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Cowlesite

A valid IMA mineral species
This page kindly sponsored by Douglas Merson
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About CowlesiteHide

06735560014952538271190.jpg
John Cowles collecting at Altoona, Wa in 1971

Unnamed Basalt quarry, Altoona, Wahkiakum County, Washington, USA
Formula:
CaAl2Si3O10 · 6H2O
Colour:
Colourless, white
Lustre:
Vitreous, Greasy
Hardness:
5 - 5½
Specific Gravity:
2.14
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1975 in honor of John Cowles (9 January 1907, Nebraska, USA - 13 December 1985, Oregon, USA) of Rainier, Oregon, amateur mineralogist and enthusiastic zeolite collector, whose deep interest in zeolite mineralogy led him to discover new localities for ferrierite, dachiardite, erionite and the co-type locality for cavansite. Pronounced kƍl-sait.
Zeolite Group.

Unlike other zeolites, cowlesite has a very limited compositional range (Vezzalini et al., 1992).

The crystal structure resisted its determination by X-ray diffraction methods for a very long time, and only in 2020 the structure could be finally solved by electron diffraction under cryo conditions (Mugnaioli et al., 2020).

Cowlesite is the only two-dimensional (2D) zeolite known in nature. Under vacuum, it transforms in a few seconds to a 3D zeolite framework. The latter has a much reduced unit-cell paramater c, 25.586(3) Å.

A C-centered monoclinic polymorph with parameters a = 23.8(5), b = 25.8(5), c = 15.9(3) Å, ÎČ = 99.5°, and space group Cm was also found by electron diffraction (Mugnaioli et al., 2020).

Cowlesite can be visually similar to thomsonite, but distinguished by surface characteristics and cleavage. Vug linings of thomsonite appear smooth due to the flat crystal terminations. In contrast, linings of cowlesite appear rough, under 30x magnification, due to sharply pointed blades. In addition, thomsonite intergrowths are tough and relatively hard, while cowlesite intergrowths are easily cleaved and soft, similar to gypsum.


Unique IdentifiersHide

Mindat ID:
1145
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1145:3
GUID
(UUID V4):
00c32d5e-d5e4-4c1a-a0e2-58f5fe02e713

IMA Classification of CowlesiteHide

Approved
IMA Formula:
Ca(Al2Si3)O10 · 5-6H2O
First published:
1975

Classification of CowlesiteHide

9.GG.05

9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
G : Tektosilicates with zeolitic H2O; zeolite family
G : Unclassified zeolites
77.1.5.8

77 : TECTOSILICATES Zeolites
1 : Zeolite group - True zeolites
16.9.28

16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
9 : Aluminosilicates of Ca

Mineral SymbolsHide

As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.

SymbolSourceReference
CowIMA–CNMNCWarr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43

Physical Properties of CowlesiteHide

Vitreous, Greasy
Transparency:
Transparent
Colour:
Colourless, white
Streak:
White
Hardness:
5 - 5½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
{010}
Density:
2.14(2) g/cm3 (Measured)    2.05 g/cm3 (Calculated)

Optical Data of CowlesiteHide

Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.505 - 1.513 nβ = 1.509 - 1.516 nγ = 1.509 - 1.518
2V:
Measured: 44° to 53°
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.004 - 0.005
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Low
Dispersion:
none
Optical Extinction:
X = a; Y = b; Z = c.

Chemistry of CowlesiteHide

Mindat Formula:
CaAl2Si3O10 · 6H2O
Common Impurities:
Fe,Na,K

Crystallography of CowlesiteHide

Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) - Dipyramidal
Cell Parameters:
a = 23.116(8) Å, b = 24.891(7) Å, c = 30.468(2) Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.929 : 1 : 1.224
Unit Cell V:
17,530.69 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Morphology:
Type material:
Simple blades, showing only three forms: {010}, {001}, and {101}. Crystals can exceed 0.3 mm in length and 0.1 mm in width, but thicknesses are less than 2 ÎŒm.
Comment:
Space group Ccme (non-standard setting of space group Cmce). Originally reported cell: a 11.27, b 15.25, c 12.61 Å. Originally, a doubled cell with a 23.3, b 30.6, c 25.0 A is also reported (Vezzalini et al., 1992); this was later found to be the true cell..

