Cacoxenite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Cacoxenite
Formula:
Fe3+24AlO6(PO4)17(OH)12 · 75H2O
Colour:
Yellow to brownish yellow, reddish orange, golden yellow, deep orange, green
Lustre:
Silky
Hardness:
3 - 4
Specific Gravity:
2.2 - 2.6
Crystal System:
Hexagonal
Name:
From the Greek κακός for "bad" and ξένος for "guest" due to the fact that the phosphorous content of cacoxenite lessens the quality of iron smelted from ore containing it.
A secondary mineral found in oxidized zones of phosphatic magnetite deposits, in novaculites, in phosphate-rich pegmatites, and rarely in iron-rich sediments and soils.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
840
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:840:6
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
1223c2f4-0411-422d-bb00-d8441a1ee0bb
IMA Classification of Cacoxenite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
Classification of Cacoxenite
8.DC.40
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
D : Phosphates, etc. with additional anions, with H2O
C : With only medium-sized cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 = 1:1 and < 2:1
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
D : Phosphates, etc. with additional anions, with H2O
C : With only medium-sized cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 = 1:1 and < 2:1
42.13.5.1
42 : HYDRATED PHOSPHATES, ETC.CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
13 : Miscellaneous
42 : HYDRATED PHOSPHATES, ETC.CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
13 : Miscellaneous
19.14.27
19 : Phosphates
14 : Phosphates of Fe and other metals
19 : Phosphates
14 : Phosphates of Fe and other metals
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Symbol | Source | Reference |
---|---|---|
Cac | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Cacoxenite
Silky
Transparency:
Translucent
Colour:
Yellow to brownish yellow, reddish orange, golden yellow, deep orange, green
Comment:
Yellow in transmitted light.
Hardness:
3 - 4 on Mohs scale
Density:
2.2 - 2.6 g/cm3 (Measured) 2.217 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Cacoxenite
Type:
Uniaxial (+)
RI values:
nω = 1.575 - 1.585 nε = 1.635 - 1.656
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.060
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Pleochroism:
Visible
Comments:
O = Pale yellow
E = Canary yellow to yellow orange
E = Canary yellow to yellow orange
Chemistry of Cacoxenite
Mindat Formula:
Fe3+24AlO6(PO4)17(OH)12 · 75H2O
Common Impurities:
Al
Crystallography of Cacoxenite
Crystal System:
Hexagonal
Class (H-M):
6/m - Dipyramidal
Space Group:
P63/m
Cell Parameters:
a = 27.559(1) Å, c = 10.55 Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 0.383
Unit Cell V:
6,939.21 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
2
Morphology:
Crystals crudely hexagonal, acicular [0001], with a hexagonal cross section at times and indistinct pyramidal faces. Commonly in compact, concentric, spherical to radial aggregates. In bundles, randomly fibrous; as coatings or intergranular cement.
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0014677 | Cacoxenite | Moore P B, Shen J (1983) An X-ray structural study of cacoxenite, a mineral phosphate Nature 306 356-358 | 1983 | Avant's Claim, near Shady, Polk County, Arkansas, USA | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
11.94 Å | (100) |
22.0 Å | (80) |
3.3452 Å | (50) |
4.897 Å | (40) |
6.921 Å | (30) |
9.065 Å | (20) |
2.7868 Å | (20) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
---|---|
Near-surface Processes | |
21 : Chemically precipitated carbonate, phosphate, iron formations | |
Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
47c : [Carbonates, phosphates, borates, nitrates] | |
Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
48 : Soil leaching zone minerals | <0.6 |
Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals | <10 Ka |
55 : Anthropogenic mine minerals |
Geological Setting:
Common accessory mineral in oxidation zone of magnetic and limonite iron ores, novaculites, rarely in iron rich sediments and soils.
Type Occurrence of Cacoxenite
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
No defined type material.
