | Minas Gerais, Brazil | 9.828 | 293 | |
0017647 | Andalusite | Taylor W (1929) The Structure of Andalusite, Al2 Si O5 _cod_database_code 1010924 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 71 205-218 | 1929 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
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Radiation - Copper Kα
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
5.55 Å | (100) |
4.53 Å | (80) |
3.93 Å | (30) |
3.53 Å | (30) |
2.77 Å | (70) |
2.27 Å | (30) |
2.18 Å | (30) |
2.17 Å | (40) |
Comments:
ICDD 39-376
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
---|---|
Stage 4a: Earth’s earliest continental crust | >4.4-3.0 |
19 : Granitic intrusive rocks | |
Near-surface Processes | |
23 : Subaerial aqueous alteration by non-redox-sensitive fluids (see also #47) | |
26 : Hadean detrital minerals | |
Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
34 : Complex granite pegmatites | |
Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics | <3.5-2.5 |
40 : Regional metamorphism (greenschist, amphibolite, granulite facies) |
Geological Setting:
A result of contact metamorphism of argillaceous sediments, also in regionally metamorphosed schists. Rare in granites and pegmatites, which however afford the largest crystals. Detrital in some sandstones.
Type Occurrence of Andalusite
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Low pressure and low-temperature metamorphic rocks.
Synonyms of Andalusite
Other Language Names for Andalusite
Bosnian:Andaluzit
Bulgarian:Андалусит
Croatian:Andaluzit
Dutch:Andalusiet
Esperanto:Andaluzito
Estonian:Andalusiit
Galician:Andalucita
German:Andalusit
Hebrew:אנדלוזיט
Hungarian:Andalúzit
Italian:Andalusite
Japanese:紅柱石
Lithuanian:Andalūzitas
Polish:Andaluzyt
Portuguese:Andalusite
Romanian:Andaluzit
Russian:Андалузит
Serbian:Андалузит
Simplified Chinese:红柱石
Swedish:Andalusit
Ukrainian:Андалузит
Varieties of Andalusite
Chiastolite | Crystals of andalusite containing cross-shaped inclusions of carbon. Common in some metamorphic rocks. Known from the late 1500s, and called 'lapis crucifer' (cross stone) in Latin texts. It was popular with religious pilgrims in northern Spain. The pu... |
Titanium-bearing Andalusite | A titanium-bearing andalusite. (Possibly due to inclusions of rutile?) |
Viridine | A Mn3+-bearing, green variety of andalusite. |
Relationship of Andalusite to other Species
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
92 photos of Andalusite associated with Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
80 photos of Andalusite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
51 photos of Andalusite associated with Kyanite | Al2(SiO4)O |
15 photos of Andalusite associated with Diaspore | AlO(OH) |
12 photos of Andalusite associated with Sillimanite | Al2(SiO4)O |
11 photos of Andalusite associated with Chlorite Group | |
8 photos of Andalusite associated with Biotite | K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2 |
7 photos of Andalusite associated with Milky Quartz | SiO2 |
6 photos of Andalusite associated with Plagioclase | (Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8 |
6 photos of Andalusite associated with Almandine | Fe2+3Al2(SiO4)3 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
9.AF. | Chegemite | Ca7(SiO4)3(OH)2 |
9.AF. | Barwoodite | Mn2+6Nb5+(SiO4)2O3(OH)3 |
9.AF. | Jingwenite-(Y) | YAlV4+(SiO4)O2(OH)2 |
9.AF.05 | Sillimanite | Al2(SiO4)O |
9.AF.05 | Xenolite | Al10Si8O31 |
9.AF.10 | Kanonaite | Mn3+Al(SiO4)O |
9.AF.15 | Kyanite | Al2(SiO4)O |
9.AF.20 | Mullite | Al4+2xSi2-2xO10-x |
9.AF.20 | Krieselite | Al2(GeO4)F2 |
9.AF.23 | Boromullite | Al9BSi2O19 |
9.AF.25 | Yoderite | Mg(Al,Fe3+)3(SiO4)2O(OH) |
9.AF.30 | Magnesiostaurolite | Mg(Mg,Li)3(Al,Mg)18Si8O44(OH)4 |
9.AF.30 | Staurolite | Fe2+2Al9Si4O23(OH) |
9.AF.30 | Zincostaurolite | Zn2Al9Si4O23(OH) |
9.AF.35 | Topaz | Al2(SiO4)(F,OH)2 |
9.AF.40 | Norbergite | Mg3(SiO4)F2 |
9.AF.45 | Alleghanyite | Mn2+5(SiO4)2(OH)2 |
9.AF.45 | Chondrodite | Mg5(SiO4)2F2 |
9.AF.45 | Reinhardbraunsite | Ca5(SiO4)2(OH,F)2 |
9.AF.45 | Kumtyubeite | Ca5(SiO4)2F2 |
9.AF.45 | Hydroxylchondrodite | Mg5(SiO4)2(OH)2 |
9.AF.50 | Humite | Mg7(SiO4)3F2 |
9.AF.50 | Manganhumite | (Mn2+,Mg)7(SiO4)3(OH)2 |
9.AF.50 | Unnamed (Ca-analogue of Humite) | Ca7(SiO4)4F2 |
9.AF.50 | Fluorchegemite | Ca7(SiO4)3F2 |
9.AF.50 | Unnamed (OH-analogue of humite) | Mg7(SiO4)3(OH)2 |
9.AF.55 | Clinohumite | Mg9(SiO4)4F2 |
9.AF.55 | Sonolite | Mn2+9(SiO4)4(OH)2 |
9.AF.55 | Hydroxylclinohumite | Mg9(SiO4)4(OH)2 |
9.AF.60 | Leucophoenicite | Mn2+7(SiO4)3(OH)2 |
9.AF.65 | Ribbeite | Mn2+5(SiO4)2(OH)2 |
9.AF.70 | Jerrygibbsite | Mn2+9(SiO4)4(OH)2 |
9.AF.75 | Franciscanite | Mn2+6(V5+,◻)2(SiO4)2(O,OH)6 |
9.AF.75 | Örebroite | Mn2+3(Sb5+,Fe3+)(SiO4)(O,OH)3 |
9.AF.75 | Welinite | Mn2+6(W6+,Mg)2(SiO4)2(O,OH)6 |
9.AF.75 | Scorticoite | Mn6(Sb,◻)Σ2(SiO4)2O3(OH)3 |
9.AF.80 | Ellenbergerite | Mg6(Mg,Ti,Zr,◻)2(Al,Mg)6Si8O28(OH)10 |
9.AF.85 | Chloritoid | (Fe2+,Mg,Mn2+)Al2(SiO4)O(OH)2 |
9.AF.85 | Magnesiochloritoid | MgAl2(SiO4)O(OH)2 |
9.AF.85 | Ottrélite | (Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)Al2(SiO4)O(OH)2 |
9.AF.90 | Poldervaartite | CaCa[SiO3(OH)](OH) |
9.AF.90 | Olmiite | CaMn2+[SiO3(OH)](OH) |
9.AF.95 | Pilawite-(Y) | Ca2Y2Al4(SiO4)4O2(OH)2 |
Fluorescence of Andalusite
Not fluorescent.
