Geikielite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Geikielite
Formula:
MgTiO3
Colour:
Black, red, brownish black
Lustre:
Sub-Metallic
Hardness:
5 - 6
Specific Gravity:
3.79 - 4.2
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Member of:
Name:
For Sir Archibald Geikie (Edinburgh 28 December 1835 – Haslemere, Surrey 10 November 1924), Professor of Geology and Mineralogy in the University of Edinburgh, Scotland, and Director-General of the Geological Survey of Great Britain and Ireland.
Ilmenite Group. Geikielite-Ilmenite Series. The magnesium analogue of Ilmenite, Pyrophanite, and Ecandrewsite. The titanium analogue of Akimotoite.
May be confused with Hematite.
May be confused with Hematite.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1670
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1670:0
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
545da361-ef8d-474a-b0ca-665b9f2aaa13
IMA Classification of Geikielite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
First published:
1892
Classification of Geikielite
4.CB.05
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
C : Metal: Oxygen = 2: 3,3: 5, and similar
B : With medium-sized cations
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
C : Metal: Oxygen = 2: 3,3: 5, and similar
B : With medium-sized cations
4.3.5.2
4 : SIMPLE OXIDES
3 : A2X3
4 : SIMPLE OXIDES
3 : A2X3
7.9.5
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
9 : Oxides of Ti
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
9 : Oxides of Ti
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Symbol | Source | Reference |
---|---|---|
Gk | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Gk | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
Gkl | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Geikielite
Sub-Metallic
Transparency:
Translucent, Opaque
Colour:
Black, red, brownish black
Streak:
Purple brown
Hardness:
5 - 6 on Mohs scale
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
On {1011}
On {1011}
Fracture:
Conchoidal, Sub-Conchoidal
Density:
3.79 - 4.2 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.895 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Geikielite
Type:
Uniaxial (-)
RI values:
nω = 2.310 - 2.350 nε = 1.950 - 1.980
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.360 - 0.370
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Very High
Anisotropism:
Strong
Colour in reflected light:
Gray
Internal Reflections:
Red
Pleochroism:
Weak
Comments:
O = Pinkish red
E = Brownish to purplish red
E = Brownish to purplish red
Chemistry of Geikielite
Mindat Formula:
MgTiO3
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Fe,Cr,Mn,Ca
Crystallography of Geikielite
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Class (H-M):
3 - Pyramidal
Space Group:
R3
Cell Parameters:
a = 5.05478(26) Å, c = 13.8992(7) Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 2.75
Unit Cell V:
307.56 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
6
Morphology:
Tabular to prismatic crystals.
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0006107 | Geikielite | Liferovich R P, Mitchell R H (2006) The pyrophanite-geikielite solid-solution series: crystal structures of the Mn1-xMgxTiO3 series (0 < x < 0.7) The Canadian Mineralogist 44 1099-1107 | 2006 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
0006108 | Geikielite | Liferovich R P, Mitchell R H (2006) The pyrophanite-geikielite solid-solution series: crystal structures of the Mn1-xMgxTiO3 series (0 < x < 0.7) The Canadian Mineralogist 44 1099-1107 | 2006 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
0008980 | Geikielite | Liferovich R P, Mitchell R H (2005) Rhombohedral ilmenite group nickel titanates with Zn, Mg, and Mn: synthesis and crystal structures Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 32 442-449 | 2005 | 0 | 293 | ||
0008981 | Geikielite | Liferovich R P, Mitchell R H (2005) Rhombohedral ilmenite group nickel titanates with Zn, Mg, and Mn: synthesis and crystal structures Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 32 442-449 | 2005 | 0 | 293 | ||
0009834 | Geikielite | Wechsler B A, Von Dreele R B (1989) Structure refinements of Mg2TiO4, MgTiO3 and MgTi2O5 by time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction Acta Crystallographica B45 542-549 | 1989 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
2.722 Å | (100) |
2.218 Å | (70) |
2.527 Å | (55) |
1.708 Å | (55) |
3.703 Å | (45) |
1.852 Å | (40) |
1.4592 Å | (40) |
Comments:
Synthetic. Data from Swanson et al. (1955).
