Gibbsite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Gibbsite
Formula:
Al(OH)3
Colour:
White, light gray, light green, reddish white; reddish yellow (impure); blue, turquoise; purple
Lustre:
Vitreous, Sub-Vitreous, Pearly, Dull, Earthy
Hardness:
2½ - 3
Specific Gravity:
2.38 - 2.42
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Name:
Named by John Torrey in 1822 in honor of Colonel George Gibbs [January 7, 1777, Newport, RI - August 5, 1834, Sunswick Farms, NY], of Newport, Rhode Island, USA. Gibbs was a wealthy import merchant who was a geologist and mineralogist. He helped found early scientific societies for mineralogy and geology and wrote several scientific articles on geology, mineralogy, and agriculture. He amassed the finest mineral collection in the USA up to the 1810s and the collection was eventually purchased by Yale University where it was an excellent nucleus for its research and museum collection.
Type Locality:
Polymorph of:
Commonly as nodular white masses in laterite.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1689
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1689:2
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
3012a3f1-b618-4e8e-8bc4-baf0947ab9fb
IMA Classification of Gibbsite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
Classification of Gibbsite
4.FE.10
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
F : Hydroxides (without V or U)
E : Hydroxides with OH, without H2O; sheets of edge-sharing octahedra
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
F : Hydroxides (without V or U)
E : Hydroxides with OH, without H2O; sheets of edge-sharing octahedra
6.3.1.1
6 : HYDROXIDES AND OXIDES CONTAINING HYDROXYL
3 : X(OH)3
6 : HYDROXIDES AND OXIDES CONTAINING HYDROXYL
3 : X(OH)3
7.6.4
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
6 : Oxides of Al
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
6 : Oxides of Al
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMAโCNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMAโCNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMAโCNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Symbol | Source | Reference |
---|---|---|
Gbs | IMAโCNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMAโCNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Gbs | Kretz (1983) | Kretz, R. (1983) Symbols of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 68, 277โ279. |
Gbs | Siivolam & Schmid (2007) | Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download |
Gbs | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185โ187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
Gbs | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Gbs | Warr (2020) | Warr, L.N. (2020) Recommended abbreviations for the names of clay minerals and associated phases. Clay Minerals, 55, 261โ264 doi:10.1180/clm.2020.30 |
Physical Properties of Gibbsite
Vitreous, Sub-Vitreous, Pearly, Dull, Earthy
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
White, light gray, light green, reddish white; reddish yellow (impure); blue, turquoise; purple
Comment:
Ideally white; colored by mineral mixtures
Streak:
White
Hardness:
2½ - 3 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
{001}, but rarely observed because of its fine-grained nature.
{001}, but rarely observed because of its fine-grained nature.
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven
Density:
2.38 - 2.42 g/cm3 (Measured) 2.44 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Gibbsite
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.568 - 1.570 nβ = 1.568 - 1.570 nγ = 1.586 - 1.587
Birefringence:
0.018
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.018
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Low
Dispersion:
r > v or r < v
Optical Extinction:
Y^c = 69ยฐ X = b
Pleochroism:
Non-pleochroic
Chemistry of Gibbsite
Mindat Formula:
Al(OH)3
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Fe,Ga
Crystallography of Gibbsite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Cell Parameters:
a = 8.684 Å, b = 5.078(1) Å, c = 9.736(2) Å
β = 94.54(1)°
β = 94.54(1)°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 1.71 : 1 : 1.917
Unit Cell V:
427.98 ร
ยณ (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
8
Morphology:
Almost always earthy and nodular; rare crystals tabular {001}, with {100} and (110} usually well-developed.