X-Ray Powder DiffractionHide

Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacingIntensity
15.2 Å(100)
3.81 Å(35)
2.964 Å(35)
2.934 Å(25)
3.052 Å(20)
5.08 Å(17)
7.62 Å(15)
Comments:
The perfect cleavage makes it impossible to obtain a suitable XRD powder by ordinary grinding with a mortar and pestle.

Geological EnvironmentHide

Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic ModeEarliest Age (Ga)
Near-surface Processes
22 : Hydration and low-𝑇 subsurface aqueous alteration (see also #23)

Type Occurrence of CowlesiteHide

General Appearance of Type Material:
Sometimes visually similar to thomsonite. Thin cavity linings, to 0.5 mm thick, growing as radially oriented blades. As sprays of blades up to 2 mm, and rarely as sprays of delicate, single blades. Blades always < 2 ÎŒm thick.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA, 6720, 6721.
National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., USA, 135026.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
In amygdules in basalt. Also in scoria.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Reference:
Wise, W.S. and Tschernich, R.W. (1975) Cowlesite, a new Ca-zeolite: American Mineralogist, 60, 951-956.

Synonyms of CowlesiteHide

Other Language Names for CowlesiteHide

German:Cowlesit
Spanish:Cowlesita

Relationship of Cowlesite to other SpeciesHide

Member of:
Other Members of this group:
AlflarseniteNaCa2Be3Si4O13(OH) · 2H2OMon. 2 : P21
AmiciteK2Na2Al4Si4O16 · 5H2OMon. 2
Ammonioleucite(NH4)(AlSi2O6)Tet. 4/m : I41/a
AnalcimeNa(AlSi2O6) · H2OTric. 1 : P1
Bellbergite(K,Ba,Sr)2Sr2Ca2(Ca,Na)4[Al3Si3O12]6 · 30H2OHex.
BikitaiteLiAlSi2O6 · H2OTric. 1 : P1
BoggsiteCa8Na3(Si,Al)96O192 · 70H2OOrth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Imma
Brewsterite SubgroupZeolite Group.
Chabazite-Levyne SubgroupM[Al2Si4O12] · 6H2O
ChiavenniteCaMnBe2Si5O13(OH)2 · 2H2OMon. 2/m : P21/b
Clinoptilolite SubgroupM3-6(Si30Al6)O72 · 20H2O
Dachiardite SubgroupZeolite Group.
DirenzoiteNaK6MgCa2(Al13Si47O120) · 36H2OOrth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pmmn
EdingtoniteBa[Al2Si3O10] · 4H2OOrth. 2 2 2 : P21 21 21
EpistilbiteCaAl2Si6O16 · 5H2OMon.
Erionite SubgroupM2[Al4Si14O36] · 15H2O
Faujasite SubgroupM3.5[Al7Si17O48] · 32H2O
Ferrierite SubgroupZeolite Group.
FerrochiavenniteCa1-2Fe[(Si,Al,Be)5Be2O13(OH)2] · 2H2OMon. 2/m : P21/b
Flörkeite(K3Ca2Na)[Al8Si8O32] · 12H2OTric. 1 : P1
Garronite Subgroup
GaultiteNa4Zn2Si7O18 · 5H2OOrth. mm2 : Fdd2
Gismondine SubgroupZeolite Group.
Gmelinite SubgroupIn 1997, gmelinite was split into Gmelinite-Ca, Gmelinite-Na and Gmelinite-K.
