Greenockite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
This page kindly sponsored by Susan Tyzack
About Greenockite
Formula:
CdS
Colour:
Yellow to red.
Lustre:
Adamantine, Resinous
Hardness:
3 - 3½
Specific Gravity:
4.8 - 4.9
Crystal System:
Hexagonal
Member of:
Name:
The naming of the mineral is often attributed to Henry James Brooke and Arthur Connell in 1840. The original description was actually made by Robert Jameson who first described greenockite, and the first description was in “his journal”: The Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal. The mineral was named for Lord Greenock - later Earl Charles Murray Cathcart, 2nd Earl Cathcart [December 21, 1783, Walton-on-the-Naze, Essex, England, UK - July 16, 1859, St Leonards-on-Sea, Hastings, England, UK]. Earl Charles Murray Cathcart was a general in the British army and served as Governor of the Province of Canada. He was also the author of two papers: one on igneous rocks in Edinburgh, Scotland and one on coal in southern Scotland.
Type Locality:
Dimorph of:
Typically found as yellow to red hemimorphic pyramidal crystals and earthy coatings. Caution should be used in sight identifying yellow cadmium sulfide coatings as hawleyite (dimorph of greenockite) is not a very rare species and occurs in identical appearing coatings and identical environments; furthermore some of these coatings can be X-ray amorphous ("xanthochroite").
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1746
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1746:2
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
bcd35f10-2885-4605-b9f9-0ba9f58c86ae
IMA Classification of Greenockite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
Classification of Greenockite
2.CB.45
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
C : Metal Sulfides, M: S = 1: 1 (and similar)
B : With Zn, Fe, Cu, Ag, etc.
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
C : Metal Sulfides, M: S = 1: 1 (and similar)
B : With Zn, Fe, Cu, Ag, etc.
Dana 7th ed.:
2.6.4.2
2.8.7.2
2 : SULFIDES
8 : AmXp, with m:p = 1:1
2 : SULFIDES
8 : AmXp, with m:p = 1:1
3.4.7
3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
4 : Sulphides etc. of Group II metals other than Hg (Mg, Ca, Zn, Cd)
3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
4 : Sulphides etc. of Group II metals other than Hg (Mg, Ca, Zn, Cd)
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Symbol | Source | Reference |
---|---|---|
Gnk | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Gck | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Pronunciation of Greenockite
Pronunciation:
Play | Recorded by | Country |
---|---|---|
Jolyon Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Greenockite
Adamantine, Resinous
Transparency:
Translucent
Colour:
Yellow to red.
Streak:
Orange-yellow to brick red.
Hardness:
3 - 3½ on Mohs scale
Hardness:
VHN25=98 kg/mm2 - Vickers
Hardness Data:
Measured
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
Distinct on {1122}, imperfect on {0001}.
Distinct on {1122}, imperfect on {0001}.
Fracture:
Conchoidal
Density:
4.8 - 4.9 g/cm3 (Measured) 4.824 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Greenockite
Type:
Uniaxial (-)
RI values:
nω = 2.529 nε = 2.506
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.023
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Very High
Pleochroism:
Weak
Comments:
Uniaxial + for wavelengths red to blue-green
Chemistry of Greenockite
Mindat Formula:
CdS
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Zn
Crystallography of Greenockite
Crystal System:
Hexagonal
Class (H-M):
6mm - Dihexagonal Pyramidal
Space Group:
P63mc
Cell Parameters:
a = 4.136 Å, c = 6.713 Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 1.623
Unit Cell V:
99.45 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
2
Morphology:
Crystals hemimorphic pyramidal. Earthy coatings (sphalerite)
Twinning:
Twin plane {1122} rare forming trillings.
Crystallographic forms of Greenockite
Crystal Atlas:
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0017955 | Greenockite | Ulrich F, Zachariasen W (1925) Ueber die Kristallstruktur des alpha- und $-beta Cd S, sowie des Wurtzits. _cod_database_code 1011054 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 62 260-273 | 1925 | 0 | 293 | ||
0011540 | Greenockite | Wyckoff R W G (1963) Second edition. Interscience Publishers, New York, New York Crystal Structures 1 85-237 | 1963 | 0 | 293 | ||
0015177 | Greenockite | Xu Y N, Ching W Y (1993) Electronic, optical, and structural properties of some wurtzite crystals Physical Review B48 4335-4351 | 1993 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
3.58 Å | (80) |
3.37 Å | (60) |
3.16 Å | (100) |
2.45 Å | (30) |
2.07 Å | (60) |
1.90 Å | (40) |
1.79 Å | (20) |
1.76 Å | (50) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
---|---|
Stage 3a: Earth’s earliest Hadean crust | >4.50 |
10 : Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals | |
11 : Volcanic fumarole minerals; reduced phases (see also #45) | |
Stage 3b: Earth’s earliest hydrosphere | >4.45 |
12 : Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits (see also #33) | |
High-𝑇 alteration and/or metamorphism | |
33 : Minerals deposited by hydrothermal metal-rich fluids (see also [#12]) | |
Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
50 : Coal and/or oil shale minerals | <0.36 |
Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals | <10 Ka |
54 : Coal and other mine fire minerals (see also #51 and #56) |
Geological Setting:
An uncommon mineral of sulfide deposits.
