Brookite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
This page kindly sponsored by Charles Rothera
About Brookite
Formula:
TiO2
Colour:
Brown, yellowish brown, reddish brown; dar brown to iron-black; yellowish brown to dark brown in transmitted light
Lustre:
Adamantine, Sub-Adamantine, Vitreous, Sub-Vitreous, Sub-Metallic
Hardness:
5½ - 6
Specific Gravity:
4.08 - 4.18
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Name:
Named in 1825 by Serve-Dieu Abailard "Armand" LΓ©vy in honor of Henry James Brooke [May 25, 1771 Exeter, England, UK - 1857 London, England, UK], wealthy textile manufacturer and actuary, amateur English crystallographer and mineralogist. Brooke discovered 12 minerals: Annabergite, Autunite, Arfvedsonite, Caledonite, Childrenite, Linarite, Nitronatrite, Susannite, Thomsonite, and Whewellite. He was author of A Familiar Introduction to Crystallography and co-author of Elementary Introduction to Mineralogy (1852). He wrote numerous scientific articles and was a fellow of the Royal Society, Geological Society of London, and the Linnaen Society.
Polymorph of:
Brookite is one of the five forms of titanium dioxide found in nature.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Brookite.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Brookite.Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
787
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:787:8
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
93cd2aa0-c85d-4041-8ca0-01b40f517bcf
IMA Classification of Brookite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
Type description reference:
Classification of Brookite
4.DD.10
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
D : Metal: Oxygen = 1:2 and similar
D : With medium-sized cations; frameworks of edge-sharing octahedra
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
D : Metal: Oxygen = 1:2 and similar
D : With medium-sized cations; frameworks of edge-sharing octahedra
4.4.5.1
4 : SIMPLE OXIDES
4 : AX2
4 : SIMPLE OXIDES
4 : AX2
7.9.4
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
9 : Oxides of Ti
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
9 : Oxides of Ti
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMAβCNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMAβCNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMAβCNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Brk | IMAβCNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMAβCNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Brk | Kretz (1983) | Kretz, R. (1983) Symbols of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 68, 277β279. |
| Brk | Siivolam & Schmid (2007) | Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download |
| Brk | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185β187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
| Brk | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Pronunciation of Brookite
Pronunciation:
| Play | Recorded by | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Jolyon Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Brookite
Adamantine, Sub-Adamantine, Vitreous, Sub-Vitreous, Sub-Metallic
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent, Opaque
Colour:
Brown, yellowish brown, reddish brown; dar brown to iron-black; yellowish brown to dark brown in transmitted light
Streak:
White to greyish white or yellowish white
Hardness:
5½ - 6 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Poor/Indistinct
on {120}, in traces on {001}
on {120}, in traces on {001}
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Sub-Conchoidal
Density:
4.08 - 4.18 g/cm3 (Measured) 4.133 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Brookite
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 2.583 nβ = 2.584 nγ = 2.700
2V:
Calculated: 12° to 20°
Birefringence:
0.1173
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.117
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Very High
Dispersion:
r > v, very strong, with crossed axial dispersion
Optical Extinction:
Parallel
Pleochroism:
Weak
Comments:
Yellow, red, orange to brown
Chemistry of Brookite
Mindat Formula:
TiO2
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Fe,Ta,Nb
Crystallography of Brookite
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) - Dipyramidal
Cell Parameters:
a = 5.4558 Å, b = 9.1819 Å, c = 5.1429 Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.594 : 1 : 0.56
Unit Cell V:
257.63 Γ
Β³ (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
8
Morphology:
Crystals typically tabular on {010}, striated parallel to [001] and elongated; pyramidal {111} or pseudohexagonal with {120} and {111} equally developed; also prismatic on [001] with {120} prominent; rarely tabular on {001} or pseudo-pyramidal.
Twinning:
On {120}, uncertain
Comment:
Space Group: Pcab
Crystallographic forms of Brookite
Crystal Atlas:
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Brookite no.1 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Brookite no.45 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Brookite no.78 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Brookite no.86 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
3d models and HTML5 code kindly provided by
www.smorf.nl.