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Andalusite in petrology
An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.
Internet Links for Andalusite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-217.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Andalusite
Localities for Andalusite
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality.
Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Andorra | |
| L Puech Litostratigrafia del ... |
| Valenti Turu and Michels (1992) |
Antarctica | |
| Pelletier et al. (2005) |
| Grew et al. (2000) |
| Grew et al. (2000) |
| Wadoski et al. (2011) |
| Kawakami et al. (2008) |
| Higashino et al. (2022) |
Schlüter et al. (2011) | |
| Burt +1 other reference |
| Edited by Rowley +1 other reference |
| Edited by Rowley +1 other reference |
| Geological Magazine +4 other references |
Argentina | |
| FRANCHINI (27º26'S-66º16'O) +1 other reference |
Raúl Jorge Tauber Larry | |
| Raúl Jorge Tauber Larry |
| MUTTI |
| FERNANDEZ +1 other reference |
Sardi et al. (2009) | |
Hugo A. Peña (1970) | |
Australia | |
| Pidgeon et al. (1965) |
| Lishmund (1982) |
Lishmund (1982) | |
| Lishmund (1982) |
| Gilligan (1975) |
| Allibone (1998) |
| Econ Geol (1993) |
| Ramdohr (1950) |
| - (n.d.) +5 other references |
| Basedow (1924) +1 other reference |
| Zia U. Bajwah |
Huckitta 1996 | |
Ivanac et al. (1972) | |
Ransom (1978) | |
Rosequartz Mining NL (1991) | |
Huckitta 1996 | |
Ivanac et al. (1972) | |
Zapopan (1989) | |
| Zia U. Bajwah |
Holmes (1972) +1 other reference | |
Bajwah Z.U. (1996) +1 other reference | |
Bennett et al. (2017) | |
Huckitta 1996 | |
Dickson (1989) | |
Am Min 93:283-299 +1 other reference | |
Geology : Vol. 25 | |
| Hein (1994) |
| Williams et al. (2005) |
| Queensland Government Department of ... |
| Rubenach et al. (2002) |
| Wang et al. (2001) |
| Harvey (1989) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| [[1]]Kumar et al. (2022) |
| Baker (1998) |
| Duggan et al. (1990) |
Duggan et al. (1990) | |
| Willmott et al. (1969) |
| |
| |
Noble et al. (1983) | |
| Noble et al. (1983) +2 other references |
| Graham (1978) |
| Abbot (2005) |
| SARIG Database for South Australian ... |
Noble et al. (1983) +1 other reference | |
Martins da Pedra collection | |
SA Geodata Database - Mineral Deposit ... | |
| |
| Vera Munro-Smith (2006) |
Record of Sth.Aust. mines summary Olary ... | |
| |
| R Bottrill |
| R Bottrill unpublished analysis |
| Taheri |
| R Bottrill in prep |
| Bottrill (2018) |
| Patterson |
| Eagle et al. (2017) |
| Eagle (2009) |
| |
| Bierlein et al. (1998) |
| W.D.Birch in Australian Journal of Earth Sciences (2007) +1 other reference |
| |
| |
| Collins et al. (date?) |
Ferguson (1999) | |
| MINEDEX Database 2006. |
| Marston (1984) |
| Fetherston et al. (2012) |
Fetherston et al. (2013) | |
| Marston (1984) |
| Mock (1987) |
| Fetherston et al. (2013) |
Cox (1974) +1 other reference | |
| Marston (1979) |
| Marston (1979) |
| Collection of NHM |
| Prider (1960) |
| Marston (1984) |
| Zoja Vukmanovic (2013) |
| Ravensgate Mining Consultants (2007) |
| Simpson (1948) |
www.portergeo.com.au (n.d.) | |
| Hallberg et al. (1985) |
| Pegmatites of Western Australia +2 other references |
| Hassan (2017) |
| Rox Resources Ltd (2004) |
| Simpson (1948) |
| Geological Survey of Western Australia (1917) |
| Cavosie et al. (2004) |
| Dalstra et al. (2023) |
| Simpson (1948) |
| Fetherston et al. (2012) |
| Simpson et al. (1948) |
| Sharpe (1996) |
| Chisholm (2004) |
| Simpson (1948) |
| Simpson (1948) |
Austria | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
Walter et al. (2001) +1 other reference | |
| G.Indra coll. |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| H. Meixner: Carinthia II (1980) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Meixner (1950) |
| Sigmund (1909) |
| Fechner et al. (1985) +2 other references |
| Sigmund (1909) |
| Kolitsch (2011) +1 other reference |
| HEHENBERGER (1996) |
HABERLANDT (1937) | |
| Robert Winkler collection +1 other reference |
Sammelwerk der Zeitschrift "Deutsches ... +1 other reference | |
| KIESEWETTER et al. (2003) |
| Huber et al. (1977) |
| Hlawatsch (1911) +4 other references |
| THIELE (1971) |
| Steinwender et al. (2013) |
| Exel (1993) |
| F. Bernhard et al.: Mitt. Österr. Min. Ges. 142:246-248 (1998) |
| Sigmund (1915) +1 other reference |
| Fruth (1975) |
Fruth (1975) | |
Exel (1993) | |
| Fruth (1975) |
| Bernhard (2009) +1 other reference |
Bernhard (2008) | |
Mason (1976) | |
| Arthofer (2005) |
| Exel (1993) |
| Mäser et al. (2019) |
| Polz (1989) |
| Polz (1989) |
| 82. +2 other references |
82. +1 other reference | |
| Niedermayr et al. (2004) |
Azerbaijan | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) +1 other reference |
Belgium | |
| Fransolet et al. (1977) |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Uwe Kolitsch collection. +1 other reference |
| Anten (1912) +2 other references |
Anten (1912) | |
Hatert et al. (2002) | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
Hatert et al. (2002) | |
Michel Blondieau. +3 other references | |
José Dehove collection | |
Corin (1963-1964) +3 other references | |
Corin (1929) +3 other references | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
Corin (1929) +2 other references | |
Blondieau (2005) | |
Blondieau (2005) | |
Hatert et al. (2002) | |
Bolivia | |
| Salomon Rivas y Federico Ahlfeld (1998) |
Salomon Rivas y Federico Ahlfeld (1998) | |
| Federico Ahlfeld and Jorge Muñoz Reyes (1955) |
Federico Ahlfeld and Alejandro Schneider-Scherbina (1964) | |
| Ahlfeld & Schneider-Scherbina (1964) |
Salomon Rivas & Federico Ahlfeld (1998) +1 other reference | |
Ahlfeld & Schneider-Scherbina (1964) | |
| Lorin Fassbender et al. (2024) |
| Federico Ahlfeld and Alejandro Schneider-Scherbina (1964) |
Federico Ahlfeld and Alejandro Schneider-Scherbina (1964) | |
Federico Ahlfeld and Alejandro Schneider-Scherbina (1964) | |