Type Occurrence of Greenockite
Synonyms of Greenockite
Other Language Names for Greenockite
Catalan:Greenockita
Dutch:Greenockiet
German:Greenockit
Kadmiumocker
Kadmiumocker
Italian:Greenockite
Japanese:硫カドミウム鉱
Polish:Grenokit
Russian:Гринокит
Simplified Chinese:硫镉矿
Slovak:Greenockit
Spanish:Greenockita
Traditional Chinese:硫鎘礦
Ukrainian:Гринокіт
Varieties of Greenockite
Zinc-bearing Greenockite | A zinc-bearing variety of greenockite. |
Relationship of Greenockite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
Buseckite | (Fe,Zn,Mn)S | Hex. 6mm : P63mc |
Cadmoselite | CdSe | Hex. 6mm : P63mc |
Rambergite | MnS | Hex. 6mm : P63mc |
Wurtzite | (Zn,Fe)S | Hex. 6mm : P63mc |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
105 photos of Greenockite associated with Sphalerite | ZnS |
80 photos of Greenockite associated with Smithsonite | ZnCO3 |
39 photos of Greenockite associated with Galena | PbS |
33 photos of Greenockite associated with Prehnite | Ca2Al2Si3O10(OH)2 |
31 photos of Greenockite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
26 photos of Greenockite associated with Fluorite | CaF2 |
23 photos of Greenockite associated with Hemimorphite | Zn4Si2O7(OH)2 · H2O |
22 photos of Greenockite associated with Pyrite | FeS2 |
21 photos of Greenockite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
12 photos of Greenockite associated with Gypsum | CaSO4 · 2H2O |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
2.CB. | Agmantinite | Ag2MnSnS4 |
2.CB. | Richardsite | Zn2CuGaS4 |
2.CB. | Gachingite | Au(Te1-xSex) |
2.CB. | Tolstykhite | Au3S4Te6 |
2.CB. | Hanswilkeite | KFeS2 |
2.CB. | Auroselenide | AuSe |
2.CB. | Ruizhongite | (Ag2◻)Pb3Ge2S8 |
2.CB. | Okruginite | Cu2SnSe3 |
2.CB.05a | Coloradoite | HgTe |
2.CB.05a | Hawleyite | CdS |
2.CB.05a | Metacinnabar | HgS |
2.CB.05c | Polhemusite | (Zn,Hg)S |
2.CB.05b | Sakuraiite | (Cu,Zn,Fe)3(In,Sn)S4 |
2.CB.05a | Sphalerite | ZnS |
2.CB.05a | Stilleite | ZnSe |
2.CB.05a | Tiemannite | HgSe |
2.CB.05 | UM1998-15-S:CuFeZn | Cu2Fe3Zn5S10 |
2.CB.05a | Rudashevskyite | (Fe,Zn)S |
2.CB.05a | Ishiharaite | (Cu,Ga,Fe,In,Zn)S |
2.CB.07a | Shenzhuangite | NiFeS2 |
2.CB.07a | Unnamed (Cu-Mn-Sn Sulpide) | Cu2MnSnS4 |
2.CB.10a | Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
2.CB.10a | Eskebornite | CuFeSe2 |
2.CB.10a | Gallite | CuGaS2 |
2.CB.10b | Haycockite | Cu4Fe5S8 |
2.CB.10a | Lenaite | AgFeS2 |
2.CB.10b | Mooihoekite | Cu9Fe9S16 |
2.CB.10b | Putoranite | Cu1.1Fe1.2S2 |
2.CB.10a | Roquesite | CuInS2 |
2.CB.10b | Talnakhite | Cu9(Fe,Ni)8S16 |
2.CB.10a | Laforêtite | AgInS2 |
2.CB.10a | Unnamed (Cu-Zn-In Sulphide) | CuZn2InS4 |
2.CB.10a | UM1984-30-S:CuFeSn | Cu2Fe2Sn3S7 |
2.CB.10c | Omariniite | Cu8Fe2ZnGe2S12 |
2.CB.15a | Černýite | Cu2(Cd,Zn,Fe)SnS4 |
2.CB.15a | Ferrokësterite | Cu2FeSnS4 |
2.CB.15a | Hocartite | Ag2(Fe2+,Zn)SnS4 |