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Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0005160 | Brookite | Meagher E P, Lager G A (1979) Polyhedral thermal expansion in the TiO2 polymorphs: Refinement of the crystal structures of rutile and brookite at high temperature Sample at 25 degrees C The Canadian Mineralogist 17 77-85 |  | 1979 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0005161 | Brookite | Meagher E P, Lager G A (1979) Polyhedral thermal expansion in the TiO2 polymorphs: Refinement of the crystal structures of rutile and brookite at high temperature Sample at 280 degrees C The Canadian Mineralogist 17 77-85 | | 1979 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0005162 | Brookite | Meagher E P, Lager G A (1979) Polyhedral thermal expansion in the TiO2 polymorphs: Refinement of the crystal structures of rutile and brookite at high temperature Sample at 425 degrees C The Canadian Mineralogist 17 77-85 | | 1979 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0005163 | Brookite | Meagher E P, Lager G A (1979) Polyhedral thermal expansion in the TiO2 polymorphs: Refinement of the crystal structures of rutile and brookite at high temperatures Sample at 625 degrees C The Canadian Mineralogist 17 77-85 | | 1979 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0011766 | Brookite | Wyckoff R W G (1963) Second edition. Interscience Publishers, New York, New York Crystal Structures 1 239-444 | 1963 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
Epitaxial Relationships of Brookite
Epitaxial Minerals:
| Rutile | TiO2 |
Epitaxy Comments:
Rutile {110} [001] parallel to brookite {120} [001].
Rutile {110} [001] parallel to brookite {111} [001].
Rutile {110} [001] parallel to brookite {111} [001].
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Image Loading
Radiation - Copper Kα
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 3.51 Γ | (100) |
| 3.47 Γ | (80) |
| 2.90 Γ | (90) |
| 2.729 Γ | (4) |
| 2.476 Γ | (25) |
| 2.409 Γ | (18) |
| 2.370 Γ | (6) |
| 2.344 Γ | (4) |
| 2.332 Γ | (4) |
| 2.296 Γ | (5) |
| 2.254 Γ | (8) |
| 2.244 Γ | (18) |
| 2.133 Γ | (16) |
| 1.969 Γ | (16) |
| 1.893 Γ | (30) |
| 1.851 Γ | (18) |
| 1.833 Γ | (3) |
| 1.757 Γ | (3) |
| 1.691 Γ | (20) |
| 1.662 Γ | (30) |
| 1.649 Γ | (5) |
| 1.610 Γ | (13) |
| 1.597 Γ | (2) |
| 1.541 Γ | (7) |
| 1.494 Γ | (10) |
| 1.473 Γ | (4) |
| 1.466 Γ | (9) |
| 1.461 Γ | (12) |
| 1.452 Γ | (12) |
| 1.442 Γ | (6) |
| 1.434 Γ | (10) |
| 1.417 Γ | (9) |
| 1.364 Γ | (5) |
| 1.336 Γ | (8) |
| 1.319 Γ | (3) |
| 1.312 Γ | (2) |
| 1.285 Γ | (2) |
| 1.238 Γ | (10) |
| 1.211 Γ | (2) |
Comments:
ICDD 29-1360. Recorded on material from Magnet Cove, Arkansas, USA.
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 4a: Earthβs earliest continental crust | >4.4-3.0 |
| 19 : Granitic intrusive rocks | |
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 23 : Subaerial aqueous alteration by non-redox-sensitive fluids (see also #47) | |
| 24 : Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments (see also #17) | |
| 26 : Hadean detrital minerals | |
| Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
| 34 : Complex granite pegmatites | |
| 36 : Carbonatites, kimberlites, and related igneous rocks |
Geological Setting:
An accessory mineral in alpine veins in gneiss and schist; in contact metamorphic zones and hydrothermal veinlets; a common detrital mineral.
Type Occurrence of Brookite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Bladed red to brown transparent to translucent bladed crystals with longitudinal striations.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Hydrothermal vein
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Reference:
Levy, M. (1825) An account of a new mineral. The Annals of Philosophy: 9: 140-142.
Synonyms of Brookite
Other Language Names for Brookite
Varieties of Brookite
| Arkansite | Name for a morphological variety of brookite from Arkansas, USA. |
| Niobium-bearing Brookite | Compare also arkansite. |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 817 photos of Brookite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 267 photos of Brookite associated with Anatase | TiO2 |
| 169 photos of Brookite associated with Rutile | TiO2 |
| 67 photos of Brookite associated with Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| 36 photos of Brookite associated with Pyrite | FeS2 |