GobbinsiteNa5(Si11Al5)O32 · 11H2OOrth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnma
GoosecreekiteCa[Al2Si6O16] · 5H2OMon. 2 : P21
GottardiiteNa3Mg3Ca5Al19Si117O272 · 93H2OOrth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Cmca
Heulandite Subgroup(Na/Ca/K)5-6[Al8-9 Si27-28 O72] · nH2O
HsianghualiteCa3Li2(Be3Si3O12)F2Iso. 4 3 2 : I41 3 2
KirchhoffiteCs(BSi2O6)Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I41/acd
LaumontiteCaAl2Si4O12 · 4H2OMon. 2/m : B2/m
Loomisite Ba[Be2P2O8] · H2OMon. m
LovdariteK2Na6Be4Si14O36 · 9H2OOrth. mm2
MaricopaitePb7Ca2(Si,Al)48O100 · 32H2OOrth.
MartinandresiteBa2(Al4Si12O32) · 10H2OOrth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pmmn
Mazzite SubgroupZeolite Group.
Merlinoite(K,Na)5(Ca,Ba)2Al9Si23O64 · 23H2OOrth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Immm
Montesommaite(K,Na)9Al9Si23O64 · 10H2OOrth. mm2 : Fdd2
Mordenite(Na2,Ca,K2)4(Al8Si40)O96 · 28H2OOrth.
MutinaiteNa3Ca4Si85Al11O192 · 60H2OOrth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnma
NabesiteNa2BeSi4O10 · 4H2OOrth. 2 2 2 : P21 21 21
Natrolite SubgroupA subgroup of the Zeolite Group.
OffretiteKCaMg(Si13Al5)O36 · 15H2OHex. 6 m2 : P6m2
PahasapaiteLi8(Ca,Li,K)10.5Be24(PO4)24 · 38H2OIso. 2 3 : I2 3
ParthéiteCa2(Si4Al4) O15 (OH)2 · 4H2OMon. 2/m : B2/b
Paulingite SubgroupPaulingite was originally described in 1960.
PerlialiteK9Na(Ca,Sr)[Al2Si4O12]6 · 15H2OHex. 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) : P6/mmm
Phillipsite SubgroupZeolite Group.
Pollucite(Cs,Na)2(Al2Si4O12) · 2H2OIso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Ia3d
RoggianiteCa2Be(OH)2Al2Si4O13 · 2.5H2OTet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I4/mcm
Stilbite SubgroupM6-7[Al8-9Si27-28O72] · nH2O
Terranovaite(Na,Ca)8(Si68Al12)O160 · 29H2OOrth.
Thomsonite SubgroupThe large majority of "thomsonite" is thomsonite-Ca.
Tschernichite(Ca,Na2)[Al2Si4O12] · 4-8H2OTet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P4/mmm
TschörtneriteCa4(Ca,Sr,K,Ba)3Cu3[Al3Si3O12]4(OH)8 · nH2OIso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fm3m
UM1996-38-SiO:AlCaHNaNa-Ca-Al-Si-O-H
UM1999-33-SiO:AlHKNaK7Na5Al12Si20O64 · 24H2O
UM2002-40-SiO:AlCaHKMgNa(Mg,Ca,Na,K)7.5(Al12.8Si51.2)O128 · 65H2OTet. 4 2 2 : P41 2 2
Unnamed (Ca analogue of Merlinoite)(Ca,K,Na)5(Ca,Ba)2Al9Si23O64 · 23H2O ?
WairakiteCa(Al2Si4O12) · 2H2OMon. 2/m : B2/m
WeinebeneiteCaBe3(PO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2OMon. m : Bb
Wenkite(Ba,K)4(Ca,Na)6[(Si,Al)20O39(OH)2](SO4)3 · 0.5H2OHex. 6 m2 : P62m
WillhendersoniteKCa[Al3Si3O12] · 5H2OTric. 1 : P1
YugawaraliteCaAl2Si6O16 · 4H2OMon. m : Pb