2.CB.15a | Idaite | Cu5FeS6 |
2.CB.15a | Kësterite | Cu2ZnSnS4 |
2.CB.15a | Kuramite | Cu3SnS4 |
2.CB.15b | Mohite | Cu2SnS3 |
2.CB.15a | Pirquitasite | Ag2ZnSnS4 |
2.CB.15a | Stannite | Cu2FeSnS4 |
2.CB.15c | Stannoidite | Cu+6Cu2+2(Fe2+,Zn)3Sn2S12 |
2.CB.15a | Velikite | Cu2HgSnS4 |
2.CB.15c | UM2006-11-S:CuFeGeZn | Cu8(Fe,Zn)3Ge2S12 (?) |
2.CB.17a v | Arsenic-bearing Renierite | Cu11GeAsFe4S16 |
2.CB.20 | Chatkalite | Cu6FeSn2S8 |
2.CB.20 | Mawsonite | Cu6Fe2SnS8 |
2.CB.30 | Argyropyrite | near Ag2Fe7S11 |
2.CB.30 | Colusite | Cu13VAs3S16 |
2.CB.30 | Germanite | Cu13Fe2Ge2S16 |
2.CB.30 | Germanocolusite | Cu26V2(Ge,As)6S32 |
2.CB.30 | Nekrasovite | Cu26V2(Sn,As,Sb)6S32 |
2.CB.30 | Stibiocolusite | Cu13V(Sb,Sn,As)3S16 |
2.CB.30 | Ovamboite | Cu20(Fe,Cu,Zn)6W2Ge6S32 |
2.CB.30 | Maikainite | Cu20(Fe,Cu)6Mo2Ge6S32 |
2.CB.30 | Frieseite | Ag2Fe5S8 (?) |
2.CB.35a | Hemusite | Cu6SnMoS8 |
2.CB.35a | Kiddcreekite | Cu6SnWS8 |
2.CB.35a | Polkovicite | (Fe,Pb)3(Ge,Fe)1-xS4 |
2.CB.35a | Renierite | (Cu1+,Zn)11Fe4(Ge4+,As5+)2S16 |
2.CB.35a | Vinciennite | Cu+7Cu2+3Fe2+2Fe3+2Sn(As,Sb)S16 |
2.CB.35a | Morozeviczite | (Pb,Fe)3Ge1-xS4 |
2.CB.35b | Catamarcaite | Cu6GeWS8 |
2.CB.40 | Lautite | CuAsS |
2.CB.42 | Lingbaoite | AgTe3 |
2.CB.45 | Cadmoselite | CdSe |
2.CB.45 | Wurtzite | (Zn,Fe)S |
2.CB.45 | Rambergite | MnS |
2.CB.45 | Buseckite | (Fe,Zn,Mn)S |
2.CB.45 | Maletoyvayamite | Au3Se4Te6 |
2.CB.47 | Murchisite | Cr5S6 |
2.CB.50 | Zincselenide | ZnSe |
2.CB.50 | Wassonite | TiS |
2.CB.52 | Dzhezkazganite | ReMoCu2PbS6 ? |
2.CB.55a | Cubanite | CuFe2S3 |
2.CB.55b | Isocubanite | CuFe2S3 |
2.CB.60 | Picotpaulite | TlFe2S3 |
2.CB.60 | Raguinite | TlFeS2 |
2.CB.65 | Argentopyrite | AgFe2S3 |
2.CB.65 | Sternbergite | AgFe2S3 |
2.CB.70 | Sulvanite | Cu3VS4 |
2.CB.75 | Vulcanite | CuTe |
2.CB.80 | Empressite | AgTe |
2.CB.85 | Muthmannite | AuAgTe2 |
Other Information
Health Risks:
Contains cadmium - always wash hands after handling. Avoid inhaling dust when handling or breaking. Never lick or ingest.
Greenockite in petrology
An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.
Internet Links for Greenockite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1746.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Greenockite
Reference List:
KINGSBURY, ARTHUR W. G., FRIEND, J. NEWTON (1939) Occurrence of Greenockite in the Mendips. Nature, 144 (3659) 1013 doi:10.1038/1441013a0
Tarkian, M., Breskovska, V. (1989) Greenockite from the Madjarovo Pb-Zn Ore District, Eastern Rhodope, Bulgaria. Mineralogy and Petrology, 40 (2) 137-144 doi:10.1007/bf01164324
Parnell, J., Still, J., Spinks, S., Thayalan, W., Bowden, S. (2014) Cadmium sulfide in a Mesoproterozoic terrestrial environment. Mineralogical Magazine, 78 (1) 47-54 doi:10.1180/minmag.2014.078.1.04
Localities for Greenockite
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality.
Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| Sureda (1978) |
| Coira et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
| Coira et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
| February 2009 +3 other references |
| FERNANDEZ +2 other references |
Jovic et al. (2011) | |
Australia | |
| Henry (1989) |
| Birch BH Book |
Elliott (2010) | |
| Fleminig +1 other reference |
| Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 23 (1985) +1 other reference |
| Ryan Eagle |
| Williams et al. (2005) |
| Francis (2010) |
| Smith et al. (Honours) |
| Griessmann (2011) |
Griessmann (2011) | |
| Sorrell (n.d.) |
| Sorrell (n.d.) |
| Sorrell (n.d.) |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Hudson et al. (1978) |
| Nickel +2 other references |
| Simpson (1948) |
Austria | |
| Auer (2021) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| A. M. Götzinger: Der Aufschluss 35 (10) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr (1993) +1 other reference |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Hiden (1997) |
| Gröbner (2000) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Auer (2018) |
| www.indra-g.at (2016) |
Pichler (2003) | |
| Pichler (2009) |
| C.Auer (2013) |
| Pichler (2009) |
| G.Indra (2012) |
| A.Pichler (2012) |
Neschen (n.d.) | |
Martin Rich collection | |
Niedermayr et al. (1995) | |
| G. Blass (1999) |
| R. Hiden: Der Steirische Mineralog 8 (11) |
C. Auer (1984) | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
Hiden (1997) | |
| www.indra-g.at (2016) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Collection of NHM |
| G. Niedermayr: Carinthia II 191./111.:97-102 (2001) |
| H. Meixner: Carinthia II 170./90.:46-47 (1980) |
| G. Niedermayr: Der Hochobir (Klagenfurt) |
G. Niedermayr: Der Hochobir (Klagenfurt) | |
| G. Niedermayr: Der Hochobir (Klagenfurt) |
Chris Auer | |
| G. Niedermayr: Carinthia II 191./111.:97-102 (2001) |
Niedermayr et al. (1995) | |
Bergbau in Osttkärnten (Pichler 2003) | |
Bergbau in Osttkärnten (Pichler 2003) | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2012) |
| Brandstätter et al. (2005) |
| MEIXNER (1976) +1 other reference |
| ID by Dr.F.Bernhard |
| Knobloch et al. (2018) |
| [Lapis 1993:5 p.13-28] |
| Strasser (1989) +1 other reference |
Neschen (n.d.) | |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Schachinger et al. (2013) |
| P. Tomazic et al. (2012) |
Auer (2020) | |
| Gerald Gesselbauer (2010) |
| C.Auer (2019) |
| Carinthia II (1986) |
| G.Gesselbauer (2014) |
Offenbacher (1994) | |
Natural History Museum Vienna collection (catalogued in 1912) | |
| C. Auer (2022) |
| Auer (2023) |
| M. Reicht |
| Auer (2019) |
| Bojar (1999) |
| A.Weiss (1974) |
| Jakely (2008) |
| Jakely (2008) |
| C.Auer (2020) |
| 54. +1 other reference |
| 50. (in German) +1 other reference |
| IRIS database of Geological Survey ... |
| C.Auer (2015) |
| Exel (1993) |
| 58. +1 other reference |
| Exel (1982) |
| Exel (1993) |
| Polz (1989) |
| Kolitsch (2014) |
Belgium | |
| Mélon et al. (1976) |
| Coppola et al. (2008) |
| Mélon et al. (1976) |
| Mélon et al. (1976) |
| Mélon et al. (1976) |
Christof Schäfer | |
| Jedwab et al. (1977) +1 other reference |
| Blondieau (2012) |
Bolivia | |
| Agustin Arando specimens |
| Federico Ahlfeld and Alejandro Schneider-Scherbina (1964) |
| Federico Ahlfeld y Jorge Muñoz Reyes (1955) |
USGS Bulletin # 1975 | |
Federico Ahlfeld and Alejandro Schneider-Scherbina (1964) | |
USGS Bulletin # 1975 | |
| Federico Ahlfeld y Jorge Muñoz Reyes (1955) |
| Cacho et al. (2019) |
| Wilson (2001) |
Torres et al. (2019) | |
| Kempff et al. (La Paz, 2009) |
| Federico Ahlfeld and Jorge Muñoz Reyes (1955) |
| Wilson (2001) +1 other reference |
| Ahlfeld et al. (1964) |
Salomon Rivas y Federico Ahlfeld (1998) | |
Dr Fritz Berndt collection | |
| Geology and Mineral Resources of the Altiplano and Cordillera Occidental (USGS Bulletin no. 1975) |
| Agustin Arando specimens |
Brazil | |
| Waber et al. (1992) +1 other reference |
Bulgaria | |
| Tarkian et al. (1989) |
| Marinova et al. (2018) |
| Larisa Nesheva (2006) |
| Cioacă et al. (2018) |
| [MinRec 22 p.439] |
| ATANASSOVA +1 other reference |
Canada | |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
Wilton et al. (1988) | |
| Wilton et al. (2021) |
| Terry Collett collection |
| evidence for mineralization at 370 Ma. Economic Geology: 88 (1) +1 other reference |
| Gait et al. (1990) |
| Horváth et al. (2019) |
| Geological Survey of Canada Miscellaneous Report 41 (1987) |
| Williams (1990) |
| Watson et al. (1996) |
Chile | |
| confirmed by Dr. Jochen Schlüter (PXRD analysis) |
China | |
