Axinite-(Fe)
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Axinite-(Fe)
Formula:
Ca2Fe2+Al2BSi4O15OH
Colour:
Brown, clove-brown, plum blue, pearl gray
Lustre:
Vitreous
Hardness:
6½ - 7
Specific Gravity:
3.25 - 3.28
Crystal System:
Triclinic
Member of:
Name:
Originally named Espéce de Schorl by Johann Gottfried Schreiber in 1781. Named Schorl violet and Schorl transparent lenticulaire by Romé de L'Isle in 1785. Named Thumerstein by Abraham Gottlob Werner in 1788, later spelled Thumite. Named Yanolite by Jean Claude de la Métherie in 1792. Named Glasschörl by Blumenberg in 1799 (also glasstein). Named axinit in 1797 by Rene Just Haüy from the Greek αξίνα ("axina") for "axe", in allusion to the common habit of its crystals. Renamed ferroaxinite by Waldemar T. Schaller in 1909 for iron dominance in the formula. Renamed with suffix "-(Fe)" by IMA in 2007.
Axinite Group. The Fe2+ analogue of Axinite-(Mg) and Axinite-(Mn).
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Axinite-(Fe).
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Axinite-(Fe).Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1459
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1459:1
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
fcd4a127-3f3f-4b2c-86a6-0e00dbe1076f
IMA Classification of Axinite-(Fe)
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA status notes:
Renamed by the IMA
IMA Formula:
Ca4Fe2+2Al4[B2Si8O30](OH)2
Approval history:
Renamed by the CNMNC IMA in 2007 from ferro-axinite to Axinite-(Fe) (IMA 07-C).
Classification of Axinite-(Fe)
9.BD.20
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
B : Sorosilicates
D : Si2O7 groups, with additional anions; cations in tetrahedral [4] and greater coordination
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
B : Sorosilicates
D : Si2O7 groups, with additional anions; cations in tetrahedral [4] and greater coordination
56.2.2.1
56 : SOROSILICATES Si2O7 Groups, With Additional O, OH, F and H2O
2 : Si2O7 Groups and O, OH, F, and H2O with cations in [4] and/or >[4] coordination
56 : SOROSILICATES Si2O7 Groups, With Additional O, OH, F and H2O
2 : Si2O7 Groups and O, OH, F, and H2O with cations in [4] and/or >[4] coordination
17.5.47
17 : Silicates Containing other Anions
5 : Borosilicates
17 : Silicates Containing other Anions
5 : Borosilicates
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Ax-Fe | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Ax | Kretz (1983) | Kretz, R. (1983) Symbols of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 68, 277–279. |
| Ax | Siivolam & Schmid (2007) | Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download |
| Ax | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
| The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Pronunciation of Axinite-(Fe)
Pronunciation:
| Play | Recorded by | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Jolyon Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Axinite-(Fe)
Vitreous
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
Brown, clove-brown, plum blue, pearl gray
Streak:
White
Hardness:
6½ - 7 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
Good on {100}
Poor on {001} {110} {011}
Good on {100}
Poor on {001} {110} {011}
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Conchoidal
Density:
3.25 - 3.28 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.33 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Axinite-(Fe)
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.672 - 1.693 nβ = 1.677 - 1.701 nγ = 1.681 - 1.704