| 35 photos of Brookite associated with Chlorite Group | |
| 27 photos of Brookite associated with Smoky Quartz | SiO2 |
| 19 photos of Brookite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 14 photos of Brookite associated with Clinochlore | Mg5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| 13 photos of Brookite associated with Rock Crystal | SiO2 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 4.DD.05 | Anatase | TiO2 |
Fluorescence of Brookite
Not fluorescent in ultraviolet
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Brookite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-787.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Brookite
Reference List:
Localities for Brookite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
β - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Andorra | |
| Serge Lavarde find & collection |
Angola | |
| Beleque (2010) |
Antarctica | |
Argentina | |
| Rocks & Min. (2007) |
| Colombo et al. (2011) |
Australia | |
| Vic Cloete collection |
| Vic Cloete specimens |
| Sutherland et al. (2003) |
| www.smenet.org/opaque-ore/ix_d49_3.htm. |
| alan swatland +1 other reference |
| Sorrell (n.d.) |
| Bussat (1980) |
Austria | |
| Neschen (n.d.) | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2010) |
| H. Meixner: Der Karinthin 11:255-257 (1950) |
| G. Niedermayr: Carinthia II 186./106.:130 (1996) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Lapis 17 (3) | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) | |
| Stroh (1979) | |
| H. Weninger: Der Karinthin 79:45-55 (1978) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) | |
| H. Weninger: Der Karinthin 79:45-55 (1978) | |
| A.Pichler (2012) |
| |
| A.Pichler (2012) | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) | |
| J.Metzger (1997) | |
| Annalen 1999 | |
| Niedermayr (1997) |
| BrandstΓ€tter et al. (1987) +1 other reference |
| KΓRNER (2006) |
| many collections (Erwin LΓΆffler, Peter Neschen, Franz Linzer) +1 other reference |
| Erwin LΓΆffler & Harald Schillhammer ... +1 other reference |
| KIESEWETTER (1996a) |
| LΓΆffler et al. (2018) |
| Horst Schabereiter collection (ex-Albert Strasser collection, analysed at Salzburg Uni, method unknown) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| Strasser (1989) |
| collection of Martin Slama | |
| Martin Reich collection | |
| Grolig et al. (2003) | |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| SCHEBESTA (2007) |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| [Lapis 1993:5 p.13-28] |
| collection Chris Auer | |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| C. Auer: Lapis 20 (11) |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| Lapis 2006-6 |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| Neschen (n.d.) | |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Preite D. (1986) +1 other reference |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| Gartner (1986) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| C.Auer | |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Gerd Stefanik collection | |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Postl et al. (1988) |
| Postl et al. (1997) |
| Chris Auer |
| Taucher (1993) |
| Grachev (Ed) +1 other reference |
| Steir.Mineralog 25/2011 |
| Postl et al. (2002) |
| Postl et al. (2005) |
| Postl (1993) |
| Bojar et al. (1994) |
| M. Moro collection |
| Strasser (2007) |
| Exel (1993) |
| Exel (1993) |
| Exel (1993) | |
| Exel (1993) |
| Exel (1993) |
| Exel (1993) |
| Exel (1993) | |
| M. Moro collection |
| Steir.Mineralog 25/2011 |
| Brandstetter (2001) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2008) |
| E.J.Zirkl et al. (1995) +2 other references |
| Kolitsch (2008) +1 other reference |
| Erich Reiter et al. (1999) |
| Kiesewetter (2005) |
| BrandstΓ€tter et al. (2014) |
Belarus | |
| E.P. Shpanov et al. (1989) |
Belgium | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Neutkens (2005) |
| Neutkens (2005) | |
| Harjo Neutkens collection | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Harjo Neutkens collection |
| Hatert et al. (2002) | |
| Pire (1993) +2 other references | |
| Prinz (1907) +3 other references |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | |
| Koch (1899) +7 other references |
Brazil | |
| Orris et al. (2002) |
| Cassedanne (1985) |
| Anthony (1997) |