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
---|---|
Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation and alteration | 4.566-4.550 |
5 : Primary asteroid phases | 4.566–4.560 |
Stage 3a: Earth’s earliest Hadean crust | >4.50 |
7 : Ultramafic igneous rocks | |
Stage 3b: Earth’s earliest hydrosphere | >4.45 |
13 : Hadean serpentinization | |
Near-surface Processes | |
26 : Hadean detrital minerals | |
High-𝑇 alteration and/or metamorphism | |
31 : Thermally altered carbonate, phosphate, and iron formations | |
Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
36 : Carbonatites, kimberlites, and related igneous rocks | |
Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
50 : Coal and/or oil shale minerals | <0.36 |
Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals | <10 Ka |
54 : Coal and other mine fire minerals (see also #51 and #56) |
Geological Setting:
Contact metamorphism of impure magnesian limestones.
Type Occurrence of Geikielite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Pebbles.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Natural History Museum, London, England, 69078-69079.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Gem gravels.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Synonyms of Geikielite
Other Language Names for Geikielite
Relationship of Geikielite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
Akimotoite | (Mg,Fe2+)SiO3 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
Ecandrewsite | (Zn,Fe2+,Mn2+)TiO3 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
Hemleyite | (Fe2+0.48Mg0.37Ca0.04Na0.04Mn2+0.03Al0.03Cr3+0.01)sum=1.00Si1.00O3 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
Ilmenite | Fe2+TiO3 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
Pyrophanite | Mn2+TiO3 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
Unnamed (Fe-Cr Oxide) | FeCrO3 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
15 photos of Geikielite associated with Spinel | MgAl2O4 |
12 photos of Geikielite associated with Lizardite | Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
10 photos of Geikielite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
4 photos of Geikielite associated with Pseudosinhalite | Mg2Al3(BO3)2(OH)O3 |
4 photos of Geikielite associated with Apatite | Ca5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH) |
3 photos of Geikielite associated with Titanclinohumite | Mg9(SiO4)4(F,OH)2 |
2 photos of Geikielite associated with Hydroxylclinohumite | Mg9(SiO4)4(OH)2 |
2 photos of Geikielite associated with Hematite | Fe2O3 |
2 photos of Geikielite associated with Magnesio-hastingsite | NaCa2(Mg4Fe3+)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2 |
2 photos of Geikielite associated with Rutile | TiO2 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