Federico Ahlfeld and Alejandro Schneider-Scherbina (1964) | |
| Salomon Rivas and Federico Ahlfeld (1998) +1 other reference |
| Salomon Rivas y Federico Ahlfeld (1998) |
| Salomon Rivas y Federico Ahlfeld (1998) |
Botswana | |
Brazil | |
| Jeannine and Jacques Cassedanne : "Présence d'eskolaite dans les alluvions stannifères de la Chapada Diamantina (Bahia-Brésil) |
Anthony (1997) | |
| Cassedanne (1985) |
| Guimarães Texeira et al. (2001) |
Guimarães Texeira et al. (2001) | |
Guimarães Texeira et al. (2001) | |
| Guimarães Texeira et al. (2001) |
Rob Lavinsky | |
Mason (1976) | |
Sauer (1982) | |
Sauer (1982) | |
Mason (1976) | |
| Diamond News +1 other reference |
Sauer (1982) | |
Martins da Pedra specimen | |
| Leão-Santos et al. (2022) |
| Souza Neto et al. (2008) |
| e da Terra (2001) +1 other reference |
| Amores Casals et al. (2014) |
Bulgaria | |
| I. Kostov et al. (1964) |
| Stela Atanasova – Vladimirova (2007) |
Petrusenko et al. (1996) | |
| Vasil Arnaudov et al. (2003) |
Burundi | |
| The Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA) +1 other reference |
| The Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA) +1 other reference |
Canada | |
| albite alunite andalusite andesine ... |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
Peatfield (n.d.) | |
Peatfield (n.d.) | |
Peatfield (n.d.) | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Roberts (2017) |
| MINFILE No 082N 003 |
| DIXON et al. (2014) |
British Columbia | |
| R Sherlock and Julie Domvile (2007) |
| Bernier et al. (1990) +1 other reference |
| Sabina (1972) |
| Nast et al. (1991) |
| Lentz +3 other references |
| Personal correspondance with Giles Peatfield (see comments in description) |
| Sabina (2003) |
a preserved late Proterozoic high-sulfidation epithermal gold deposit and its implications for exploration. Economic Geology (4) +2 other references | |
| Traill (1980) |
| Groat et al. (2003) |
| Nielsen (1977) |
| Malcolm (1929) |
| evidence for mineralization at 370 Ma. Economic Geology: 88 (1) +1 other reference |
| O'Reilly et al. (1982) |
| The Nova Scotia Department of Natural ... |
| R. Van Dommelen collection |
Ronnie Van Dommelen collection | |
Sabina (1964) | |
| P.B. Tomascak et al. (1994) |
| www.geologyontario.mndm.gov.on.ca (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Ann P.Sabina 1991 |
| Dubé +1 other reference |
| a study in contrasts. The Canadian Mineralogist: 36 (2) +1 other reference |
| Marsden (2012) |
| Albina Adamova (2020) |
| Fleet et al. (1997) |
Franklin et al. (1991) +1 other reference | |
| G.P. Beakhouse et al. (1996) |
| F. R. Ploeger (1980) |
| Kirkland Lake - Rouyn-Noranda - Val d'Or +1 other reference |
| Sillitoe +6 other references |
| Taner et al. (1993) |
| Riverin |
| 179-181. +2 other references |
| J.P.Girault (1952) |
| Coombe Geoconsultants Ltd. (1991) |
| Gleeson ( 1970) |
| Montgomery (n.d.) |
Chile | |
| Gibbons (2018) |
| Econ Geol (1976) |
| Miranda-Díaz et al. (2022) |
| Alfredo Petrov and Martins da Pedra ... |
| British Museum online catalogue 2007 |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| - (2003) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
China | |
| Zhiyu Zhang et al. (2010) |
| Jinglin Yu and Yunjia Zhao (1977) |
| Qisheng Jiang and Dongzhou Liu (2006) |
Junwu Lu and Yuanfa Xia (2001) | |
Bin Cui (1987) | |
| Xu et al. (2000) |
| Fuan Xing et al. (1984) |
| Wenrong Huang (1983) |
| Zuoheng Zhang et al. (2002) |
| Jianzhong Feng et al. (2002) |
| Peters (2002) |
| - (1998) |
| Dezi Wang et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
| Mingzheng Zhuang (1983) |
| Guilin Xu et al. (2006) |
| Deshi Lu (1993) |
| Mingliang Xu et al. (2006) |
| Keqin Wang (1995) +2 other references |
| Peng (1991) |
| Nan et al. (2023) |
Betts (n.d.) | |
| Lan Xiaoming and Chen Xiangli (2000) |
| Lidong Fei et al. (2012) |
| Shiqian Li et al. (2005) |
| Hequn Yang et al. (2010) |
| Qingchang Meng (1981) |
| Deng et al. (2010) |
Yiming Li et al. (2013) +1 other reference | |
| Xinming Jiang (1983) |
China Shenzhou Mining & Resources Inc. | |
| Liqing Zhao et al. (2002) |
| Bingjian Xiao (2000) |
| Fengjun Nie et al. (2008) |
| Zhuyun Yan et al. (1989) |
| Wenle Zeng et al. (2010) |
| Hansheng Cao (1982) +1 other reference |
| Bangsheng Tian and Buyun Yuan (2008) |
| Kuanglin Yan (1978) |
| wrgis.wr.usgs.gov (2004) |
| Shangquan Wu (1986) |
Junfeng Shi and Yusheng Zhang (2003) | |
| Matsuda (1969) |
| Xiaoping Qiu (2004) |
| Jianhui Wu et al. (2010) |
| www.eldoradogold.com (2006) |
| Yanping Cai et al. (2011) |
| Feng et al. (2023) |
| Defeng Hui and Naiwu Zhu (2001) |
| Suxia Peng et al. (2013) |
| Songnian Lu et al. (2003) |
| Li +6 other references |
| Li +4 other references |
| Li +4 other references |
| Zhenghua Hu et al. (2011) |
Suiliang Dong et al. (2010) +1 other reference | |
| Changbi Li (1991) |
| Guosheng Feng et al. (2006) |
| Fu et al. (2023) |
| Li Zhang et al. (2007) +2 other references |
Tang et al. (2023) | |
| China Chemical Reporter |
| Guizhong Liu et al. (2007) |
| Guoqing Zhou (2004) |
| Rufu Ding et al. (2001) |
| Yanling Tang (2005) +1 other reference |
| Yanling Tang (2005) |
| Nan Ma et al. (2013) |
| Huijuan Peng et al. (2014) |
| Fusheng Dai (1990) |
Czech Republic | |
| Gadas et al. (2011) |
| Loun J. et al. (Česká republika) |
| Černý et al. (Weisser Stein) |
| Pauliš |
| Kruťa T. et al. (1967) |
| Kruťa et al. (Sborník Přírodovědecké společnosti v Ostravě) |
| Kruťa |
| Sejkora (1994) |
Kruťa | |
| Kruťa et al. (Sborník Přírodovědecké společnosti v Ostravě) +1 other reference |
Kruťa et al. (Sborník Přírodovědecké společnosti v Ostravě) +1 other reference | |
| Kruťa |
| Kruťa |
| Kruťa T. et al. (1967) |
Kruťa T. et al. (1967) | |
Nepejchal M. (2004) | |
Gába | |
Gába | |
Gába | |
Gába | |
| Kruťa T. et al. (1967) |
Kruťa T. et al. (1967) | |
| Zimák |
| Luboš Vrtiška |
Černý P. | |
| Hofmanovi P. a R.: Příspěvek k ... |