2V:
Measured: 69° to 87°, Calculated: 62° to 82°
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.009 - 0.011
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
High
Dispersion:
strong
Chemistry of Axinite-(Fe)
Mindat Formula:
Ca2Fe2+Al2BSi4O15OH
Crystallography of Axinite-(Fe)
Crystal System:
Triclinic
Class (H-M):
1 - Pinacoidal
Space Group:
P1
Cell Parameters:
a = 7.1437(4) Å, b = 9.1898(6) Å, c = 8.9529(4) Å
α = 91.857(6)°, β = 98.188(5)°, γ = 77.349(4)°
α = 91.857(6)°, β = 98.188(5)°, γ = 77.349(4)°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.777 : 1 : 0.974
Unit Cell V:
567.63 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
2
Morphology:
Flattened, axe head shaped, granular, massive
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0000832 | Axinite-(Fe) | Swinnea J S, Steinfink H, Rendon-DiazMiron L E, Enciso de la Vega S (1981) The crystal structure of a Mexican axinite American Mineralogist 66 428-431 |  | 1981 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0006112 | Axinite-(Fe) | Filip J, Kolitsch U, Novak M, Schneeweiss O (2006) The crystal structure of near-end-member ferroaxinite from an iron-contaminated pegmatite at Malesov, Czech Republic The Canadian Mineralogist 44 1159-1170 | | 2006 | Malesov, Czech Republic | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Image Loading
Radiation - Copper Kα
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 6.3 Å | (70) |
| 5.87 Å | (5 |
| 5.15 Å | (5) |
| 4.99 Å | (10) |
| 4.80 Å | (20) |
| 4.53 Å | (30) |
| 3.99 Å | (20) |
| 3.80 Å | (30) |
| 3.68 Å | (60) |
| 3.46 Å | (80) |
| 3.42 Å | (5) |
| 3.39 Å | (5) |
| 3.28 Å | (60) |
| 3.23 Å | (5) |
| 3.19 Å | (5) |
| 3.16 Å | (90) |
| 3.08 Å | (40b) |
| 3.02 Å | (50) |
| 2.998 Å | (60) |
| 2.968 Å | (50) |
| 2.931 Å | (30) |
| 2.874 Å | (30) |
| 2.839 Å | (40) |
| 2.812 Å | (100) |
| 2.792 Å | (40) |
| 2.760 Å | (40) |
| 2.667 Å | (40) |
| 2.643 Å | (40b) |
| 2.575 Å | (50) |
| 2.564 Å | (60) |
| 2.526 Å | (30) |
| 2.489 Å | (20) |
| 2.474 Å | (20) |
| 2.444 Å | (50) |
| 2.424 Å | (50) |
| 2.396 Å | (10) |
| 2.363 Å | (50) |
| 2.318 Å | (5) |
| 2.292 Å | (10) |
| 2.271 Å | (30) |
| 2.250 Å | (30) |
| 2.226 Å | (10) |
| 2.206 Å | (30) |
| 2.190 Å | (60) |
| 2.179 Å | (20) |
| 2.163 Å | (70) |
| 2.134 Å | (30b) |
| 2.060 Å | (50) |
| 2.040 Å | (50) |
| 2.014 Å | (30b) |
| 1.998 Å | (30b) |
| 1.989 Å | (50) |
| 1.973 Å | (5) |
| 1.955 Å | (40) |
| 1.926 Å | (50) |
| 1.895 Å | (10b) |
| 1.808 Å | (20) |
| 1.788 Å | (40) |
| 1.744 Å | (10) |
| 1.732 Å | (30) |
| 1.721 Å | (30) |
| 1.702 Å | (20) |
| 1.691 Å | (10) |
| 1.680 Å | (10) |
| 1.668 Å | (40) |
| 1.652 Å | (40) |
| 1.636 Å | (50) |
| 1.623 Å | (30) |
| 1.608 Å | (20) |
| 1.597 Å | (30) |
| 1.580 Å | (40) |
| 1.570 Å | (20) |
| 1.538 Å | (30) |
| 1.516 Å | (20b) |
| 1.495 Å | (30) |
| 1.478 Å | (20) |
| 1.460 Å | (40b) |
| 1.442 Å | (10) |
| 1.435 Å | (10) |
Comments:
ICDD 27-76, natural material Dauphine, France
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 23 : Subaerial aqueous alteration by non-redox-sensitive fluids (see also #47) | |
| High-𝑇 alteration and/or metamorphism | |
| 32 : Ba/Mn/Pb/Zn deposits, including metamorphic deposits | |
| Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
| 34 : Complex granite pegmatites | |
| Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics | <3.5-2.5 |
| 40 : Regional metamorphism (greenschist, amphibolite, granulite facies) |
Geological Setting:
Low to high grade regionally metamorphosed rocks, contact metamorphic rocks, pegmatites.