| Rob Lavinsky |
| Tiegeng Liu et al. (2004) +3 other references |
| Meiyan Du et al. (2011) |
| Siwei He and Minyun Sun (1986) |
| Damao Wu and Yansong Tan (1981) +1 other reference |
| Chuanyi Yang (1985) |
| Deqing Xu (1993) |
| Cunjie Dong et al. (2010) |
Cunjie Dong et al. (2010) | |
| Minzhi Yang (2000) +1 other reference |
| Liu et al. (2017) |
| Jieren Wu (1985) |
| Zejiang Wang (1981) +2 other references |
| Zejiang Wang (1981) |
| Wenbao Zheng et al. (2011) |
| Chen et al. (2023) |
| Rui Wang and Yongfeng Zhu (2010) |
| Deli Liu et al. (2008) |
| Liyan Zhang and Xihui Yang (1986) |
| Rongjun Si et al. (2013) |
| Yunman Zhou (2003) |
| Chen (2002) |
Czech Republic | |
| Zemek +5 other references |
| Povondra et al. (eds.) +1 other reference |
| C.Auer (2016) |
| Žáček et al. (1998) |
| Josef Vajdak (2002) +2 other references |
| Sejkora et al. (2006) |
| Fojt |
| Dalibor Matýsek |
| Kuttna +1 other reference |
| Lips (2006) |
| Pauliš et al. (2019) |
Veselovský (2019) | |
| www.mineralos.cz (2003) |
| Pauliš +3 other references |
| Vrtiška L et al. (2019) +1 other reference |
| Roman Gramblička collection |
| VÍŠKOVÁ et al. (2022) |
| Velebil +5 other references |
| Kruťa |
DR Congo | |
| |
Finland | |
| Hietanen (2015) |
| Aho (1975) |
| Iljina |
| Joel Dyer collection |
| Pérez del Villar et al. (386) |
France | |
| 54 (in German) +1 other reference |
| J-F LANOE |
| SEM-EDX analysis Georges FAVREAU +2 other references |
| |
| Valverde J. (1999) |
Data BRGM 0649-2X-4001 | |
| Le règne Minérale +1 other reference |
| Pierrot R. et al. (1975) |
| Chauris (2014) |
| Fiche BSS BRGM n° 11183X4002/GT |
| Wittern et al. (Cologne) |
| Wittern et al. (Cologne) |
| P. DIDIER: les especes minerales du ... |
| Berbain et al. (2000) |
| Berbain et al. (2000) |
| Les Anciennes mines de Padern - Montgaillard ( Aude ) |
| www.zampano.com (n.d.) |
| De Ascenção Guedes R. (2006) |
| Gol et al. (2010) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Pierrot et al. (1978) |
| Anthony et al. (1990) |
King (n.d.) | |
| Lips (2006) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Berbain et al. (2005) |
Berbain et al. (2005) | |
Berbain et al. (2005) | |
| Berbain et al. (2005) |
| Dubru. M (1986) |
| Berbain et al. (2005) |
| Berbain et al. (2005) |
| Garric François |
Benoît Perez collection - SEM-EDX ... | |
| Galvier J. et Gautron L. (1995) +1 other reference |
| Pierrot et al. (1974) |
| R. Pierrot |
| Stephane Maury Collection |
Jean-Luc Portes Collection | |
Germany | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
Walenta (1992) | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (2020) |
Lapis 21 (12) | |
| 70. +1 other reference |
| ... |
www.mineralienatlas.de (2021) | |
Walenta (1992) | |
| Lapis (4) |
| Kaiser (1983) +3 other references |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Markl (1992) +1 other reference |
| Walenta (1992) |
| 54. +1 other reference |
| Habel (2011) |
| Obermüller et al. (1993) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Lapis 9 (1) |
| 54. +1 other reference |
| Obermüller (2003) |
| Dill H.G.: "Mineralogical and chemical ... +1 other reference |
www.berthold-weber.de (2001) | |
| Schwarzmeier (2015) +2 other references |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1991) |
| Lapis (1) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Weiß (1990) +1 other reference |
| Bender et al. (1994) |
| R. Lang |
Weiß (1990) | |
| Graf et al. (1990) |
| Aufschluss 90 (2) |
Aufschluss 90 (2) | |
Aufschluss 90 (2) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Lapis 1988 (1) +1 other reference |
| Aufschluss 69/ (7+8) +1 other reference |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Der Aufschluss Vol. 60 |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Thomas Lühr |
| Thomas Luehr collection |
| Schnorrer (2000) +1 other reference |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) |
| Möhn et al. (07/2020) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| U. Ludwig |
| Schlegel (1991) |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (n.d.) |
Lapis 30 (7/8) | |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Andreas Gerstenberg collection |
| 86. +1 other reference |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (n.d.) |
| WEISS et al. (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
Greece | |
| |
Branko Rieck collection | |
LAPIS 24 (7/8) +1 other reference | |
| Voudouris et al. (2019) |
| lavrion.gr (2023) |
| Rieck et al. (2019) |
| 50. +1 other reference |
| Grosche et al. (2023) |
| Tombros +6 other references |
Hungary | |
| Szakáll et al. (2013) |