| P. Pauliš - Nejzajímavější mineralogická naleziště Moravy a Slezska II. (2005) |
| Žáček |
| Žáček |
| Uwe Kolitsch |
| Welser |
| Welser |
| Chábera |
| Welser |
| Cempírek |
| Houzar |
| Ales Tomek photo |
| Novák et al. (2007) |
| Houzar S.: Minerální asociace ... |
| Paulis P. (2001) |
| Staně +4 other references |
Staněk | |
Němec D.: Ein Pegmatit mit Li-Mineralisierung von Dolní Bory in Westmahren (ČSSR) | |
Staněk +1 other reference | |
Staněk | |
Staněk | |
Staněk | |
Staněk | |
Staněk | |
Staněk | |
| new data on the type material. Journal of GEOsciences (1-2) +1 other reference |
Novák | |
P. Pauliš. Nejzajímavější ... +1 other reference | |
| Petr Pauliš et al. (2007) |
| Velebil +5 other references |
Sekanina | |
Czech Republic/Poland | |
Lis et al. (1986) | |
DR Congo | |
| Villeneuve et al. (2022) |
Egypt | |
| International Geological Congress (2008) |
International Geological Congress (2008) | |
International Geological Congress (2008) | |
International Geological Congress (2008) | |
Helmy et al. (2021) | |
International Geological Congress (2008) | |
International Geological Congress (2008) | |
Eswatini | |
| Cairncross (2004) |
Ethiopia | |
| Jelenc (1966) |
Europe | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
Finland | |
| Geologian tutkimuskeskus et al. (ed.) |
| Ilkka Mikkola collection |
| Aumo |
Ilkka Nmikkola collection | |
Ilkka Mikkola collection | |
| Wilke (1976) |
| Nebocat et al. (2011) |
| Aurola |
Hyvärineb | |
| Mäki (1997) |
| Ilkka Mikkola collection |
| Ilkka Mikkola collection |
| Economic Geology (1996) +1 other reference |
France | |
| |
Boisson et al. (2000) | |
| François Périnet collection |
| Gol (2013) |
| F.H. Forestier : "Les Péridotites ... |
| F. GONNARD (1906) |
| Personnaly collected by Matthias Diot |
| G. Demarcq |
| Personnaly collected by Matthias Diot |
| Personnaly collected by M. Diot. |
| Personnaly collected by Matthias Diot |
| J.-J. Périchaud: "Les Minéraux ... |
| Belot (1978) |
| Périnet (n.d.) |
| De Ascençao Guedes (2003) |
| Delfour (2007) |
| Pierrot et al. (1975) +1 other reference |
| erik vercammen field observations and ... |
| Pierrick Graviou "Géotourisme en ... +1 other reference |
| Chauris L. (1997) |
| Chauris L. (1982) |
| Chauris L. (1982) |
| Chauris L. (1982) |
| Chauris L. (1982) |
Chauris (2014) | |
| Chauris L. (1982) |
| Chauris L. (1982) |
| Chauris L. (1982) |
| Chauris L. (1982) |
| Chauris (2014) |
| Georget et al. (France) +2 other references |
| Lacroix (1910) |
Lacroix (1910) | |
R.PIERROT et al. (1973) | |
Lacroix (1910) | |
Lacroix (1910) | |
| Chauris L. (1982) |
Chauris L. (1982) | |
Chauris L. (1982) | |
Chauris L. (1982) | |
Chauris L. (1982) | |
Chauris (2014) | |
Chauris L. (1982) | |
| Erik Vercammen collection |
Chauris (2014) | |
| Chauris L. (1982) |
| Chauris (2014) |
| Chauris L. (1982) |
| Lacroix (1910) +1 other reference |
Pierrot et al. (1973) +1 other reference | |
Lacroix (1910) +1 other reference | |
| Heavy sands collected by Marc Bassoulet ... |
R.PIERROT et al. (1973) | |
Lacroix (1910) +2 other references | |
| Chauris L. (1982) |
| Chauris L. (1982) |
| Chauris L. (1982) |
| Chauris L. (1982) |
| Barrière et al. (1985) |
| Chauris L. (1988) |
| Chauris L. (1988) |
Chauris L. (1982) | |
| Chauris L. (1982) |
| Chauris L. (1982) |
| Lukas (1978) +1 other reference |
| Périnet (n.d.) |
| Périnet (n.d.) |
Chauris L. (1988) | |
| Barrière et al. (1985) |
| Belot (1978) |
| perso.wanadoo.fr (2000) |
| Périnet (n.d.) |
| Chauris L. (1982) |
| Chauris L. (1982) |
Chauris L. (1982) | |
| Chauris L. (1982) |
| Chauris L. (1988) |
Chauris L. (1988) | |
| Chauris L. (1982) |
| collected by Jean Guennéguès |
| Chauris L. (1987) |
| Chauris L. (1988) |
Chauris L. (1988) | |
| Chauris L. (1988) |
| Chauris L. (1982) |
| Chauris L. (1982) |
Chauris L. (1982) | |
Chauris L. (1982) | |
| Chauris L. (1982) |
| Chauris L. (1982) |
| Chauris L. (1988) |
Chauris L. (1988) | |
| Chauris L. (1987) |
Chauris L. (1987) | |
| De Ascençao Guedes et al. (2001) |
| Chauris (2014) |
| Lukas (1978) |
| Lukas (1978) +1 other reference |
| Chauris (2014) |
| R. Pierrot |
R. Pierrot | |
| Chauris L. (1982) |
| Chauris (2014) |
| R. Pierrot |
CHAURIS L. (1982) | |
| Périnet (n.d.) |
| Chauris L. (1982) |
Chauris L. (1982) | |
R. Pierrot | |
| Belot (1978) |
Belot (1978) | |
| Belot (1978) |
| Périnet (n.d.) |
| Belot (1978) |
| J.-L. Hohl: "Minéraux et Mines du Massif Vosgien" (Mulhouse) |
| Périnet (n.d.) |
| heavy sands collected by Serge Nénert ... |
| Belot (1978) |
| Périnet (n.d.) |
| perso.wanadoo.fr (2003) |
Belot (1978) | |
Belot (1978) | |
Belot (1978) | |
| Self collected J.M Laurent - 1969 |
| Belot (1978) |
| Heavy sands collected by Christian ... |
| D. Poulain and J. Kornprobst |
| J. Geffroy |
| Périnet (n.d.) |
Le Règne Minéral 47: 5-21 | |
| De Ascenção Guedes et al. (2002) |
| J.P. Couturié : "Le Massif Granitique de La Margeride (Massif Central Français) |
| Berbain et al. (2005) |
Guitard (2010) | |
Berbain et al. (2005) | |
Guitard (2010) | |
| Collection TRENCART |
Collection TRENCART +1 other reference | |
| van Marcke de Lummen (1985) |
| Guitard (2010) |
Guitard (2010) | |
| Heavy sands collected by Christian ... |
Heavy sands collected by Christian ... | |
| Heavy sands collected by Christian ... |
| Heavy sands collected by Christian ... |
| Berbain et al. (2005) |
| Olivier Mével specimen |
Belot (1978) | |
Guitard (2010) | |
| Guitard (2010) |
| Llac F. et al. (1988) |
| Olivier Mével specimen |
| Berbain et al. (2005) |
| Baret (1905) |
| Baret (1905) |
Baret (1905) | |
Baret (1905) | |
Baret (1905) | |
Lacroix (1910) | |
| Chauris L. (2001) |
| Chauris L. (1982) |
| Chauris L. (1982) |
| Chauris L. (1987) |
Chauris L. (1987) | |
Chauris L. (1987) | |
| Chauris L. (1987) |
| Chauris L. (1987) |
Chauris L. (1987) | |
| Chauris L. (1987) |
| Chauris L. (1987) |
| Périnet F. (2018) |
| Mari et al. (1979) |