Type Occurrence of Axinite-(Fe)
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Muséum Nationale d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France, 35.1881, H3383.
Synonyms of Axinite-(Fe)
Other Language Names for Axinite-(Fe)
Esperanto:Feroaksinito
German:Axinit-(Fe)
Feraxinit
Feraxinit
Japanese:鉄斧石
Russian:Ферроаксинит
Аксинит-(Fe)
Аксинит-(Fe)
Spanish:Feraxinita
Relationship of Axinite-(Fe) to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
| Axinite-(Mg) | Ca2MgAl2BSi4O15OH | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Axinite-(Mn) | Ca2Mn2+Al2BSi4O15(OH) | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Tinzenite | Ca2Mn2+4Al4[B2Si8O30](OH)2 | Tric. 1 : P1 |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 143 photos of Axinite-(Fe) associated with Epidote | (CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 138 photos of Axinite-(Fe) associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 81 photos of Axinite-(Fe) associated with Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| 67 photos of Axinite-(Fe) associated with Actinolite | ◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2 |
| 34 photos of Axinite-(Fe) associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 32 photos of Axinite-(Fe) associated with Chlorite Group | |
| 27 photos of Axinite-(Fe) associated with Smoky Quartz | SiO2 |
| 23 photos of Axinite-(Fe) associated with Prehnite | Ca2Al2Si3O10(OH)2 |
| 18 photos of Axinite-(Fe) associated with Microcline | K(AlSi3O8) |
| 16 photos of Axinite-(Fe) associated with Adularia | KAlSi3O8 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 9.BD.05 | Bertrandite | Be4(Si2O7)(OH)2 |
| 9.BD.10 | Hemimorphite | Zn4Si2O7(OH)2 · H2O |
| 9.BD.15 | Junitoite | CaZn2Si2O7 · H2O |
| 9.BD.20 | Axinite-(Mg) | Ca2MgAl2BSi4O15OH |
| 9.BD.20 | Axinite-(Mn) | Ca2Mn2+Al2BSi4O15(OH) |
| 9.BD.20 | Tinzenite | Ca2Mn2+4Al4[B2Si8O30](OH)2 |
| 9.BD.25 | Vistepite | SnMn4B2Si4O16(OH)2 |
| 9.BD.30 | Boralsilite | Al16B6O30(Si2O7) |
| 9.BD.35 | Werdingite | (Mg,Fe)2Al14Si4B4O37 |
| 9.BD.40 | Vránaite | Al16B4Si4O38 |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Axinite-(Fe)
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1459.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Axinite-(Fe)
Reference List:
Localities for Axinite-(Fe)
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Australia | |
| |
| |
| Costas Constantinides collection |
| Dana 6:A2:11 +1 other reference |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Ralph Bottrill collection | |
| Henry et al. (2005) |
| |
| Birch (1996) |
| G L Morvell (1976) +1 other reference | |
| Sue Koepke collection via Jiri Just |
Austria | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) | |
| Kolitsch (2018) |
| C.Auer (2021) |
| Uwe Kolitsch (original find by Stefan Voigt) +1 other reference |
| Löffler et al. (2011) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2015) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Kolitsch (2014) |
Canada | |
| Canadian Mineralogist 41:117-137 |
| CanRockhound v.3 |
| |
| J. Greiner |
| Reiner Mieklke |
| personal collection (MHFM) |
Chile | |
| Dana 6:529. |
China | |
| dan weinrich |
| Möhn et al. (05/2021) |
| Sun +3 other references |
| Yixiong Qian (1990) |
| Xu Jinsha et al. (2019) |
Czech Republic | |
| Pauliš +3 other references |
| Filip et al. (2006) |
| Kadlec T.: Nové minerály ve ... | |
| Novák et al. (2013) +1 other reference |
| Jakub Jirásek |
| Novák et al. (2002) |
| Houzar |
| Filip |
| Dolníček Z et al. (2020) |
| |
Finland | |
| Finnish Museum of Natural History |
France | |
| Boutry Collection |
| T. Brunsperger collection |
| Matteo Chineletto specimen |
| Journ. Mines (1797) | |
| DE ASCENCAO GUEDES R. (2004) |