Synonyms of Cacoxenite
Other Language Names for Cacoxenite
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
265 photos of Cacoxenite associated with Strengite | FePO4 · 2H2O |
192 photos of Cacoxenite associated with Beraunite | Fe3+6(PO4)4O(OH)4 · 6H2O |
67 photos of Cacoxenite associated with Wavellite | Al3(PO4)2(OH,F)3 · 5H2O |
63 photos of Cacoxenite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
60 photos of Cacoxenite associated with Rockbridgeite | Fe2+Fe3+4(PO4)3(OH)5 |
47 photos of Cacoxenite associated with Dufrénite | Ca0.5Fe2+Fe3+5(PO4)4(OH)6 · 2H2O |
46 photos of Cacoxenite associated with Kidwellite | NaFe3+9+x(PO4)6(OH)11 · 3H2O, x = 0.33 |
45 photos of Cacoxenite associated with Chalcosiderite | CuFe3+6(PO4)4(OH)8 · 4H2O |
43 photos of Cacoxenite associated with Aluminian Strengite | (Fe,Al)PO4 · 2H2O |
37 photos of Cacoxenite associated with Ferristrunzite | Fe3+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)3 · 5H2O |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
8.DC. | Ianbruceite | Zn2(AsO4)(OH) · 3H2O |
8.DC. | Césarferreiraite | Fe2+ Fe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O |
8.DC. | Ferrivauxite | Fe3+Al2(PO4)2(OH)3 · 5H2O |
8.DC.05 | Nissonite | Cu2Mg2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 5H2O |
8.DC.07 | Euchroite | Cu2(AsO4)(OH) · 3H2O |
8.DC.10 | Legrandite | Zn2(AsO4)(OH) · H2O |
8.DC.12 | Strashimirite | Cu8(AsO4)4(OH)4 · 5H2O |
8.DC.15 | Arthurite | CuFe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O |
8.DC.15 | Earlshannonite | Mn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O |
8.DC.15 | Ojuelaite | ZnFe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O |
8.DC.15 | Whitmoreite | Fe2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O |
8.DC.15 | Cobaltarthurite | (Co,Mg)Fe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O |
8.DC.15 | Bendadaite | Fe2+Fe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O |
8.DC.15 | Kunatite | CuFe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O |
8.DC.15 | UM2006-27-PO:FeHZn | ZnFe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O |
8.DC.15 | UKI-2006-(PO:AlCuFeH) | Fe2+Al3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O |
8.DC.17 | Kleemanite | ZnAl2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 3H2O |
8.DC.20 | Bermanite | Mn2+Mn3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O |
8.DC.20 | Coralloite | Mn2+Mn3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O |
8.DC.20 | Magnesiobermanite | MgMn3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O |
8.DC.22 | Kovdorskite | Mg2(PO4)(OH) · 3H2O |
8.DC.25 | Ferristrunzite | Fe3+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)3 · 5H2O |
8.DC.25 | Ferrostrunzite | Fe2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 6H2O |
8.DC.25 | Metavauxite | Fe2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O |
8.DC.25 | Metavivianite | Fe2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 6H2O |
8.DC.25 | Strunzite | Mn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 6H2O |
8.DC.25 | Zincostrunzite | ZnFe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 6.5H2O |
8.DC.27 | Beraunite | Fe3+6(PO4)4O(OH)4 · 6H2O |
8.DC.27 | Tvrdýite | Fe2+Fe3+2 Al3(PO4)4(OH)5(H2O)4 · 2H2O |
8.DC.27 | Zincoberaunite | ZnFe3+5(PO4)4(OH)5 · 6H2O |
8.DC.30 | Gordonite | MgAl2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O |
8.DC.30 | Laueite | Mn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O |
8.DC.30 | Mangangordonite | Mn2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O |
8.DC.30 | Paravauxite | Fe2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O |
8.DC.30 | Pseudolaueite | Mn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O |
8.DC.30 | Sigloite | Fe3+Al2(PO4)2(OH)3 · 7H2O |
8.DC.30 | Stewartite | Mn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O |
8.DC.30 | Ushkovite | MgFe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O |
8.DC.30 | Ferrolaueite | Fe2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O |
8.DC.30 | Kastningite | (Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)Al2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O |
8.DC.30 | Maghrebite | MgAl2(AsO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O |
8.DC.30 | Nordgauite | MnAl2(PO4)2(F,OH)2 · 5H2O |