BRGM report | |
Georgia | |
| Kekelia et al. (2008) |
| Kekelia et al. (2017) |
Germany | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Mineralien-Welt 18 (5) |
| Weiß (1990) |
Weiß (1990) | |
Weiß (1990) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
Grimm (1991) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
Obermüller et al. (1993) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| F. Müller: "Bayerns steinreiche Ecke" et al. (Hof) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Obermüller (2003) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Keck et al. (2010) |
| Rank (1985) |
Meier (2005) | |
Weiß (1990) | |
F. Müller: "Bayerns steinreiche Ecke" et al. (Hof) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Brauns (1922) |
Brauns et al. (1922) | |
| Brauns et al. (1922) |
Brauns et al. (1922) | |
| Vogelsang |
| Blaß et al. (2015) |
Lasaulx | |
Brauns | |
| Brauns (1922) +1 other reference |
| Brauns |
Lasaulx | |
Lasaulx | |
| Lasaulx |
| Lasaulx |
| Blaß et al. (2015) |
| Blaß et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| Haardt |
Blaß et al. (2015) | |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Lapis (1) |
| Baumann et al. (2000) |
| Wittern (2001) |
Wittern (2001) | |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Frenzel (1874) |
Scheumann (1956) | |
Wittern: "Mineralfundorte in ... | |
| Baumann et al. (2000) |
| Witzke (2023) |
| Zimmermann (1896-1899) |
| P. Bankwitz & T. Kaemmel (1957) |
Ghana | |
| Clay et al. (2013) |
Greece | |
| seen in Munich 2015 |
| Tarantola +10 other references |
Jordi Fabre | |
| www.visitikaria.gr (2014) |
Greenland | |
| Bøggild (1953) |
Hungary | |
| Szakáll-Gatter-Szendrei: Mineral ... |
| Mineral Species of Hungary |
| Eur. J. Mineral. |
| Mineral Species of Hungary |
Szakáll-Jánosi: Minerals of Hungary | |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) |
| |
| |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) |
| Mineral Species of Hungary |
India | |
| Murao et al. (2008) |
| B.V. Govinda Rajulu and M.J. Chandrasekhara Gowda (1972) |
| Acharya et al. (1982) |
| Sarkar et al. (1980) |
| Ahmed et al. (2018) |
| Deb (1980) |
Indonesia | |
| Van Leeuwen et al. (1987) +1 other reference |
| Mansur Geiger et al. (2002) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Setiawan | |
| Pollard et al. (2002) |
| Zglinicki +3 other references |
| Singer et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
Iran | |
| Ahankoub (2010) |
| Masoudi et al. (2005) |
Iraq | |
| Mohammad et al. (2016) +1 other reference |
Ireland | |
| |
| Whitworth (1992) +1 other reference |
S. Moreton | |
| Field observation by Stephen Callaghan |
Barros et al. (2022) | |
| [Specimen in the Natural History Museum |
Italy | |
| Carlino (1972) |
| Ferdinando Giovine |
| Vinci (1964) |
| Cerea et al. (2019) |
| Bertolini A. (1988) |
| F. Carasi et al. (1990) |
| Repossi (1910) +3 other references |
Del Caldo et al. (1973) | |
| David J. Eicher specimen |
| AA. VV. |
Ghizzoni et al. (2005) | |
Ghizzoni et al. (2005) | |
Ghizzoni et al. (2005) | |
| Weibel (2003) |
| Bedognè et al. (1995) |
Bossi (1978) +1 other reference | |
Bossi (1978) +3 other references | |
| Parola et al. (2023) |
| Boriani A. et al. (1988) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Stara (1990) |
| Frau et al. (2001) |
| Stara et al. (1993) |
| Gamboni et al. (1996) |
| An example of dominant igneous ... +3 other references |
| Traverso (1898) +1 other reference |
Traverso (1898) +1 other reference | |
Traverso (1898) | |
| De Michele (1974) |
| Pichler (1980) |
| Prof. P. Orlandi at Pisa University (EDX analysis) |
Exel (1987) | |
| Del Caldo et al. (1973) |
| Faggioni O. et al. (1998) |
Marinai | |
| Orlandi et al. (1997) |
| Nannoni R. et al. (Isola d'Elba) |
N. Calanchi et al. (1976) | |
| Garofalo et al. (2023) |
| Pandeli et al. (2013) |
F. Millosevich | |
| Frizzo et al. (1991) |
Japan | |
| Sadanaga et al. (1974) |
Alfredo Petrov collection | |
| Dr. Kameki Kinoshita collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) +1 other reference |
| Komuro collection |
Sadanaga et al. (1974) | |
| Sakurai (1936) |
| Nakajima & Kurosawa (2006) |
| Takahata +1 other reference |
| Yamada (2004) |
| Higashi (1982) |
| Watanabe J and Hasegawa K (1986) |
| Akira Kato (2011) |
| Alfredo Petrov collection |
| Kotaro Watanabe collection +1 other reference |
Takahata +1 other reference | |
| Dr. Kameki Kinoshita collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) +1 other reference |
Shiba (1982) | |
| Watanabe (1959) |
| Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
Matsubara (2003) | |
| Seki et al. (1957) |
| Yamada (2004) |
| Alfredo Petrov specimens |
Alfredo Petrov collection | |
Tsunashirō Wada (1904) +1 other reference | |
| Makoto Haruna pers. comm. |
| Akira Harada et al. (2010) +1 other reference |
| Dr. Kameki Kinoshita collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| Dr. Kameki Kinoshita collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| Murata (1982) |
American Mineralogist 87: 160-170 (2002) | |
| Tainosho (1974) |
Tainosho (1974) | |
| Soeda et al. (1979) +1 other reference |
| Analyses by Dr Hideki Masago |
| Analyses by Dr Hideki Masago |
| Akira Kato (2011) |
| Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 80: 110-116 (1982) |
| Osakabe et al. (1983) |
Hiroaki Tano specimens | |
| Matsubara et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
Jersey | |
| Mourant (1978) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Erlich et al. (2002) |
| www.portergeo.com.au (2007) |
| Jeremolenko (2002) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Dill (1999) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Erlich et al. (2002) |
Kyrgyzstan | |
| Karpenko V.Yu. et al. (OH) |
Madagascar | |
| A.Lacroix (1956) |
| Lacroix (1922) |
| Giuliani et al. (2007) |
| Behier (1963) |
Malawi | |
| pdfs.semanticscholar.org (n.d.) +5 other references |