| various added photos | |
Bulgaria | |
| |
Canada | |
| Canadian Museum of Nature collection |
| Robert O. Meyer collection |
| Montgomery (n.d.) |
| Personal collection of J. Dagenais |
| - (n.d.) |
| HorvΓ‘th collection |
| Levinger & Lamoureux collections |
| HORVΓTH et al. (2010) |
| HorvΓ‘th collection |
| MinRec 20 (3) |
| HORVΓTH et al. (2006) |
| 166-175. +3 other references |
| Horvath |
| 176-178. +2 other references |
| P.M. Belley et al (2009) +1 other reference |
Chile | |
| samples analysed by Gerhard Mohn and ... |
| "Estudios geolΓ³gico del sector de ... +2 other references |
| "Estudios geolΓ³gico del sector de ... +2 other references | |
| M.Dini collection (analysed material) |
China | |
| Yunhuai Lin and Shiyang Chen (1985) |
| Kehua Yin (2009) |
| Shenfu Weng et al. (2013) |
| Ruishen Ma et al. (2012) +1 other reference |
| Donghong Liu (2009) |
| Ji et al. (2022) |
| - (1978) |
| Sun et al. (2015) |
| Zhenming Zhao et al. (2013) |
| Saisai Li et al. (2013) |
| Cuizhi Wang et al. (2005) |
| Liu et al. (2024) |
| Cuizhi Wang et al. (2005) |
| Cuizhi Wang et al. (2005) |
| Cuizhi Wang et al. (2005) |
| Cuizhi Wang et al. (2005) |
| Siping Liao et al. (2002) |
| Ping Li et al. (2014) |
| Hai Zhang et al. (2009) |
Czech Republic | |
| |
| PauliΕ‘ P. MineralogickΓ© lokality ... | |
| Gadas et al. (2011) |
| Kuttna +1 other reference |
| NovotnΓ½ +2 other references |
| HavelcovΓ‘ et al. (2020) |
| Roman GrambliΔka collection |
| Sekanina |
| ΔernΓ½ |
Denmark | |
| Pedersen et al. (1975) +1 other reference | |
DR Congo | |
| GΓ©camines (1977) |
Ethiopia | |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data 2019 |
Finland | |
| Marttila |
France | |
| |
| hède frédéric |
| Self collected Stephane Maury |
| Valverde J. (1999) | |
| Belot (1978) |
| |
| le Cahier des Micromonteurs 4-2021 | |
| De Ascençao Guedes et al. (2000) |
| De Ascençao Guedes et al. (2000) | |
| De Ascençao Guedes et al. (2000) | |
| De Ascençao Guedes et al. (2000) | |
| R. Stein collection | |
| De AscencΓ£o Guedes R. (2004) |
| De Ascencao Guedes R. et al. (2003) |
| Chollet Pascal Collection. Collected by ... |
| T. Brunsperger collection |
| P Le Roch self collected +1 other reference |
| Galvier et al. (1997) |
| De Ascenção Guedes et al. (2008) |
| De Ascençao Guedes et al. (2013) |
| Yves Mourey Collection |
| Pierre Le Roch |
| PΓ©rinet (n.d.) |
| Germain et al. (1985) +1 other reference |
| Pierre Le Roch Collection |
| Saget (1983) +1 other reference |
| PΓ©rinet (n.d.) |
| Germain et al. (1985) |
| Chauris L. (1982) |
| De Ascençao Guedes et al. (2001) |
| Le Roc'h P. () |
| R. Pierrot |
| R. Pierrot | |
| R. Pierrot |
| Belot (1978) |
| Econ Geol (1994) |
| Boisson et al. (2012) |
| Revista deminerales (7) |
| RΓ©my Ph. (2005) |
| Pascale & Daniel Journet |
| Jean-Vincent Coureau collection | |
| Ph. RΓ©my et Ph. Font (2007) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Ph. RΓ©my & Ph. Font (2007) |
| King (n.d.) |
| Castro et al. (2011) |
| Favreau et al. (2013) |
| P. Devismes : "Atlas photographique des ... |
| Self collected by S. MAURY |
| Jean-Pierre Bourgarel collection |
| desescaut.jy@voila.fr |
| Self collected by S. MAURY +1 other reference | |
| R. Pierrot |
| |
| Designolle J-L. (1997) |
| Maury (2018) |
| Maury (2018) | |
| MAURY (S) |
| MAURY (S) | |
| ko jansen collectionj |
| Jean-Vincent Coureau find & collection |
Germany | |
| 70. +1 other reference |
| [Wittern (1995) |
| Lapis 21 (12) |
| Walenta (1992) +1 other reference |
| 54. +1 other reference |
| Walenta (1992) |
| WeiΓ (1990) +1 other reference |
| Mineralien-Welt 18 (5) |
| |
| Wittern (2001) |
| see locality page |
| Hanke et al. (2018) |
| Meier (1995) |
| Rank (1987) |
| F. MΓΌller: "Bayerns steinreiche Ecke" et al. (Hof) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| WeiΓ (1990) |
| WeiΓ (1990) |
| taunusmineralien.de (2013) |
| BlaΓ et al. (2010) |
| Schnorrer-KΓΆhler (1988) |
| Uffmann et al. (2011) |
| Anonymous (2019) |
| Uffmann et al. (2011) |
| Henrich (2009) |
| Lapis 2001 (6) |
| P. Hesse (2017) |
| Harmut Hensel |
| www.mineralienfreunde-der-pfalz.de (2015) |
| - (Th. Kleser) |
| Sendelbach et al. (2000) +1 other reference |
| Thomas Kleser Collection |
| WeiΓ (1990) |
| Hajek et al. (2007) +2 other references |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Lapis (1) |