8.DC.30 | Kayrobertsonite | [MnAl2(PO4)2(OH)2(H2O)4] · 2H2O |
8.DC.30 | Kummerite | Mn2+Fe3+Al(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O |
8.DC.32 | Tinticite | Fe3+3(PO4)2(OH)3 · 3H2O |
8.DC.32 | Kamarizaite | Fe3+3(AsO4)2(OH)3 · 3H2O |
8.DC.35 | Vauxite | Fe2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 6H2O |
8.DC.37 | Vantasselite | Al4(PO4)3(OH)3 · 9H2O |
8.DC.45 | Gormanite | (Fe2+,Mg)3(Al,Fe3+)4(PO4)4(OH)6 · 2H2O |
8.DC.45 | Souzalite | (Mg,Fe2+)3(Al,Fe3+)4(PO4)4(OH)6 · 2H2O |
8.DC.47 | Kingite | Al3(PO4)2F2(OH) · 7H2O |
8.DC.50 | Wavellite | Al3(PO4)2(OH,F)3 · 5H2O |
8.DC.50 | Allanpringite | Fe3+3(PO4)2(OH)3 · 5H2O |
8.DC.50 | Fluorwavellite | Al3(PO4)2(OH)2F · 5H2O |
8.DC.52 | Kribergite | Al5(PO4)3(SO4)(OH)4 · 4H2O |
8.DC.55 | Mapimite | Zn2Fe3+3(AsO4)3(OH)4 · 10H2O |
8.DC.57 | Ogdensburgite | Ca2Fe3+4(Zn,Mn2+)(AsO4)4(OH)6 · 6H2O |
8.DC.60 | Nevadaite | (Cu2+,Al,V3+)6Al8(PO4)8F8(OH)2 · 22H2O |
8.DC.60 | Cloncurryite | Cu0.5(VO)0.5Al2(PO4)2F2 · 5H2O |
8.DC.62 | Kenngottite | Mn2+3Fe3+4(PO4)4(OH)6(H2O)2 |
8.DC.67 | Molinelloite | Cu(H2O)(OH)V4+O(V5+O4) |
8.DC.70 | Whitecapsite | H16Fe2+5Fe3+14Sb3+6(AsO4)18O16 · 120H2O |
8.DC.75 | Heimite | PbCu2(AsO4)(OH)3 · 2H2O |
8.DC.80 | Lednevite | Cu[PO3(OH)] · H2O |
Other Information
Notes:
Readily soluble in acids.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Cacoxenite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-840.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
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External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Cacoxenite
Reference List:
Larsen, Esper S. (1921) The microscopic determination of the nonopaque minerals. Bulletin Vol. 679. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/b679 p.51
Dunn, Pete J., Chao, George Y., Fleischer, Michael, Ferraiolo, James A., Langley, Richard H., Pabst, Adolf, Zilczer, Janet A. (1985) New mineral names. American Mineralogist, 70 (1-2) 214-221 p.220
Localities for Cacoxenite
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality.
Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| Oyarzábal et al. (2016) |
Australia | |
| Dieter Mylius collection |
| D.I. Cendón et al. (2005) |
| Bottrill (2018) |
| Sielecki (1988) |
Sielecki (1988) | |
| Sorrell (n.d.) |
| Beyer et al. (1996) |
| Harrowfield et al. (1981) |
| |
Pilkington et al. (1982) +1 other reference | |
| Francis et al. (2012) |
| |
| |
| |
| |
W.D.Birch & D.A.Henry 1993. Phosphate ... | |
| Museum Victoria Mineralogy Collection |
| Sorrell (n.d.) |
Austria | |
| [Lapis 1993:5 p.13-28] |
| Kolitsch (2009) |
| Aufschluss 1972 (SB) |
| Exel (1993) |
Meixner (1958) | |
| Aufschluss 1972 (SB) |
| Michael Reicht collection |
Bernhard (1996) +1 other reference | |
Belgium | |
| Van Tassel (1966) +7 other references |
| Van Tassel (1959) +2 other references |
| perso.infonie.be (2004) |
| Michel Blondieau. +1 other reference |
Fouassin et al. (1975) +2 other references | |
Hatert et al. (2002) | |
Hatert et al. (2002) | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Blondieau (2005) |
| Dillen et al. (1990) +1 other reference |
| Blondieau (2012) |
Brazil | |
| various photographs |
| Cassedanne et al. (1999) |
| Sergio Varvello collection |
Bulgaria | |
| Kunov (1996) +2 other references |
| Kunov et al. (1997) |
Burundi | |
| www.trademarksa.org (n.d.) |
Cameroon | |
| F. Pillard : "Contribution à l'étude de l'altération de la vivianite : cas de la vivianite d'Anloua (Cameroun) |
Canada | |
| Boyle (1972) |
| Johnston et al. (1915) |
Ontario Ministry of Northern ... +1 other reference | |
| Personal Collection - Bill Morgenstern |
Bill Morgenstern | |
Czech Republic | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
Pauliš +4 other references | |
| Vrtiška L. et al. (2018) |
| Černý P. et al. (2015) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Povondra et al. (eds.) +1 other reference |
| Černý P (1) |
| |
| Sejkora et al. (2006) |
| Sejkora et al. (2006) |
| Jirásek |
| Janouš +4 other references |
Palache et al. (1951) | |
| Houzar S.: Přehled minerálů z ... |
| Vrtiška L et al. (2017) |
| Staněk +1 other reference |
Staněk | |
DR Congo | |
| Paul De Bondt collection |
Europe | |
Berbain et al. (2012) | |
France | |
| Chollet Pascal collection - Self ... |
| Yannick Vessely collection |
| Pierre Le Roch & Jean-Marc Johannet ... |