Wooley (2001) | |
Mali | |
| Wane et al. (2021) |
Mauritania | |
| Kolb et al. (2015) |
Mexico | |
| Gomez and Venour (1989) |
Mongolia | |
| Soloviev et al. (2022) |
| Kononova et al. (1982) +2 other references |
| Petr Paulis (Bajan Mod) |
| Economic Geology +5 other references |
Morocco | |
| Cheilletz et al. (1988) |
| Samaoui et al. (2024) |
| Chatir et al. (2022) |
| Tuduri et al. (2018) |
Lecolle +5 other references | |
| Admou et al. (2018) +1 other reference |
| El Arbaoui et al. (2015) |
| Georges Favreau collection |
| Econ Geol (1989) |
| D. Blamart et al. |
| Afiri et al. (2023) |
Mozambique | |
| Wilson et al. (2000) |
| Wilson et al. (2000) |
Myanmar | |
| Maung Thein & Soe Win (1970) |
| www.ruby-sapphire.com (2000) |
| Themelis (2008) |
| Themelis (2008) +1 other reference |
| Themelis (2008) |
Themelis (2008) | |
| Kyaw Kaing Win and Sieghart Ellenberger ... |
| Garnier et al. (2002) |
Namibia | |
| von Bezing (2007) |
| Cairncross (2004) |
| von Bezing (2007) |
von Bezing (2007) | |
New Zealand | |
| Lauder (1964) |
Railton et al. (1990) | |
| C. M. Ward (1984) |
Railton et al. (1990) | |
| Railton et al. (1990) |
| Chambefort et al. (2017) |
| Corbett et al. (1996) |
| Kutsukake (1988) |
Nicaragua | |
| Lipson et al. (2024) |
North Korea | |
| Ito (1954) |
North Macedonia | |
| Singer et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
Norway | |
| D.Visser +1 other reference |
| Barth (1930) |
| Kihle (2013) |
| Goldschmidt (1911) |
| Taagvold (2016) |
| Garmo (2006) |
Garmo (2007) | |
| Sturt et al. (1978) +1 other reference |
| Grew et al. (1998) |
| Ramsay et al. (1971) |
| Bøe (1974) |
Bøe (1974) | |
| Atle Michalsen Collection |
| Kvamsdal et al. (2006) |
| Hans-J. Berg collection |
Pakistan | |
| Geological Survey of Pakistan (2012) |
| Lawangin Sheikh (2013) |
| M. P. Searle et al. (1986) |
| Mateen et al. (2022) |
Mateen et al. (2022) | |
| Mateen et al. (2022) |
Mateen et al. (2022) | |
| Mateen et al. (2022) |
Papua New Guinea | |
| Singer et al. (2005) |
Peru | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Aguirre Cernades (2017) |
O'Connor et al. (2018) | |
Geological Association of Canada (2014) +1 other reference | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Poland | |
| Koszowska E. (1994) |
| Ł. Kruszewski PXRD & EPMA data +1 other reference |
| Błocisz et al. (2015) |
| Łodziński M. & Pieczka A. 2008: (Nb-Ta) |
| Pieczka A. |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
Lis et al. (1986) | |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| KARWOWSKI Ł. et al. (2) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
Traube (1888) | |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
Lis et al. (1986) | |
www.redbor.pl (n.d.) | |
Lis et al. (1986) | |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
Lis et al. (1986) | |
Lis et al. (1986) | |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Puziewicz J. 1981: ... |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
Dathe E. | |
Pieczka et al. (2017) | |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
Łobos K. et al. (2019) | |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
Lis et al. (1986) | |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
Eligiusz Szełęg collection | |
Lis et al. (1986) | |
| Szopa +4 other references |
Szopa +4 other references | |
Portugal | |
| Pedro Alves collection |
Rui Nunes collection | |
Pedro Alves collection | |
| Manuel Maia's mineral collection |
| LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia ... |
| Bull. Minéral. +5 other references |
| Gaspar et al. (2022) |
| Neiva et al. (2000) |
| Specimen in the Geological Museum of ... |
| Collection of Luis Miguel Soares ... |
| Maijer 1965 |
| Pedro Alves collection and analytical ... |
| |
| Vallance et al. (2003) |
| Museu Geologico of Lisbon mineral ... |
Rui Nunes collection | |
Nuno Afonso specimen | |
| PROSPEG – Projecto de prospecção +1 other reference |
LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia ... | |
| |
Manuel Maia's mineral collection | |
Pedro Alves collection | |
| Carreço |
| Dias P et al. (2014) |
| Cardoso-Fernandes et al. (2023) |
| Seixigal granite pegmatite (NE Portugal) |
| Leal et al. (2022) |
Romania | |
| Udubaşa G. et al. (2004) |
| Hirtopanu Paulina et al. (2013) |
| Hirtopanu et al. (2000) |
Russia | |
| I.I Likhanov et al. |
| Tsarev et al. (2007) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Cesnokov et al. (1998) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
S.Kolesnichenko | |
| Savva et al. (2022) |
| webmineral.ru (2021) |
| Lazic et al. (2011) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Tararin et al. (2007) |
| Lennikov et al. (2004) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Sokol et al. (2023) |
Sokol et al. (2023) | |
Pekin et al. (2010) +1 other reference | |
| Volarovich et al. (1991) |
| ... |
| Arzamastsev et al. (2008) |
Barkov et al. (2006) | |
... | |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Borisov et al. (2016) |
| Kuleshevich et al. (2008) |
Zamiatina et al. (2022) | |
| Rychanchik D.V. |
| Om maltesit en kiastolitartad andalnsitvarietet från östra Finland Af JJ Sederholm. Forhandlingar / Geologiska foreningen (Sweden) +1 other reference |
| Kailachakov et al. (2020) |
[World of Stones 12:49] | |
| USGS Open File Report 2005-1252 p11 |
| Sokol et al. (2010) |
webcenter.ru (2002) | |
Sokol et al. (2010) | |
Rwanda | |
| Jos Andries (Bierbeek, Belgium) |
| Gérards (1965) +1 other reference |
Slovakia | |
| Juraj ŽItňan (2011) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Ďuďa (1993) |
| Koděra (1986) |
Koděra (1986) | |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Bacsó |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Háber et al. (Dankova, SGR Mnts) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Bacsó Z. |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Košuth M. |