| VollstΓ€dt (1979) |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (n.d.) |
| collection Joachim Esche |
| www.mineralatlas.eu (n.d.) |
| Wittern (2001) |
Greece | |
| Rieck et al. (2018) |
| Hanke (1998) |
Hungary | |
| GEODA |
| Zajzon et al. (2015) |
| SzakΓ‘ll et al. (1996) |
Italy | |
| Durazzo et al. (1984) +2 other references |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
| Bianchi et al. (1925) +1 other reference | |
| Paolo Pastore Collection | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
| G. Ghisolfi (1974) | |
| Lapis 2004 number 7/8 pp. 37-51 | |
| Lapis 2004 number 7/8 pp. 37-51 | |
| Matteo Chinellato collection 2006 | |
| Personally collected by Flavio G. ... +1 other reference |
| Pedroni et al. (1996) |
| F. Brignoli collection 2007 | |
| Pedroni et al. (1996) | |
| G.Pedroni +1 other reference | |
| Pedroni et al. (1996) |
| personal collect from founder of the ... | |
| Dalrio (1980) +1 other reference | |
| Calanchi et al. (1975) +3 other references |
| Matteo Chinellato collection |
| Pedroni et al. (1996) | |
| Pedroni et al. (1996) |
| Pedroni et al. (1996) | |
| www.mineralimodenesi.it (2016) |
| www.fis.unipr.it (2000) |
| Roberto Bosi specimen | |
| Adorni F. (1988) +1 other reference |
| Baldizzone G. (2008) |
| Andrea Ortenzi Collection |
| Baldizzone (2008) |
| Esposito M. (2012) |
| I minerali del Piacentino - G. ... |
| Giovanni Scapin Collection | |
| Alberto Vaghi collection | |
| Il Cercapietre" |
| Camarda et al. (2012) |
| Antofilli | |
| Palenzona A. et al. (1990) |
| Antofilli et al. (1985) +1 other reference |
| Agliuzza (2011) | |
| Antofilli |
| Balestra (2016) |
| Antofilli | |
| Agliuzza et al. (2015) |
| Agliuzza et al. (2015) | |
| Antofilli | |
| Antofilli | |
| Agliuzza et al. (2015) | |
| Antofilli |
| |
| Antofilli |
| collect from Andrea Morino |
| Antofilli |
| Antofilli | |
| Bracco et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
| Bracco et al. (2006) |
| Maida (2002) |
| Gramaccioli et al. (1992) | |
| Enrico Bonacina collection |
| Garzanti et al. (1998) |
| Bedognè et al. (1993) |
| |
| Romani et al. (1997) +1 other reference |
| Bedognè et al. (1993) |
| |
| Bedognè et al. (1993) |
| Demartin et al. (2008) |
| F. Bedognè |
| Bedognè et al. (2006) | |
| www.mineralimottarella.it (2010) | |
| Giovanni Scapin Collection +2 other references | |
| Edoardo Mottarella - ... +1 other reference | |
| Brugnatelli (1899) +2 other references |
| Bedognè et al. (1993) |
| Bedognè et al. (1993) | |
| Bedognè et al. (1993) | |
| Bedognè et al. (1993) | |
| Bedognè et al. (1993) | |
| Bedognè et al. (2011) +1 other reference | |
| Bedognè +2 other references |
| Pasetti (2010) |
| BedognΓ© et al. (1995) | |
| Guastoni A. +1 other reference |
| Guastoni et al. (2004) |
| Martini et al. (2012) |
| Martini et al. (2012) | |
| Piccoli (2002) |
| Piccoli et al. (2004) | |
| Piccoli (2002) +1 other reference |
| Bruno Marello find & collection | |
| Piccoli (2002) +1 other reference | |
| Piccoli (2002) +3 other references |
| Piccoli (2002) +1 other reference |
| Piccoli (1981) +1 other reference |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
| Flavio Giuseppe Taricco - Discoverer of ... | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
| Barresi et al. (2) |
| Franco Ciccolini collection (M.E. Ciriotti, 2007) |
| forum.amiminerals.it (n.d.) | |
| Gruppo Min. Grugliaschese (1987) |
| Finello et al. (2007) | |
| forum.amiminerals.it (n.d.) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Giuseppe Finello | |
| forum.amiminerals.it (n.d.) | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Franco Luca Bonino's collection |
| Bianco et al. (2006) | |
| Lapis (3) |
| Albertini (1991) |
| Albertini (1991) | |
| Struever (1890) +1 other reference |
| R.M.I. 1997 n. 2 pg. 157 to 170 / ... | |
| Lapis (10) |
| Mattioli V. (1979) +1 other reference |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) +1 other reference | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
| Gaspari et al. (2019) | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
| Mattioli V. (1976) +1 other reference | |
| Mattioli V. (1979) +1 other reference | |
| Alberto Vaghi collection |
| Roggiani (1970) |
| Milanesi D. (1998) | |
| Pedroni G. (1993) | |
| Brambilla A. (1986) | |
| Cuchet et al. (2016) |
| Rivista Mineralogica Italiana |
| Orlandi et al. (2013) +1 other reference |