Common AssociatesHide

Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
32 photos of Cowlesite associated with CalciteCaCO3
30 photos of Cowlesite associated with Heulandite Subgroup(Na/Ca/K)5-6[Al8-9 Si27-28 O72] · nH2O
28 photos of Cowlesite associated with Smectite GroupA0.3D2-3[T4O10]Z2 · nH2O
26 photos of Cowlesite associated with Thomsonite-CaNaCa2[Al5Si5O20] · 6H2O
21 photos of Cowlesite associated with LĂ©vyne
20 photos of Cowlesite associated with AnalcimeNa(AlSi2O6) · H2O
16 photos of Cowlesite associated with Chabazite
11 photos of Cowlesite associated with Lévyne-Ca(Ca,Na2,K2)[Al2Si4O12] · 6H2O
9 photos of Cowlesite associated with Phillipsite Subgroup
7 photos of Cowlesite associated with OffretiteKCaMg(Si13Al5)O36 · 15H2O

Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat GroupingHide

9.GG.10MountainiteKNa2Ca2[Si8O19(OH)] · 6H2OMon. 2/m : P2/b

Other InformationHide

Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

Internet Links for CowlesiteHide

References for CowlesiteHide

Reference List:

Localities for CowlesiteHide

This map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.

Locality ListHide

- This locality has map coordinates listed. - This locality has estimated coordinates. ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence. ? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. - Good crystals or important locality for species. - World class for species or very significant. (TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species. (FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties). Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality. Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).

All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Antarctica
 
  • Eastern Antarctica
    • Victoria Land
AmMin 82:423 +1 other reference
  • Western Antarctica
    • Antarctic Peninsula
      • South Shetland Islands
        • King George Island
          • Admiralty Bay
Mozer (2012)
Australia
 
  • New South Wales
    • Gloucester Co.
      • Barrington Tops
        • Barrington
Graham et al. (2002)
  • Victoria
    • Baw Baw Shire
      • Jindivick
Haupt (1989) +1 other reference
    • Mornington Peninsula Shire
      • Flinders area
Tschernich (1992)
Austria
 
  • Lower Austria
    • Krems-Land District
      • MĂŒhldorf
Exel (1993)
Canada
 
  • British Columbia
    • Kamloops Mining Division
Tschernich (1992)
Mineralogist +3 other references
      • Westwold
Tschernich (1992)
  • Ontario
    • Hastings County
      • Town of Bancroft
        • Dungannon Township
Tschernich (1992)
  • QuĂ©bec
    • Laurentides
      • Argenteuil RCM
        • Wentworth
          • Laurel
Tschernich (1992) +1 other reference
Costa Rica
 
  • Alajuela Province
    • SarchĂ­ Canton
RodrĂ­guez et al. (2017)
  • Guanacaste Province
Micro Probe Vol 7 No. 7 Spring 1993
    • Liberia Canton
Micro Probe Vol. 7 No. 7 Spring 1993
  • San JosĂ© Province
    • Acosta Canton
      • Guaitil District
ZeledĂłn (2004)
    • Puriscal Canton
      • Candelarita District
Micro Probe Volume VII Number 7 Spring ... +1 other reference
ZeledĂłn (2004)
Czech Republic
 
  • Central Bohemian Region
    • MladĂĄ Boleslav District
      • Bela pod Bezdezem
Ing. O. Janeček - New localities of ...
  • Liberec Region
    • ČeskĂĄ LĂ­pa District
      • Cvikov
Personal reference Libor HrĆŻzek
      • Prysk
        • HornĂ­ Prysk
PauliĆĄ et al. (2014)
L.HrĆŻzek
      • ZĂĄkupy
        • Lasvice
L.HrĆŻzek-Personal reference
      • Ćœandov
PauliĆĄ et al. (2018)
PauliĆĄ et al. (2018)
  • ÚstĂ­ nad Labem Region
    • Děčín District
Petr Fuchs 2007
Levyn a dalĆĄĂ­ zeolity z Hackenbergu u ...
PauliĆĄ et al. (2015) +1 other reference
      • JiƙetĂ­n pod Jedlovou
PauliĆĄ et al. (2017)
      • Kunratice
L.HrĆŻzek +1 other reference
O.Janeček
L.HrĆŻzek +1 other reference
      • Kytlice
L.HrĆŻzek
    • ÚstĂ­ nad Labem District
      • Chuderov
RychlĂœ
Faroe Islands
 
  • Sandoy Region
    • Sandoy
      • Dalur
Tschernich (1992)
  • Streymoy Region
    • Streymoy
      • Oyrareingir
Betz (1981) +1 other reference
Germany
 
  • Bavaria
    • Upper Palatinate
      • Tirschenreuth District
        • Pechbrunn
Keck (1993)
Hungary
 
  • Pest County
    • Szentendre District
      • PilisszentlĂĄszlĂł
GEODA 2005/3 +1 other reference
Iceland
 
Selbekk et al. (2004)
  • Northeastern Region
    • DalvĂ­kurbyggĂ°
      • DalvĂ­k
Zeolite collection of Volker Betz
    • FjallabyggĂ°
      • SiglufjörĂ°ur
Zeolite collection of Volker Betz
  • Western Region
    • BorgarbyggĂ°
      • Hvammur
Betz (1981)
    • SveitarfĂ©lagiĂ° StykkishĂłlmur
      • StykkishĂłlmsbĂŠr
        • StykkishĂłlmur
Alessandro Cantamessa collection & ...
  • Westfjords
    • StrandabyggĂ°
      • KollafjörĂ°ur
Zeolite collection of Volker Betz
Italy
 