collector: Gábor Koller | |
| Szakáll-Gatter-Szendrei: Mineral ... |
| Sánoor Szakáll et al. (1997) |
100 mineral localities of Hungary: ... +2 other references | |
| 100 mineral localities of Hungary: ... +2 other references |
Szakáll - Gatter: Minerals of Hungary | |
| Mineral Species of Hungary |
India | |
| Mishra et al. (2016) |
| Höller et al. (1997) |
Indonesia | |
| Marcoux et al. (1993) +2 other references |
| Yuningsih et al. (2014) |
Iran | |
| Mehrabi et al. (2016) |
| USGS database +1 other reference |
Iraq | |
| Awadh et al. (2015) |
Ireland | |
| de Haller +3 other references |
| O’RAGHALLAIGH et al. (1997) |
Italy | |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
Bortolozzi (n.d.) | |
| Bracco (2005) |
| Moroni et al. (2019) |
| Ciriotti et al. (2011) |
| Palenzona A. (1996) |
| Bertolini A. Rivista Mineralogica ... |
| Gramaccioli et al. (1992) |
| G.M.Gramaccioli |
AA. VV. | |
| Maida (2002) |
AA. VV. | |
AA. VV. | |
| Maida (2002) |
| Maida (2002) |
| Itinerari Mineralogici della Lombardia ... |
Del Caldo et al. (1973) | |
| Luigi Possenti Collection |
| Crali et al. (1975) |
| Giovanni Scapin Collection |
| - (as an updated monograph) +1 other reference |
| Gentile et al. (2023) |
| De Michele et al. (Valganna, Varese) |
| Parola et al. (2023) |
| G. Summino collection |
| ALBERTINI C. (2014) |
| Klemm et al. (2004) |
| Albertini C. (2014) |
| Ogniben G. (1967) |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
Stara et al. (1996) | |
| Stara |
AA. VV. | |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
3 (3-1987) +4 other references | |
3 (3-1987) +4 other references | |
3 (3-1987) +4 other references | |
Stara et al. (1996) | |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Lovisato (1903) +1 other reference |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
Antonio Gamboni collection +1 other reference | |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
Stara P. (1996) | |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
AA. VV. | |
| Lovisato (1908) +2 other references |
| Lecca G.C. et al. (2022) |
| Venerandi Pirri (2002) +1 other reference |
| Exel (1987) |
| Exel (1987) |
Exel (1987) | |
| De Michele (1974) |
| Exel (1987) |
| Forenza et al. (2005) |
| Bortolozzi G.M. et al. (2022) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Bortolozzi et al. (2021) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Bortolozzi et al. (2021) |
M. Boscardin: Località mineralogiche consigliate: Miniera di Vignola in Valsugana (Trento) | |
Fabio Tosato +3 other references | |
| A.Costantini (2015) |
| Biagioni et al. (2013) |
Biagioni et al. (2013) | |
| Orlandi et al. (1994) +1 other reference |
| Matteo Chinellato collection |
| Orlandi et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
| Orlandi et al. (1994) +2 other references |
Orlandi et al. (2009) +1 other reference | |
| Orlandi et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
Orlandi et al. (2009) | |
| Orlandi et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
Orlandi et al. (2009) | |
Orlandi et al. (2002) +1 other reference | |
| Biagioni et al. (2014) |
| Boscardin et al. (2000) +2 other references |
| Sergio Pegoraro et al. (2022) +2 other references |
| Pegoraro S. et al. (2009) |
Pegoraro S. (2014) | |
Pegoraro S. (2014) | |
De Michele (1974) | |
| Maini et al. (2000) |
Japan | |
| Tsunashirō Wada (1904) +1 other reference |
| Sadanaga et al. (1974) |
Yamada (2004) | |
Dr. Kameki Kinoshita collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) | |
| Yamada (2004) |
Yamada (2004) | |
| Yamada (2004) |
| Africano et al. (2000) |
Bernard (1985) +1 other reference | |
| Yamada (2004) |
| Dr. Kameki Kinoshita collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| Josef Vajdak (2000) |
| Dr. Kameki Kinoshita collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| Ohnishi et al. (2001) |
| Masutomi Museum specimens (Kyoto) |
| |
Jordan | |
| Sokol +9 other references |
Kazakhstan | |
| Chunyong Liu (2006) |
| - (2005) |
| Evseev (1995) |
| Pavlova +4 other references |
Kyrgyzstan | |
| Kolesar et al. (1993) |
Kolesar et al. (1993) | |
Mexico | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Mineralium Deposita (2009) |
| Camprubi |
Mongolia | |
| H. Gantumur et al. (2005) |
Namibia | |
| Gebhard (1999) |
| von Bezing (2007) |
[Mineralogical Record 28:124] | |
Cairncross (1997) | |
| von Bezing (2007) +1 other reference |
New Zealand | |
| Courtney et al. (1990) |
| Per comm Palmerston North Rock and ... +1 other reference |
North Korea | |
| Kum (1943) |
Norway | |
| Goldschmidt (1911) |
| Raade (1993) +1 other reference |