| Franco Luca Bonino's collection |
| Franco Luca Bonino specimen and photo | |
| Exel (1987) | |
| Rocchetti (1989) |
| Folie et al. (2010) | |
| Folie et al. (2010) | |
| Hossfeld (1977) |
| Folie et al. (2010) |
| Exel (1987) | |
| Buscaroli et al. (1994) | |
| Ferretti et al. (2015) |
| Ferretti et al. (2008) |
| Vecchi et al. (2013) |
| Giovanni Scapin Collection | |
| Orlandi et al. (1997) |
| Degl'Innocenti M. (2011) |
| Bonifazi (2020) |
| Bonifazi (2020) |
| Rodolico (1942) +1 other reference | |
| Bonifazi (2020) +1 other reference | |
| Bonifazi (2020) | |
| Marco Bonifazi collection | |
| Giuliano bettini collection +1 other reference |
| Bonifazi (2020) | |
| Giuliano bettini collection +1 other reference |
| Orlandi et al. (1994) +1 other reference |
| Del Tredici (1978) +3 other references |
| Betti et al. (2017) |
| Β· Betti et al. (2017) |
| Zordan et al. (2001) +2 other references |
Japan | |
| ex-Okamoto collection (2015) |
| Ohe Rikosha specimens |
| Yamada (2004) |
| Hiroaki TANO photo | |
| Terashima et al. (2004) |
| Izumino et al. (2015) |
| Izumino et al. (2015) | |
| Izumino et al. (2015) | |
| Uehara et al. (2014) |
| Izumino et al. (2014) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Jeremolenko (2002) |
Kenya | |
| Berger et al. (2009) |
Madagascar | |
| Behier (1959) |
| Behier (1963) |
| Behier (1960) | |
| Moore (2009) |
Malawi | |
| Garson |
| Garson | |
Morocco | |
| S. WeiΓ: Lapis 31 (7/8) |
Mozambique | |
| Carvalho (Tete, Moçambique) +3 other references |
Namibia | |
| Tony Gill |
| Werner et al. (2001) +1 other reference |
New Zealand | |
| Mac Beggs (1978) +1 other reference |
| Railton et al. (1990) |
Norway | |
| Neumann (1955) |
| Nordli et al. (1997) +1 other reference |
| Gunnar Raade (1969) +1 other reference |
| Hurum (1999) |
| Neumann (1985) |
| Atle Michalsen Collection |
| Gatedal (n.d.) |
| Selbekk et al. (1996) |
| Knut Edvard Larsen collection # MM- 6370 (Ex. Hans Chr. Berntzen collection) |
| Knut Edvard Larsen collection # MM- 66349 (Ex. Hans Chr. Berntzen collection) +1 other reference | |
| Knut Eldjarn specimen and photo |
| Husdal (2008) |
| Nordrum (2004) | |
| Self collected by P. Andresen. |
| Kvamsdal (2018) |
| Michaelsen (2020) |
| Raade et al. (2000) |
| Nordrum (2012) +1 other reference |
| Andresen et al. (2018) |
| Nordrum (2015) |
| Nordrum (1999) | |
| Griffin et al. (1977) +1 other reference | |
| Peter Andresen photo and collection +1 other reference | |
| Nordrum (2015) | |
| StΓΈrseth (2003) |
| Nordrum (2011) | |
| Nordrum (2012) | |
| Atle Michalsen Collection |
| Nordrum (1999) |
| Stensrud (2004) | |
| Sæbâ (1966, p. 260) +1 other reference |
| Werner (2003) | |
| Werner (2003) |
| Kvamsdal (1993) |
| Kvamsdal (2018) |
Pakistan | |
| Herb Obodda |
| Rob Lavinsky specimens | |
| Grossmann (2004) | |
| Nauroz Nausherwani Collection. |
| Christian Bracke Collection |
| Nauroz Nausherwani Collection. | |
| Ikram Mineralogy. | |
| David Eicher +1 other reference |
| Aymeric Longi collection |
Papua New Guinea | |
| Cameron (2013) |
Poland | |
| Siuda R. 2002: Titanium mineralization of the Stara GΓ³ra deposit (Kaczawskie Mountains, Poland) |
| Siuda (2001) | |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| field work and sampling et al. (EDS, WDS) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) | |
| Lis et al. (1986) | |
| SzeΕΔg et al. (Karkonosze massif, Lower Silesia, Poland) |
| Traube (1888) | |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Duczmal-Czernikiewicz et al. (2021) |
| GodyΕ et al. (2002) |
Portugal | |
| Gaspar et al. (2022) |
| desescaut.jy@voila.fr |
| Dias et al. (2009) |
Romania | |
| SzakΓ‘ll (2002) |
| SzakΓ‘ll et al. (2010) |
| SzakΓ‘ll et al. (2010) |
Russia | |
| [Lapis 1993:4 p.13-20] |
| Ivanov et al. (2018) | |
| Konev et al. (1996) | |
| Dokuchits et al. (2022) | |
| Pekov (1998) +2 other references |
| Alekseev et al. (2007) |
| Anthony (1997) |
| webmineral.ru (2016) |
| Kaigorodova et al. (2021) +1 other reference |
| Cook (2003) |
| Korostelev et al. (2016) |
| Burlakov (1995) |
| Anthony (1997) | |
| Pekov (1998) |
| Silyanov et al. (2021) |
| ... |
| PEKOV et al. (2013) | |
| ... | |
| ... |
| Kozlov +6 other references | |
| ΠΠΎΠ²Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π° Π.Π. Π‘Π°ΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»Ρ Π² Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΄Π°Ρ et al. (in Rus.) |