| T Brunsperger collection |
Germany | |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Baumgärtl (2014) |
| Jahn et al. (2002) |
| various added photos |
| Thomas Luehr collection | |
| collection H.J. Haas |
| Tröger (2012) |
Hungary | |
| |
| Balassa et al. (2023) |
| Ozdín D. +1 other reference | |
Iran | |
| |
Italy | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| King (n.d.) | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Croze (1989) |
| Natale Calanchi (1980) |
| Edoardo Mazzola specimen |
| Bedogné et al. (1995) |
| Bedognè et al. (2001) +1 other reference | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
| Martini et al. (2012) |
| Martini et al. (2012) | |
| Olimpo (1981) +3 other references |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Grill (1935) |
| Pezzotta et al. (1999) | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Savia et al. (2023) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Billows (1941) |
| Gamboni et al. (1998) |
| Smyth W. (1841) +4 other references |
Japan | |
| Ozaki (1970) |
| Nishikubo collection +1 other reference |
| Etsuo Uchida (1986) +1 other reference | |
| Dr. Kameki Kinoshita collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| Dr. Kameki Kinoshita collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| Al McGuiness specimen +1 other reference |
| Alfredo Petrov specimens |
| Dr. Kameki Kinoshita collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| Sameshima +1 other reference |
| Majima collection |
Mexico | |
| Panzcer (1987) |
| Panzcer (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panzcer (1987) | |
| USGS Bulletin 1930 +1 other reference | |
| Pancnzer (1987) | |
| Panzcer | |
| Peter Megaw collection |
Morocco | |
| Econ Geol (1989) |
Namibia | |
| Dana 7:I:578. |
| Jahn et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
New Zealand | |
| Railton et al. (1990) |
| Pringle et al. (1980) +1 other reference |
| Railton et al. (1990) |
| Skinner et al. (1999) |
| Railton et al. (1990) |
| Railton et al. (1990) |
| Railton et al. (1990) |
| Mason (1959) +1 other reference | |
Norway | |
| Nordrum et al. (2005) |
| Nordrum et al. (2005) |
| Nordrum et al. (2005) |
| Nordrum et al. (2005) | |
| Berg (1990) |
| Nordrum et al. (2005) |
| Bancroft et al. (2001) | |
| Bancroft et al. (2001) |
| Garmo et al. (2017) | |
| Larsen (2018) |
| Nordrum et al. (2005) |
| Nordrum et al. (2005) |
| Nordrum et al. (2005) |
| Nordrum et al. (2005) |
| Nordrum et al. (2005) |
| Larsen et al. (2021) |
| Nordrum et al. (2005) |
| Nordrum et al. (2005) |
| Nordrum et al. (2005) |
| Nordrum et al. (2005) |
| Nordrum et al. (2005) |
| Witsø (1995) |
| Witsø (2005) +1 other reference |
| Carstens (1965) +1 other reference |
| Jørgensen et al. (2001) |
| Jørgensen et al. (2001) |
| Jørgensen et al. (2001) +1 other reference | |
| Nordrum et al. (2005) |
| Nordrum et al. (2005) |
| Nordrum et al. (2005) | |
| Olav Revheim photo and collection | |
| Garmo (1998) +1 other reference |
| Nordrum et al. (2005) |
| Nordrum et al. (2005) |
| Nordrum et al. (2005) |
| Nordrum et al. (2005) | |
| Nordrum et al. (2005) |
| Selbekk (1990) +1 other reference |
Pakistan | |
| King (n.d.) |
| Specimen obtained from Dudley Blauwet ... |
| Dudley Blauwet +2 other references |
| transferred from "Dassu |
| Minerals +2 other references |
| King (n.d.) | |
| imported from Shigar District +2 other references | |
| Vincent Bourgoin |
Peru | |
| Hyrsl et al. (2003) +1 other reference |
| Specimen in my collection purchased ... |
| Teodocio Ramos specimens +1 other reference |
| Hyrsl (2013) |
Poland | |
| Michell W. D. 1941: Paragenesis of the ... |
| Körber et al. (2005) | |
| Gadomski M. |
| Spirifer collection | |
| Tomas Praszkier |