Juul Nilsen (1993) | |
| Goldschmidt (1911) |
| Husdal (2008) |
| Neumann (1985) |
| Goldschmidt (1911) |
Peru | |
| Arfè et al. (2017) +2 other references |
| Min.Rec. 28 (1997) |
Philippines | |
| Oberthür et al. (2017) |
Poland | |
| Łatkiewicz et al. (2004) |
| Knut Edvard Larsen collection MM-3067 |
Eligiusz Szełęg collection | |
| Siuda et al. (2003) |
| R Siuda collection |
| Mochnacka et al. (2015) |
| Mederski et al. (2020) |
| Nowak +1 other reference |
| P. Ramdohr +1 other reference |
Portugal | |
| Marques de Sá et al. (2010) |
| Alves et al. (2012) |
Romania | |
| Cook et al. (2002) |
| Cook et al. (2002) |
| Stefan Nicolescu (1996) |
| Szakáll (2002) |
| Harvard Museum collection 105913 |
| visual identification (Łukasz Kruszewski) +1 other reference |
| Udubaşa S.S. (2004) +1 other reference |
Russia | |
| webmineral.ru (2020) |
| Maslennikov et al. (2013) |
| Murzin et al. (2013) +1 other reference |
| Zhuravkova et al. (2019) |
| www.igem.ru (2001) +1 other reference |
| American Mineralogist +1 other reference |
| www.igem.ru (2001) |
| Kalinin (2021) |
Chernyavsky et al. (2012) | |
| Kalinin et al. (2020) |
| V. I. Ivashchenko et al. (2007) |
| Anisimova et al. (2019) |
| August 2007 +7 other references |
| Murzin et al. (2009) |
| Kovalev et al. (2023) |
| Vikentyev et al. (2023) +1 other reference |
| Vikentyev et al. (2023) |
| Kiseleva et al. (2008) +2 other references |
Serbia | |
Slobodan A. Radosavljević et al. (2013) | |
| Radosavljević +3 other references |
Slovakia | |
| Vlasáč J. et al. (2018) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Onačila D. et al. (in Slovak) |
| Duda et. all. |
| Mikoláš S. et al. (1993) |
Slovenia | |
Bancroft et al. (1991) +1 other reference | |
Terzić (1972) +1 other reference | |
| Žorž et al. (2002) |
South Africa | |
| Van der Merwe (2011) |
| Atanasova et al. (2016) |
| SAMS (South African Micromount Society) |
Spain | |
| SEM-EDS analysed |
| Cepedal et al. (2008) |
| M. Calvo Rebollar (2003) |
| Calvo (2003) |
| |
Fabre (n.d.) | |
| Revista de minerales (Mars) |
Pascua et al. (1997) | |
| Calvo (2003) |
| |
| |
| Pedro Mingueza et al. (2022) |
| Mata i Perelló (1990) |
| Joan Abella i Creus (2008) |
| Mineralogistes de Catalunya |
| Alfonso et al. (2012) +1 other reference |
| Angel Ortiz Maellas specimen |
| Oen (1974) |
| Adrian Pesudo Collection |
Adrian Pesudo Collection | |
Sweden | |
| Kramm et al. (1988) |
| Sandström et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
| NJMAh 165 |
| Aim +1 other reference |
| Oen et al. (1984) +1 other reference |
| Nysten (2014) |
| |
| Gatedal (n.d.) |
Switzerland | |
| Gröbner J. (2017) |
| Schenk et al. (2008) |
| EDXS measurement |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
Stalder et al. (1998) | |
Le Cristallier Suisse (7) | |
Vanini F. et al. (1998) | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Cannon (2005) +1 other reference |
50. (in German) +1 other reference | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
EDXS analyses +1 other reference | |
Dias A. (1920) | |
Dias A. (1920) | |
| |
Stalder et al. (1998) | |
| Ansermet (2012) |
| Ansermet (2012) |
Tajikistan | |
| Badalov et al. (1975) |
| Enikeev et al. (1970) +1 other reference |
| D.I.Belakovskiy data |
Nasdala et al. (1993) | |
Tanzania | |
| Barrie et al. (2010) |
Thailand | |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
Tunisia | |
| G. Brandstetter collection +1 other reference |
UK | |
| Dunham et al. (2nd Edition) |
Day (1999) | |
| Martin Števko-unpublished |
Martin Števko-unpublished | |
| Day (1999) |
| |
| Ford et al. (1993) |
Ford et al. (1993) | |
| Ford et al. (1993) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
Day (1999) | |
| Ford et al. (1993) +1 other reference |
58 (in German) +2 other references | |
| Day (1999) |
| |
| |
| |
| S Rust collection |
Day (1999) | |
| Jameson (1840) +8 other references |
| S Rust collection |
| BMS Collection J.Russ.Soc. et al. (2) |
| Thomas Tompson (1840) |
BMS Collection +1 other reference | |
| S Rust Collection. |
| Thomas Tompson (1840) |
Livingstone (2002) | |
| Day (1999) |
| Braithwaite (1982) |
| |
| Green et al. (1996) +2 other references |
| |
| Day (1999) |
| T.F. Cotterell : "The mineralogy of ... +1 other reference |
| |
| Sorrell (n.d.) |
Ukraine | |
| Tischenko Alexander |
| Nechaev S & Pastukhov V (2001) |
USA | |
| Illig (2015) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Bollin et al. (1958) |
Bollin (1958) +2 other references | |
| Gibbs et al. (2012) |
| Smith (1988) |
Rocks & Minerals (1989) | |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 86. +2 other references |