  • Sardinia
    • Oristano Province
Bortolozzi et al. (2007)
    • Sassari Province
Bortolozzi et al. (2007)
Japan
 
  • Nagasaki Prefecture
    • Hirado City
Fujimoto et al. (1990)
    • Iki City
      • Iki Islands
Yamada (2004)
  • Shimane Prefecture
    • Oki District
      • Okinoshima
        • Oki Islands
          • Nishinoshima
Matsubara (1978)
New Zealand
 
  • Auckland Region
    • Muriwai
Collection of RJ Martin correlated to ...
    • Waiwera
Zeolites of the Word by Rudy ...
  • Canterbury Region
    • Christchurch City
      • Banks Peninsula
        • Lyttelton
Thornton (Ed.)
  • Marlborough Region
J. Thornton. Zeolites and other minerals on Middlehurst Station. Essence of Microscope (NZ)
Essence of Micro-Scope
  • Northland Region
    • Far North District
Collection of RJ Martin
    • Kaipara District
      • Aranga
Railton et al. (1990)
      • Donnellys Crossing
NZ Zeolite list and locations. Neville ...
Collection of Rod Martin
Russia
 
  • Murmansk Oblast
...
Spain
 
  • Canary Islands
    • Las Palmas Province
      • Lanzarote
        • Yaiza
          • Playa Blanca
Lapis 2001 et al. (reference via Ferdinando Giovine) +1 other reference
UK
 
  • Northern Ireland
    • Co. Antrim
      • Antrim
Trevor Boyd Collection
Trevor Boyd Collection
      • Ballyclare
Trevor Boyd Collection
n° 322 +4 other references
rruff.geo.arizona.edu (n.d.) +2 other references
      • Glenarm
Trevor Boyd (Ferdinando Giovine collection)
      • Islandmagee
        • Gobbins
www.habitas.org.uk (n.d.)
      • Larne
        • Glynn (Glynn Hill)
          • Magheramorne
Artioli et al. (1994)
      • Portrush
Zeolite colletion of Volker Betz
      • Waterfoot
Trevor Boyd Collection +1 other reference
  • Scotland
    • Highland
      • Eilean ĂĄ ChĂšo
        • Isle of Skye
          • Duirinish
            • Dunvegan
Green et al. (1996)
          • Trotternish
            • Loch Snizort
              • Kingsburgh
Day (1999)
USA
 
  • Arizona
    • Pinal County
      • Superior
        • Picketpost Mountain area
Luetcke (n.d.)
      • Superior area
        • adjacent to State Route 177
Wise et al. (1975) +1 other reference
  • Colorado
    • Jefferson County
      • Golden Mining District
        • Golden
Rocks & Minerals 79: 4. +1 other reference
Jason Evans Collection
Wilson (1988)
  • Idaho
    • Adams County
Ream (1995)
    • Idaho County
      • Skookumchuck Creek
Ream (2004)
  • Nevada
    • Clark County
      • Las Vegas Mining District
MarekC Collection June 2017
  • Oregon
    • Columbia County
      • Goble
Micro Probe Vol. 6 No. 5 Fall 1987 +2 other references
    • Grant County
      • Mount Vernon
Mineralogist +3 other references
      • North Fork John Day River
Tschernich (1992)
      • Ritter
Micro Probe Volume VII Number 8 Fall ...
Micro Probe Volume VII Number 8 Fall ...
    • Jackson County
      • Lost Creek Reservoir
K. Starnes
    • Lake County
Micro Probe Vol. 7 No. 9 Spring 1994 +1 other reference
    • Wallowa County
      • Joseph
        • Aneroid Lake
Micro Probe Volume VI Number 4
    • Wheeler County
      • Spray
Micro Probe Vol. 6 No. 4 +1 other reference
Micro Probe VolumeVII Number 3 Spring ...
Rudy Tschernich Zeolite Collection
  • Washington
    • Clark County
      • Yacolt
Micro Probe Volume VI Number 4
    • Cowlitz County
      • Wolf Point
Micro Probe Vol. 7 No. 10
    • Grays Harbor County
      • Porter
Rudy Tschernich Zeolite Collection
Micro Probe Vol. 7 No. 5 Spring '92
    • Thurston County
      • Olympia
        • Capital Peak (Capitol Forest)
Wise et al. (1975) +1 other reference
 
Mineral and/or Locality  
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