4.CB. | Ferrohögbomite-2N2S | [(Fe2+,Mg,Zn,Al)3(Al,Ti,Fe3+)8O15(OH)]2 |
4.CB. | Magnesiohögbomite-6N12S | Mg5Al11TiO23(OH) |
4.CB. | Zhenruite | (MoO3)2 · H2O |
4.CB. | Pengite | (Pb8Sb3+3)Σ11Sb5+9O35 |
4.CB. | Virgilluethite | MoO3 · H2O |
4.CB.05 | Brizziite | NaSb5+O3 |
4.CB.05 | Corundum | Al2O3 |
4.CB.05 | Ecandrewsite | (Zn,Fe2+,Mn2+)TiO3 |
4.CB.05 | Eskolaite | Cr2O3 |
4.CB.05 | Hematite | Fe2O3 |
4.CB.05 | Ilmenite | Fe2+TiO3 |
4.CB.05 | Karelianite | V3+2O3 |
4.CB.05 | Melanostibite | Mn2+2Fe3+Sb5+O6 |
4.CB.05 | Pyrophanite | Mn2+TiO3 |
4.CB.05 | Akimotoite | (Mg,Fe2+)SiO3 |
4.CB.05 | Auroantimonate | AuSbO3 |
4.CB.05 | UM1998-11-O-AuHSb | Au+2Sb3+O2(OH) |
4.CB.05 | Tistarite | Ti3+2O3 |
4.CB.05 | Unnamed (Fe-Cr Oxide) | FeCrO3 |
4.CB.05 | Hemleyite | (Fe2+0.48Mg0.37Ca0.04Na0.04Mn2+0.03Al0.03Cr3+0.01)sum=1.00Si1.00O3 |
4.CB.10 | Avicennite | Tl2O3 |
4.CB.10 | Bixbyite-(Mn) | Mn3+2O3 |
4.CB.10 | Bixbyite-(Fe) | (Fe,Mn)2O3 |
4.CB.15 | Armalcolite | (Mg,Fe2+)Ti2O5 |
4.CB.15 | Sassite | Ti3+2Ti4+O5 |
4.CB.15 | Pseudobrookite | Fe2TiO5 |
4.CB.15 | Ferropseudobrookite | Fe2+Ti2O5 |
4.CB.15 | Griffinite | Al2TiO5 |
4.CB.15 | Pseudobrookite Group | |
4.CB.20 | Zincohögbomite-2N2S | [(Zn,Al,Fe2+)3(Al,Fe3+,Ti)8O15(OH)]2 |
4.CB.20 | Zincohögbomite-2N6S | [(Zn,Mg)7(Al,Fe3+,Ti)16O31(OH)]2 |
4.CB.20 | Magnesiohögbomite-6N6S | [(Mg,Fe2+)3(Al,Ti,Fe3+)8O15(OH)]6 |
4.CB.20 | Magnesiohögbomite-2N3S | [(Mg,Fe2+,Zn)4(Al,Ti,Fe3+)10O19(OH)]2 |
4.CB.20 | Magnesiohögbomite-2N2S | [(Mg,Fe2+)3[Al7(Ti,Fe3+)]O15(OH)]2 |
4.CB.20 | Ferrohögbomite-6N12S | [(Fe2+,Mg,Zn)5(Al,Ti,Fe3+)12O23(OH)]6 |
4.CB.20 | Magnesiohögbomite-2N4S | (Mg8.43Fe2+1.57)sum=10Al22Ti4+2O46(OH)2 |
4.CB.20 | Magnesiobeltrandoite-2N3S | (Mg6Al2)(Al18Fe3+2)O38(OH)2 |
4.CB.20 | Zincovelesite-6N6S | Zn3(Fe3+,Mn3+,Al,Ti)8O15(OH) |
4.CB.25 | Pseudorutile | Fe2Ti3O9 |
4.CB.25 | Kleberite | FeTi6O11(OH)5 |
4.CB.30 | Berdesinskiite | V3+2TiO5 |
4.CB.30 | Oxyvanite | V3+2V4+O5 |
4.CB.30 | Kaitianite | Ti3+2Ti4+O5 |
4.CB.35 | Olkhonskite | (Cr,V)2Ti3O9 |
4.CB.35 | Schreyerite | V3+2Ti3O9 |
4.CB.35 | Machiite | Al2Ti3O9 |
4.CB.35 | Vestaite | (Ti4+Fe2+)Ti4+3O9 |
4.CB.40 | Kamiokite | Fe2Mo3O8 |
4.CB.40 | Nolanite | V3+8Fe3+2O14(OH)2 |
4.CB.40 | Rinmanite | Zn2Sb2Mg2Fe4O14(OH)2 |
4.CB.40 | Iseite | Mn2Mo3O8 |
4.CB.40 | Majindeite | Mg2Mo3O8 |
4.CB.45 | Claudetite | As2O3 |
4.CB.45 | Stibioclaudetite | AsSbO3 |
4.CB.50 | Arsenolite | As2O3 |
4.CB.50 | Senarmontite | Sb2O3 |
4.CB.55 | Valentinite | Sb2O3 |
4.CB.60 | Bismite | Bi2O3 |
4.CB.65 | Sphaerobismoite | Bi2O3 |
4.CB.70 | Sillénite | Bi12SiO20 |
4.CB.75 | Kyzylkumite | V3+Ti2O5(OH) |
4.CB.80 | Tietaiyangite | Fe3+4Fe2+TiO9 |
4.CB.85 | Liuite | FeTiO3 |
4.CB.90 | Luogufengite | Fe2O3 |
4.CB.95 | Wangdaodeite | FeTiO3 |
Other Information
Thermal Behaviour:
Infusible.