| Kochetkov A.Ya. (2006) |
| webcenter.ru (2002) |
Saudi Arabia | |
| Drysdall et al. (1984) |
Slovakia | |
| Martin Ε tevko-unpublished |
| RojkoviΔovΓ‘ |
| KodΔra (1986) |
| KodΔra (1986) |
| PauliΕ‘ P. | |
| Martin Ε tevko-unpublished | |
| KodΔra (1986) |
| ΔuΔa |
Slovenia | |
| Janez ZavaΕ‘nik collection |
South Africa | |
| Reinhardt van Vuuren Collected in 2015 |
| Atanasova et al. (2016) |
| Atanasova et al. (2016) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Atanasova et al. (2016) |
| Journal of African Earth Sciences ... |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
Spain | |
| Christian Rewitzer collection 2007 / ... |
| Miguel A. Fernandez PΓ©riz (2006) | |
| Calvo (2009) |
| Jose Miguel Sola Fernandez collection |
| Rewitzer et al. (2018) |
| Christian Rewitzer collection - SEM-EDS ... |
| LΓ³pez (n.d.) |
| Joan Font (2016) |
| AndrΓ© Castro specimen |
| MΓ rius Asensi-JordΓ Collection |
| Joan Rosell collection (analysis min-787) |
| Angel Ortiz Maellas specimen |
| Jimenez R. et al. (2004) | |
| www.foro-minerales.com (n.d.) | |
| CΓ³lliga (1994) |
| Victor Pais Collection |
| Antonio Barahona Ortiz collection |
| mineralespania.blogspot.fr (n.d.) |
Sweden | |
| Nysten (2020) |
| Nysten (2020) | |
| Torstensson (2004) |
| Lorin et al. (2009) |
| Chukanov et al. (2010) |
| SandstrΓΆm et al. (2010) |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Christian Bracke Collection |
| Stalder et al. (1998) | |
| D SchlΓ€fli collection. |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Romani (2000) +1 other reference |
| Romani (2000) +1 other reference |
| Romani (2000) | |
| Bedognè et al. (2006) | |
| Bedognè et al. (2006) | |
| Christian Bracke Collection |
| BΓ€chtiger K. (1986) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| forum.amiminerals.it (2020) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Jahn et al. (2010) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Jahn (2008) |
| Die Mineralien der Schweiz |
| Stalder et al. (1998) | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| |
| Collection Sancassani-Raineri |
| Kipfer et al. (1979) +1 other reference |
| WeiΓ (1982) +1 other reference |
| WeiΓ (1982) +1 other reference |
| WeiΓ (1982) +1 other reference |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (n.d.) | |
| Harjo Neutkens |
| Paul De Bondt. |
| M Henrich collection |
| |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| www.mineralien-ch.ch (2008) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Anthony (1997) | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) | |
| aufschluss-1971-09-286 |
| Cuchet et al. (2003) +1 other reference |
| Paolo Pastore Collection | |
| StΓ©phane Eggs & Alexandre Salzmann |
| |
| Van der Burgt et al. (2015) | |
| van der Burgt et al. (2005) | |
| Walter Gabriel (2005) |
| binn.strahlen.org (n.d.) |
| Ref.: Stalder et al. (1973) |
| Ref.: Stalder et al. (1973) |
| Personally collected by GΓΌnter Frenz |
| Ref.: Stalder et al. (1973) | |
| Kipfer (1981) +1 other reference |
| |
| |
| Cuchet et al. (2014) |
| |
| Meisser (2012) |
| Anthony (1997) | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1973) |
| Erik Vercammen collection |
| Soom (1986) +1 other reference |
| Ko Jansen | |
| erik vercammen field observations and ... |
| RΓΌegg (2005) | |
| RΓΌegg (2005) | |
| RΓΌegg (2005) | |
| Schad (1989) |
| Die Mineralien der Schweiz | |
Taiwan | |
| Li et al. (2000) |
| Li et al. (2000) | |
Tajikistan | |
| I. Pekov data pers. comm L. Horvath 2008 |
UK | |
| Rust (1998) |
| Golley et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
| |
| |
| |
| G.Curtis collection |
| LeBoutillier et al. (2003) |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Rastall et al. (1915) +1 other reference |
| Stansfield Kitchen (1934) |
| Day (1999) |
| S. Rust collection |
| |
| C. R. Lindsey (1905) |
| Harrison et al. (1987) +1 other reference |
| Livingstone |
| Day (1999) |
| Day (1999) |
| |
| Green et al. (1996) | |
| |
| National Museum of Wales collection |
| Wolfe et al. (2008) |
| |
| |
Ukraine | |
| Lyckberg et al. (2009) |
USA | |
| USGS Bull 933-C |
| Wayland |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| Galbraith (1959) +1 other reference |
| Gilluly (1946) +1 other reference |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Muntyan (2012) | |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:108. |