| Števko M. (2017) |
| Uher et al. (Považský Inovec) |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
Gibson R (2008) | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Siegers et al. (1991) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
Botha (2010) | |
OVERBEEK (1989) +1 other reference | |
| Botha (2010) |
| Montinaro et al. (2015) |
| Botha (2010) |
| Mining Ann. Review (1985) |
Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
South Korea | |
| Yamaguchi (1943) |
Takagi (2008) | |
| Miscellaneous Reports et al. (1942) |
| Hideo Tsuda (1969) |
| Hideo Tsuda (1969) |
| IMAI et al. (1980) |
Spain | |
Delamétherie (1798) +1 other reference | |
| Goffé +3 other references |
| Calvo Rebollar (2018) |
| |
| Calvo (2018) |
| José Miguel Sola |
| Calvo Rebollar (2018) |
| Krzysztof Andrzejewski |
| Alejandro Sánchez Jiménez |
| Romero Silva (2003) |
Colección Juan A.M. Barnestein | |
| Garcia Casco (1993) |
Ruiz Cruz et al. (2014) | |
| Calvo Rebollar (2008) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2018) |
www.soydeboal.es (n.d.) | |
López (n.d.) | |
Calvo Rebollar (2018) | |
| Miguel Calvo: "Minerales que tienen en España su localidad tipo" (http://milksci.unizar.es/miner/mineralesp/tipo.html) |
Miguel Calvo: "Minerales que tienen en España su localidad tipo" (http://milksci.unizar.es/miner/mineralesp/tipo.html) | |
| Caballero et al. (1993) |
| Errandonea-Martin et al. (2022) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2018) |
| Encarnación Roda-Robles (2007) +1 other reference |
| Perez et al. (1991) |
| & locality references +1 other reference |
| Joaquim Mollfulleda |
| Jose Zendrera Collection |
| Rodríguez +4 other references |
| |
| C. Canet et al. |
Econ Geol (1992) | |
| ANGEL ORTIZ MAELLAS AOM |
www.foro-minerales.com (n.d.) | |
| Collection of Geominero Museum (Madrid) |
| Weibel (1955) |
Merino et al. (2013) | |
| Weibel (1955) |
Calvo Rebollar (2018) | |
| Orejana et al. (2012) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2018) |
Juan Usoz | |
Sri Lanka | |
| Dissanayake et al. (2000) |
Ceylon Aluvial Mine (Book, Co. 2002) | |
| Dissanayake et al. (2000) |
Grew +5 other references | |
Suriname | |
| De Roever et al. (1976) |
Sweden | |
| Lasskogen (2010) +1 other reference |
Fahlvik et al. (2022) | |
| Öhman et al. (2000) |
| |
| Geijer (1965) |
Geijer (1965) | |
Geijer (1965) | |
| 33 IGC excursion No 12 +1 other reference |
| |
| Natural History Museum |
| Lyckberg (2006) |
| Contr Min Petr 69 +1 other reference |
Ödman (1950) | |
Nysten et al. (2021) | |
| old loc descr. from LTU-displaced |
| |
| Sandström et al. (2011) |
| |
Hellingwerf (1985) | |
| |
Knut Edvard Larsen collection # MM-2724 | |
| Gatedal (n.d.) |
| |
| Natural History Museum |
| Zakrzewski et al (1982) |
| Sandström (2007) |
Harvard Museum of Natural History ... | |
| Wilke (1997) |
Swedish Nat. Museum (O.Gabrielson) +1 other reference | |
Swedish Nat.Museum (F.E.Wickman) +1 other reference | |
| Holtstam et al. (2019) |
| Magnusson (1936) |
SGU Ca35 | |
| GFF 65 |
| Damman (1989) |
| Holtstam et al. (1999) +1 other reference |
Jonsson (2003) | |
| |
Gatedal (n.d.) | |
| |
| Bark (2005) |
| |
| |
E. Grip& R. Frietsch (1973) +1 other reference | |
| Gatedal (n.d.) +2 other references |
Personal communication with geologists ... +3 other references | |
Erland Grip et al. (1973) | |
| Ingmar Johansson et al. (1998) |
| Ounchanum et al. (1987) |
| |
Öhman et al. (2004) | |
Switzerland | |
| Bedogné F. et al. (1995) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
Stalder et al. (1998) | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Schnorrer (1995) +1 other reference |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Taddei (1937) |
| Meisser (2012) |
Tajikistan | |
| Rossovskii et al. (1963) +2 other references |
| Soloviev et al. (2019) |
Tanzania | |
| J. Petrology 45 (2004) |
Thailand | |
Econ Geol (1995) | |
Turkey | |
| Yahya Çiftçi et al. (2013) |
| Whitney (2002) |
UK | |
| Dines (1956) |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Wilson (1975) |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Cantrill et al. (1919) |
| Dines (1956) +1 other reference |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Alysson Rowan collection |
| Mason (1976) |
Day (1999) | |
| Day (1999) |
Rastall (1910) +3 other references | |
| Day (1999) |
| Day (1999) |
| Day (1999) |
| Day (1999) |
| Hall (1868) |
| Day (1999) |
Day (1999) | |
Hall (1868) | |
| Day (1999) |
J.Ralph site visit 2020 | |
| Day (1999) |
| Collins (1871) |
| Alysson Rowan collection |
Collins (1871) | |
Tindle (2008) | |
| F. Rutley: "Elements of Mineralogy" (1900) |
| Wilson (1975) |
| Ferry (1996) |
| [Specimen in the Natural History Museum |
F. Rutley: "Elements of Mineralogy" (1900) | |
Ukraine | |
| Liventseva (n.d.) |
| |
United Arab Emirates | |
| Kugimiya et al. (2004) |
USA | |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
| Rocks & Min 70:5 pp 320-333 |
Cook et al. (1982) | |
| King (n.d.) |
| Dostal et al. (2013) |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| American Mineralogist 50:285 |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Cooper (1964) +1 other reference |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
Ransome (1919) +1 other reference | |
| Perry (1969) +1 other reference |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Bideaux et al. (1960) +2 other references |
Wilson (1929) +4 other references | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Galbraith (1959) |
| Galbraith (1959) |
| MRDS file #10060260. |
| Gilluly (1937) +1 other reference |
| Gilluly (1946) |
Ransome (1919) +1 other reference | |
| Bideaux et al. (1960) +1 other reference |
| Jones (1983) |
| Winant (2010) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| MRDS database Dep. ID #10060222 +1 other reference |
| Galbraith (1959) |
Galbraith (1959) +1 other reference | |