Cuchet et al. (2000) | |
| Coueille (1988) |
| Germain C. (1995) |
| Pierre Le Roch Collection |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Le Roc'h P. () |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Bernard Barrière collection |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| M Arliguie collection +1 other reference |
| Lièvre et al. (2002) |
| Lièvre et al. (2002) |
| Lièvre et al. (2002) |
| perso.wanadoo.fr (2004) |
Boisson (1988) | |
Alain Hanson Collection (gift from Michel Arliguie 9/2010) | |
| Boisson (1988) |
| Alain Hanson collection |
| Queneau P. (2001) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Pascale & Daniel Journet |
| Laurent Gayraud collection |
| Lheur (2023) |
| Laurent Gayraud collection |
| Jean-Marie LAURENT collection |
| Berbain et al. (2012) |
| Berbain et al. (2012) |
| Izaac da Silva Leite collection |
| GAYRAUD (2010) +1 other reference |
| Lièvre J.-M. & Pouit D. (2004) |
Germany | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| in the collection of Christof Schäfer |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
Obermüller et al. (1993) | |
| Lorenz (2003) |
| 58. +1 other reference |
| Dana 7:II:772 |
| Geipel (1982) |
| von Voith (1836) |
| Fehr et al. (1985) |
| Dill et al. (2009) |
DILL et al. (2008) +1 other reference | |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (n.d.) +2 other references |
Weiß (1990) | |
www.berthold-weber.de (2001) | |
Wittern (2001) +1 other reference | |
| Pöllmann et al. (2005) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weber (2013) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Magma 1984 (2) |
| Weiß (1990) |
Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference | |
| in the collection of Christof Schäfer |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Blaß (2002) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| D. Pawlowski: "Mineralfundstellen im Sauerland" (Munich) +1 other reference |
| Emser Hefte 1988 (4) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (2016) |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) |
| T. Witzke (1992) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| M. Martin: Lapis 19 (12) |
| Lapis 30 (7/8) |
| Witzke et al. (2013) |
| Witzke et al. (1997) |
| Pestel et al. (2012) |
| M. Martin: Lapis 12 (94) |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (2016) |
| T. Witzke & F. Rüger: Lapis 1998 (7/8) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Lapis (12) |
Greece | |
| Frenzel (1895) |
Hungary | |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya |
| GEODA |
| Zajzon N et al. (20014) |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) |
Ireland | |
| |
Ryback et al. (1988) | |
Italy | |
| Marco Ciriotti 2010 |
Balestra C. (2011) | |
| Mattioli (1979) +1 other reference |
| Olmi F. |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Luigi Chiappino data +1 other reference |
| I. Campostrini personal comunication |
Japan | |
| Yamada (2004) |
S. Matsubara (2000) | |
| Yamada (2004) |
| SHIMOBAYASHI et al. (2012) |
| Kitahara (1949) |
| Takashi Yamada et al. (1999) |
| Esaka collection +1 other reference |
Mali | |
| Gineste (2012) |
Mexico | |
| Michael Shannon specimens |
Morocco | |
| Favreau (2012) |
Namibia | |
| P. Keller and O. von Knorring |
New Zealand | |
| Stott (pers. notes) |
Poland | |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
Portugal | |
| luigi chiappino specimen |
Pedro Alves collection | |
| Martins da Pedra collection +1 other reference |
| Artur Neves' collection - August 2014 |
| Rui Nunes visit 18 July 2015 |
| Rui Nunes collection |
| |
| Pedro Alves collection |
| Pedro Alves collection. Characterized ... |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1991) |
Pedro Alves collection | |
| |
| Self-collected by Pedro Alves. |
| Pedro Alves collection |
| |
| personal find by Pedro Alves. |
| |
Mineralien Atlas | |
| |
| Rui Nunes 2011 |
| Identified in Rebentão Mine |
| self-find |
Romania | |
| minerals-of-the-carpathians.eu (2008) +1 other reference |
Rwanda | |
| Bertossa (1968) +1 other reference |
Slovakia | |
| Martin Števko & Dušan ... |
South Africa | |
| Atanasova et al. (2016) |
| Woolf (2023) |
| SAMS (South African Micromount Society) |
Spain | |
| Christian Rewitzer collection - SEM-EDS ... |