| www.mineralsocal.org |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 86. +3 other references |
| Woodford et al. (1941) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 86. +2 other references |
| Bradley (1941) +1 other reference |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 93 +2 other references |
| Logan (1926) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| DeVito (1991) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Dings et al. (1957) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
| Rocks & Min.:62:9 +3 other references |
| Min News 20:9 pp1 |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Carnein et al. (2005) |
| Januzzi (1994) |
Januzzi (1994) +1 other reference | |
| Januzzi et al. (1976) |
| Hiller (1980) |
| Schooner (1961) |
| Januzzi et al. (1976) |
| Schooner (1961) |
| Januzzi (1959) |
| Januzzi et al. (1976) |
| Schooner (1955) |
| Ream (2004) |
| - (2005) |
| Mineralogical Record |
| Matrix (2001) |
U.S.G.S. Bulletin 255 | |
| Mineralogical Record (1997) |
| Mineralogical Record (1997) |
| Specimen collected by A. Goldstein ... +2 other references |
Ben E. Clement Museum specimen | |
Goldstein (2006) | |
USGS Professional Paper 36 | |
| Mr. John L. Baum (Johnbaumite) +1 other reference |
| Gene Bearss |
| King et al. (1994) |
| King et al. (1994) +1 other reference |
| Thompson et al. (1998) |
| Carlson et al. (2007) |
| Williams et al. (2023) |
Williams | |
| Morris Jr. (1983) |
| Morris Jr. (1983) +1 other reference |
| McSwiggen (1999) |
| Beste (2005) |
Dana 6:1083. | |
Rob Lavinsky | |
New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral ... | |
- (2005) | |
Specimen F469 in the Ferrier Collection | |
Conroy (2023) | |
Conroy (2023) | |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
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- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
| Dana 6:1084. |
Winslow (1894) | |
| U.S. Bureau of Mines |
| Rocks & Min.: 21:666-667. |
| Conroy (2023) |
| Anaconda Mining Company Collection |
| The Mineralogy of The Butte District +2 other references |
Christopher H. Gammons (2016) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Jensen et al. (1995) |
| Mineralogical Record 26:467 |
Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology ... | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Collection of Kelly Starnes 1990 |
| Am Min 49:1143-1145 +1 other reference |
| G. Bearss pers. comm. 2011 +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Min.: 15:111-115 (1940) |
| NJ Geol. Survey Bull. #64 et al. (1960) +2 other references |
NJ Geol. Survey Bull. #64 et al. (1960) +2 other references | |
| NJ Geol. Survey Bull. #64 et al. (1960) +3 other references |
| Peters et al. (1983) |
| C. S. Lemanski et al. (pers. communication) +2 other references |
| Rocks & Min.: 62: 150-159. |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
M Massis collection | |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Gibbs (1989) |
Min Rec 20:1 pp13-24 | |
- (2005) | |
| NY State Museum spec. no. 19060 |
| Jensen (1978) |
NY State Museum spec. no. 18033 | |
| www.excaliburmineral.com/mind-j.htm |
| Fay (1981) |
| ... |
| U.S. Geological Survey/ U.s. Department ... |
| Rocks & Minerals (1955) |
Ref.1 The Mineralogy of Pennsylvania +2 other references | |
| Smith (1977) |
| Smith (1978) |
| Geyer |
| www.jonesgeo.com (2011) |
| Miller (1971) |
Miller | |
| Roberts et al. (1965) |
| Smith et al. (2000) |
| Smith et al. (2000) |
| Rocks & Minerals Vol. 86 |
| Tennessee Geological Survey Bulletin 14 +1 other reference |
Paris (2011) | |
| - (2005) +1 other reference |
Paris (2011) | |
| - (2005) +1 other reference |
| Tennessee Geological Survey Bulletin 14 +1 other reference |
| Economic Geology +4 other references |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
| Smith (1991) |
| BEG Min Res Circ 73 |
BEG Min Res Circ 73 | |
Zeitner +2 other references | |
| Rick Dalrymple Collection |
| Butler (1913) +1 other reference |
| Page et al. (1956) +2 other references |
Page et al. (1956) +4 other references | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| - (2005) |
Rocks & Min.: 60:168. | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Cannon (1975) |
pnwfm.org (n.d.) | |
Cannon (1975) | |
| Heyl et al. (1959) |
| Rocks & Min. Vol. 73 (1998) |
Rocks & Min. Vol. 73 (1998) | |
Cordua (1998) | |
Vietnam | |
| B. Fojt & I. Kusinir (2001) |
Yemen | |
| Mondillo et al. (2014) +2 other references |
The Moon | |
| Mokhov A.V. et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
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