MRDS database Dep. ID #10048044 | |
| Galbraith (1959) |
MRDS database Dep. ID #10060218 | |
| Galbraith (1959) |
MRDS database Dep. ID #10060221 +1 other reference | |
| Galbraith (1959) +1 other reference |
| Wilson (1933) |
| Bradley (1940) +3 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 449. +3 other references |
| - (2005) +1 other reference |
| Am Min 21:68-69 |
| Melhase (1935c) +1 other reference |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 452. +2 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 450. +2 other references |
| Richard Dale Collection |
www.mineralsocal.org | |
Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 450. +1 other reference | |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 450. +2 other references |
| Sampson (1931) +1 other reference |
| American Mineralogist +7 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 450. +3 other references |
Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 450. +3 other references | |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 450. +3 other references |
Harvard Museum of Natural History ... +2 other references | |
| McLaughlin (1916) +1 other reference |
| Blake (1858) +1 other reference |
| Hanks (1884) +3 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 450. +3 other references |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
Alfredo Petrov collection | |
Hanks (1884) +1 other reference | |
| Hanks (1884) +1 other reference |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 450. +2 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 450. +3 other references |
| Rogers (1912) +1 other reference |
Betts (n.d.) | |
Lackey et al. (2004) | |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 450. +9 other references |
- (2005) | |
| Lindgren (1896a) +1 other reference |
| Kunz (1905) +2 other references |
| Murdoch (1966) |
| - (2005) |
| Rob Lavinsky (ex. Chuck Houser specimen) |
| Jahns (1951) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 450. +2 other references |
Jahns et al. (1951) | |
Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 452. +2 other references | |
| Busby-Spera (1987) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 449. +2 other references |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| U.S. Geological Survey Professional ... +1 other reference |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| U.S. Geological Survey Professional ... +1 other reference |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| - (2005) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| - (2005) |
Journal of Petrology (1991) | |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| - (2005) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Delafield (1823) +1 other reference |
Yale Peabody Museum collection | |
Shepard (1837) | |
Januzzi et al. (1976) +1 other reference | |
| Anthony Scalzi collection |
Bullock (1981) | |
Bernstein (1976) | |
| Bernstein (1976) |
| Marc V. Hurst (2012) |
| Cook (1978) |
| Hurst (1959) |
| - (2005) |
| Ream (1995) |
Ream (2004) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Slack (2007) |
| Ream (1995) |
Ream (1995) | |
| - (2005) |
Ream (1995) | |
| - (2005) |
| Ream (1995) |
| Byron F. King (1932) |
| |
| |
King et al. (1994) | |
Vandall King | |
Vandall King | |
| |
King (2000) | |
| |
... | |
| King et al. (1994) |
| E.L. Clopton collection #795 |
King et al. (1994) | |
| King (n.d.) |
| King et al. (1994) |
| King et al. (1994) |
Economic Geology Vol. 81 | |
Wiebe et al. | |
| West |
Morrill & Hinckley | |
King et al. (1994) | |
| King et al. (1994) |
| |
Rocks & Minerals (1955) | |
keck.wooster.edu (n.d.) | |
| Morrill & Hinckley |
| King (n.d.) |
| |
| King et al. (1994) |
| E.L. Clopton collection #1444 |
| W. B. Thompson et al. (2005) |
King et al. (1994) +1 other reference | |
| |
| Vandall King |
| Gleba (2008) |
Gleba (2008) | |
Gleba (2008) | |
Gleba (2008) | |
| Kunz (1892) |
| Gleba (2008) |
| Kunz (1892) |
Harvard Mineralogical Museum no.122377 | |
| Gleba (2008) |
Ted Johnson collection | |
Skehan (2001) | |
| - (1917) |
Robinson | |
Cristofono (2014) | |
| - (1917) |
Betts (n.d.) | |
Robinson S. | |
| - (1917) +1 other reference |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Morris Jr. (1983) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
Slaughter (2023) | |
Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| - (2005) +1 other reference |
| Gobla (2012) |
| Econ Geol (1984) |
Jay Ellis Ransom | |
| USGS Bull 1391-B |
Gobla (2012) | |
| Guidebook for the Butte Field Meeting ... |
| Walstrom (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| NBMG Bull 73 Geology and Mineral ... |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
USGS Bull 1162B | |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
- (2005) | |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Bowell et al. (2005) |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
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Morrill | |
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Meyers (1977) | |
Smith (2005) | |
Robinson | |
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Dietrich (1990) | |
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Cannon (1975) | |
Valentine et al. (1960) +1 other reference | |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Cannon (1975) |
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| Cannon (1975) |
Valentine et al. (1956) +1 other reference | |
Valentine et al. (1956) +1 other reference | |
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Cannon (1975) | |
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Uzbekistan | |
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Vietnam | |
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Zambia | |
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Zimbabwe | |
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