| - (2005) |
| Erickson +3 other references | |
| V.C. Fryklund and D.F. Holbrook (1950) +1 other reference | |
| βSmith | |
| Smith (1989) | |
| HorvΓ‘th Collection - confirmed visually +1 other reference | |
| Rocks & Min.: 63: 109. +3 other references | |
| Rocks & Min.: 63: 109. | |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:110. +1 other reference | |
| Smith (1988) | |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:110. +3 other references | |
| Smith (1988) | |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:110. | |
| Smith (1997) | |
| Rocks & Minerals 63:2 pp 104-125 +1 other reference | |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:109. +2 other references | |
| Howard (2007) | |
| Smith (1988) +1 other reference |
| Henry Barwood - unpublished (2010) | |
| Mineralogical Record (2000) |
| Kunz (1892) +5 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 169. +2 other references |
| Tony Charlton |
| Mineralogical Record:31 (4) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Hanson et al. (2013) |
| USGS Prof Paper 649 |
| R. Peter Richards +1 other reference |
| Page et al. (1956) +2 other references |
| The Mineralogical Record: 25 (5) +1 other reference |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Robert Stoufer collection | |
| The Mineralogical Record | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Rocks & Minerals 70:180-187 |
| Tom Rosemeyer (1993) +1 other reference |
| Januzzi (1994) |
| Weber et al. (1995) | |
| Rocks & Minerals (1995) | |
| Januzzi +1 other reference |
| Henderson (1995) +1 other reference |
| Januzzi et al. (1976) |
| Ream (1995) |
| Hwang et al. (2015) |
| USGS PP1049-A (Staatz,1979) |
| King et al. (1994) |
| Guidebook 1 to Mineral Collecting in ... +1 other reference |
| Found by Lloyd W. Alexander in 8-2023 ... | |
| Guidebook 1 to Mineral Collecting in ... |
| King et al. (1994) | |
| Min Rec (1978) |
| Alan R. Plante | |
| Alan R. Plante | |
| Cook (1974) |
| Gleba (2008) |
| Rocks & Min.: 22:11. +1 other reference | |
| Rocks & Min.: 22:11. +1 other reference | |
| |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| The Lapidary Journal (W.C. van Laer) +5 other references |
| van Laer (1979) | |
| Chris Tucker | |
| Chris Tucker and John Betts specimens. +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| NBMG Bull 99B Geology and Mineral ... |
| Jensen (1993) +1 other reference |
| Rocks and Minerals (1990) |
| Janules (2004) |
| Tom Mortimer collection #u455 |
| P Cristofono collection | |
| Rocks & Minerals (1990) +1 other reference |
| Tom Mortimer collection (reference added by Peter Cristofono) |
| Manchester (1931) |
| Warren Cummings |
| King (n.d.) |
| Gordon (1951) +2 other references | |
| FOMS Millsite Committee (1986) | |
| M Massis collection +1 other reference |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| - (2005) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| R&M 67:6 p390-395 | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Rocks & Minerals 82:472-483 |
| Dana 7:I:592. +1 other reference |
| P Cristofono collection |
| Rocks & Min.:60:86. |
| Jason B. Smith visual identification |
| Bernard et al. (2004) |
| Genth (1891) | |
| Am Min 67:356-359 |
| R&M 72:4 pp 252-264 |
| Rocks & Min. vol.72 (1997) | |
| K. Starnes |
| The Mineralogy of Pennsylvania +1 other reference |
| Gordon's Min. Penn (1922) |
| Byron F. King (1932) |
| Dana 6:1069. |
| The Mineralogy of Pennsylvania 1966-1975 +1 other reference |
| Michael W. Kieron collection |
| Rocks & Minerals 61:281-284 |
| Gems & Minerals 395 (August, 1970) +1 other reference | |
| Miller (1971) |
| Matthias Rhinelander |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| Mineralogical Record 22:384 |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) | |
| self collected |
| Zach Capel |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Overstreet (1967) |
| Falster (1981) +1 other reference |
| R&M 73:11-12 pp 378-399 Wisconsin ... | |
| R&M 73:11-12 pp 378-399 Wisconsin ... | |
| Thomas Buchholz |
| Buchholz (1996) |
Uzbekistan | |
| Graupner et al. (2001) +1 other reference |
Venezuela | |
| PARTS (1981) |
Zambia | |
| Zwaan et al. (2005) |
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Kharan District, Balochistan, Pakistan