| - (n.d.) |
| Sáinz de Baranda et al. (2004) |
www.foro-minerales.com (2022) +1 other reference | |
| Bareche (2005) |
| www.foro-minerales.com (n.d.) |
www.foro-minerales.com (n.d.) | |
| www.foro-minerales.com (n.d.) |
| Cesar Menor-Salvan |
Rui Nunes | |
Viñals et al. (2011) | |
| NÚÑEZ-GARCÍA et al. (2012) +1 other reference |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) |
| |
| Calvo et al. (2003) |
Sweden | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Bjällerud (1989) |
Switzerland | |
| EDXS analyses |
UK | |
| George Eric Stanley Curtis collection |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
Richard Bell personal collection | |
| Ryback et al. (1988) +1 other reference |
| Mineralogical Magazine 1996 60 : ... +1 other reference |
Lapis 11 (2) +1 other reference | |
| Hartley (1984) +2 other references |
Stanley et al. (1991) | |
| Alysson Rowan collection |
| |
Uruguay | |
| Jordi Fabre |
USA | |
| Rocks & Min 70:5 pp 320-333 +1 other reference |
Rocks & Min.: 58:57-62. +1 other reference | |
| Henry Barwood |
Min.Rec.:20 (5) +1 other reference | |
Cook et al. (1982) | |
| Rocks & Min 70:5 pp 320-333 |
Rocks & Min 70:5 pp 320-333 | |
| Rocks & Min 70:5 pp 320-333 |
Rocks & Minerals: 70 (5) | |
| chris bryant +1 other reference |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
| Rocks & Min 70:5 pp 320-333 |
| U. S. Geological Survey Open-File ... |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Arthur E. Smith (2008) |
| R&M 70:3 pp 154-170 |
Howard +1 other reference | |
R&M 70:3 pp 154-170 | |
| Henry Barwood - unpublished (2010) |
Rocks & min.: 64:297. | |
Rocks & Min.: 63:109. | |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:113 +2 other references |
Howard (2007) | |
| Rocks & Min.:63:118. |
Rocks and Minerals (1988) | |
| Rocks and Minerals (1988) |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:120. |
| Rocks & Min.:64:297-298. |
Am Min 51:1811-1814 | |
Rocks and Minerals (1988) | |
| Smith (1988) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 304 +2 other references |
| Carnein et al. (2005) |
Blanchard et al. (1968) | |
| Min News 21:8 pp 1 +1 other reference |
| Marc V. Hurst (2012) |
Kelley Collection | |
Am Min 53:2096-2101 | |
| Rocks & Min.: 64:185. |
| Cook (1978) |
| Jason Smith & M.E. Ciriotti (2005) |
| Graves Mountain and Magruder Mine +1 other reference |
| Cook (1978) |
| Rocks & Min.: 21:347 +1 other reference |
Rocks & Minerals 54:4 pp161-165 | |
| Kampf et al. (2013) |
| Ostrander (1940) |
| Paul P.Hearn et al. (1988) |
| Bernstein (1976) |
| Dana 6:1083. |
| Jensen et al. (1995) |
| Mineralogical Record 26:467 |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Silver Coin Mine. Compact Disc. Paul ... |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... |
| Collected by Dick Thomssen. |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Jeremy Zolan |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Collection of Kelly Starnes 1990 |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Wilson et al. (2008) |
| Moore (1973) |
| Smith (2005) |
| Henderson (1980) |
Locality description: "[...] all the ... | |
| C.G.Segeler (personal communication) |
| D. Court Collection +1 other reference |
| Walstrom (n.d.) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Rocks & Min.: 60:84. +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Minerals: 60 (2) +1 other reference |
| Kenny Gay - personal message |
| www.mindat.org/mesg-11-168140.html |
| Mineralogical Record: 11: 311. +1 other reference |
| Lapham & Geyer |
| Lapham & Geyer |
| Dana 6: 1069 +1 other reference |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
Henderson (1980) | |
| Min. Col. PA +2 other references |
| K. Cabaniss & L.E. Kearns (2011) |
| |
| Steve Stuart specimen |
| Rocks & Minerals 54:4 pp173-175 |
| Seaman (1976) |
Loomis (2011) | |
| Rocks & Minerals: 67 (6) |
| Travis A. Paris (2011) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Rocks & Min.:64:42-45 (also see Rocks & Min.:57:20-22 & 60:168) +1 other reference |
Dietrich (1990) | |
Rocks & Min.: 57:20-22 +1 other reference | |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Klemic et al. (1972) +1 other reference |
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La Paloma Mine, Zarza la Mayor, Cáceres, Extremadura, Spain