Notes:
When in a fine powder, slowly decomposed by hot strong HCl. Also decomposed by hydrofluoric acid even in the cold in the course of a few hours if finely powdered.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Geikielite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1670.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
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References for Geikielite
Reference List:
Robie, Richard A., Haselton, H.T., Hemingway, Bruce S. (1989) Heat capacities and entropies at 298.15 K of MgTiO3 (geikielite), ZnO (zincite), and ZnCO3 (smithsonite) The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, 21 (7) 743-749 doi:10.1016/0021-9614(89)90058-x
Liferovich, R. P., Mitchell, R. H. (2006) The pyrophanite–geikielite solid-solution series: crystal structures of the Mn1-xMgxTiO3 series (0 < x < 0.7) The Canadian Mineralogist, 44 (5) 1099-1107 doi:10.2113/gscanmin.44.5.1099
Localities for Geikielite
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality.
Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Antarctica | |
| Grew et al. (1991) |
| Rosenshein et al. (2006) |
Australia | |
| Bottrill & Taheri |
Austria | |
| Kolitsch (2022) |
| Kolitsch (2018) |
| Tropper (2001, 2007) +1 other reference |
| Gasteiger et al. (2013) |
Brazil | |
| Oliveira et al. (2020) |
Menezes et al. (1984) | |
Canada | |
| Richard Gunter Collection |
| Analysis by Tony Steede at the ROM |
| Sabina (1987) |
| Hull-Maniwaki +1 other reference |
China | |
| Lin et al. (1996) |
| Qi Lu et al. (2007) |
| Liu |
Yan Liu et al. (1997) | |
Czech Republic | |
| Houzar et al. (2008) |
| Houzar S.: Spinel z Číhalína a Nové ... |
| Novák |
Finland | |
| rruff.geo.arizona.edu (n.d.) |
| O´Brien |
France | |
| Dubru. M (1986) |
Greenland | |
| Windley B.F. et al. (1989) |
India | |
| Melluso et al. (2010) |
| Burtseva et al. (2013) |
Italy | |
| Pascal et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
| Gentile P. (1986) |
| Gentile et al. (1986) |
| Caponera et al. (2007) |
| Cerea et al. (2019) |
| AA. VV. |
AA. VV. | |
| AA. VV. |
| The Canadian Mineralogist |
| Gardes M.L. et al. (1999) |
| Ferry J.M. et al. (2002) |
| Gieré et al. (1992) |
Japan | |
| Nedachi et al (1984) |
| Watanabe et al (1963) +1 other reference |
Mauritania | |
| - (n.d.) |
Mozambique | |
| Slobodník +6 other references |
Myanmar | |
| Franz Neuhold & Gerald Giester (SXRD- and EDS-analysis) +1 other reference |
North Korea | |
| Resource Geology |
Norway | |
| Robinson et al. (2014) |
| Smith et al. (1986) |
Pakistan | |
rruff.geo.arizona.edu (n.d.) | |
Gordon Cressey (1986) | |
Paraguay | |
| Presser et al. (2014) |
Russia | |
| |
| Cesnokov et al. (1998) |
| Alekseev et al. (2007) |
| Sklyarov +5 other references |
Vladykin et al. (2008) +1 other reference | |
| Lennikov et al. (2004) |
| Ivanyuk et al. (2017) |
Krasnova (2001) | |
Mikhailova et al. (2015) +2 other references | |
| Doroshkevich et al. (2022) |
| Rezvukhin +3 other references |
Slovakia | |
| Koděra (1986) |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Lee +1 other reference |
LM et al. (2009) | |
| rruff.geo.arizona.edu (n.d.) |
Spain | |
| Romero Silva JC (2003) |
Romero Silva (2003) +1 other reference | |
| Colección Juan A.M. Barnestein |
Romero Silva (2003) +1 other reference | |
| Calvo (2009) |
| Weibel (1955) |
Sri Lanka | |
| Nature (1892) +1 other reference |
Nature (1892) +1 other reference | |
Nature (1892) | |
Sweden | |
| Denisová (2013) |
| Gatedal (n.d.) |
UK | |
| Ferry (1996) |
USA | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 173 +2 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 173. +2 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 173 +5 other references |
| Cook (1974) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Li +3 other references |
| Smith +1 other reference |
| Glenn Rheim |
Zimbabwe | |
| rruff.geo.arizona.edu (n.d.) |
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San Vito Quarry, San Vito, Ercolano, Mount Somma, Somma-Vesuvius Complex, Naples, Campania, Italy