| Jęczmyk +1 other reference |
Portugal | |
| L. Miguel Gaspar and Carlos M. C. Inverno (2000) |
| Gaspar et al. (2000) |
Russia | |
| Local geolofist S.V.Kolesnichenko data |
| |
| Политов В.К. (1983) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Gorelikova et al. (2008) |
| Putintseva et al. (2017) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
Slovakia | |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Ozdín D. |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Ozdín D. |
| Ozdín D. |
| Ozdín D. et al. (in Slovak) +1 other reference |
| Píša (1957) |
| Števko M. et al. (2017) | |
| Ďuďa |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross (2004) |
| Min Rec 35:4 pp289-317 |
Spain | |
| Calvo Rebollar (2018) |
| Romero Silva JC (2003) +2 other references |
| Calvo (2018) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2018) |
| Escuder Viruete (1995) |
| 58 (in German) +3 other references |
| Calvo (2018) |
| Tanago et al. (2012) |
| Sanabria et al. (2002) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2018) |
Sweden | |
| Lorin et al. (2009) |
| |
| Otter (2004) |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Christian Bracke Collection | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| www.mineralien-ch.ch (n.d.) |
| Harjo Neutkens |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) | |
| Christian Bracke Collection. |
| Stalder et al. (1998) | |
| Christian Bracke Collection |
| Rüegg (2005) | |
| Rüegg (2005) | |
UK | |
| Paul Oldfield collection |
| Rocks & Min.: 19:9. |
| Hall (1868) +1 other reference |
| Hall (1868) |
| Carne (1822) +2 other references | |
| Couper et al. (1977) | |
| Andrew Lawton Collection +1 other reference |
| |
| |
| McLintock (1923) +3 other references |
| Chaudhry | |
| Sargent et al. (Part II) |
| National Museum of Wales specimens |
USA | |
| Cooper |
| Pohl et al. (1983) | |
| Pohl (1982) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 489 +2 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 489 +1 other reference | |
| Frost et al. (2007) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 507. +2 other references |
| Observed on a specimen in the ... | |
| Samples obtained from Bay Area Mineralogists (BAM) |
| 07/25. +1 other reference |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 507 +3 other references |
| San Diego Natural History Museum | |
| Schaller (1911b) +3 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 508. +2 other references |
| Identified on site |
| Schooner (1958) |
| Schooner (1961) |
| Schooner (circa 1985) |
| Pitman |
| Thompson et al. (1998) |
| Rocks & Min.: 16: 58. |
| S Pavadore collection |
| Gobla (2012) |
| The Lapidary Journal (W.C. van Laer) +5 other references |
| WC van Laer | |
| William C. van Laer |
| C. von Laer +1 other reference | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Martin Jensen (2011) |
| Rocks & Minerals |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| King (n.d.) |
| Palache (1935) |
| Common knowledge among local ... |
| Fred Schuster. |
| Warren Cummings |
| Januzzi +2 other references |
| Horton et al. (1981) +1 other reference |
| Montgomery (Jun, 1966) +2 other references |
| Wherry (1915) +1 other reference |
| Thomas (Nov, 1952) +3 other references |
| Frazier (1882) +1 other reference |
| Frazier (1882) +1 other reference |
| Miller (1971) |
| Michael W. Kieron collection |
| |
| Harvard Mineralogical Museum collection |
| Rocks & Minerals: 71 (3) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Rocks & Minerals (1991) +1 other reference |
| Scott Williams collection +1 other reference |
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Nausherwani quartz mine, Char Kohan, Kharan District, Balochistan Region, Pakistan