Twinning:
1. About [130] as twin axis, very common. 2. On {001}, common, usually in combination with other twin laws. 3. On {100}, uncommon. 4. Rare on {110}
Comment:
Space group P21/n
Crystal Structure
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Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0003998 | Gibbsite | Balan E, Lazzeri M, Morin G, Mauri F (2006) First-principles study of the OH-stretching modes of gibbsite American Mineralogist 91 115-119 | 2006 | hypothetical structure calculated with DFT | 0 | 293 | |
0017978 | Gibbsite | Megaw H (1934) The crystal structure of Hydrargillite Al (O H)3 _cod_database_code 1011081 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 87 185-204 | 1934 | 0 | 293 | ||
0010761 | Gibbsite | Saalfeld H, Wedde M (1974) Refinement of the crystal structure of gibbsite, Al(OH)3 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 139 129-135 | 1974 | Langesundfjord, Norway | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
4.853 ร | (100) |
4.380 ร | (36) |
4.328 ร | (18) |
2.456 ร | (12) |
2.389 ร | (16) |
2.052 ร | (12) |
1.8074 ร | (10) |
Comments:
Also ICDD 33-18 synthetic
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
---|---|
Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
48 : Soil leaching zone minerals | <0.6 |
Type Occurrence of Gibbsite
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Bog iron deposit.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Synonyms of Gibbsite
Other Language Names for Gibbsite
Catalan:Gibbsita
Dutch:Gibbsiet
French:Gibbsite
Italian:Gibbsite
Japanese:ใฎใใน็ณ
Polish:Gibbsyt
Portuguese:Gibbsita
Russian:ะะธะฑะฑัะธั
Simplified Chinese:ไธๆฐด้็ณ
Traditional Chinese:ไธๆฐด้็ณ
Ukrainian:ะัะฑัะธั
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
109 photos of Gibbsite associated with Crocoite | PbCr6+O4 |
39 photos of Gibbsite associated with Doyleite | Al(OH)3 |
22 photos of Gibbsite associated with Natrolite | Na2Al2Si3O10 ยท 2H2O |
21 photos of Gibbsite associated with Dundasite | PbAl2(CO3)2(OH)4 ยท H2O |
20 photos of Gibbsite associated with Chalcoalumite | CuAl4(SO4)(OH)12 ยท 3H2O |
20 photos of Gibbsite associated with Azurite | Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
13 photos of Gibbsite associated with Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
12 photos of Gibbsite associated with Cuprite | Cu2O |
8 photos of Gibbsite associated with Limonite | |
7 photos of Gibbsite associated with Aluminium-bearing Adamite | (Zn,Al)2AsO4(OH,O) |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
4.FE.05 | Amakinite | Fe2+(OH)2 |
4.FE.05 | Brucite | Mg(OH)2 |
4.FE.05 | Portlandite | Ca(OH)2 |
4.FE.05 | Pyrochroite | Mn(OH)2 |
4.FE.05 | Theophrastite | Ni(OH)2 |
4.FE.10 | Bayerite | Al(OH)3 |
4.FE.10 | Doyleite | Al(OH)3 |
4.FE.10 | Nordstrandite | Al(OH)3 |
4.FE.15 | Bรถhmite | AlO(OH) |
4.FE.15 | Lepidocrocite | ฮณ-Fe3+O(OH) |
4.FE.20 | Grimaldiite | CrO(OH) |
4.FE.20 | Heterogenite | Co3+O(OH) |
4.FE.25 | Feitknechtite | Mn3+O(OH) |
4.FE.25 | Lithiophorite | (Al,Li)MnO2(OH)2 |
4.FE.30 | Quenselite | PbMnO2(OH) |
4.FE.35 | Ferrihydrite | Fe3+10O14(OH)2 |
4.FE.40 | Feroxyhyte | Fe3+O(OH) |
4.FE.40 | Vernadite | (Mn4+,Fe3+,Ca,Na)(O,OH)2 ยท nH2O |
4.FE.45 | Quetzalcoatlite | Zn6Cu3(TeO6)2(OH)6 ยท AgxPbyClx+2y |
4.FE.50 | Fuettererite | Pb3Cu2+6Te6+O6(OH)7Cl5 |
Fluorescence of Gibbsite
Yellowish white to creamy white in SW and LW. Also green to greenish white in SW.
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Gibbsite in petrology
An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.
Internet Links for Gibbsite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1689.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Gibbsite
Reference List:
(1962) International Mineralogical Association: Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 33 (258) 260-263 doi:10.1180/minmag.1962.033.258.09
Bailey, S. W. (1977) Report of the I.M.A.-I. U.Cr. Joint Committee on Nomenclature. American Mineralogist, 62 (5-6) 411-415
Peterson, R. C., Hill, R. J., Gibbs, G. V. (1979) A molecular โ orbital study of distortions in the layer structures brucite, gibbsite, and serpentine. The Canadian Mineralogist, 17 (4) 703-711
(1980) International Mineralogical Association: Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names. Mineralogical Magazine, 43 (332) 1053-1055 doi:10.1180/minmag.1980.043.332.17
Localities for Gibbsite
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
โ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality.
Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Albania | |
| inferences on processes of formation. The Canadian Mineralogist (April 2003) +1 other reference |
Angola | |
| Villanova-de-Benavent et al. (2017) |
Villanova-de-Benavent et al. (2017) | |
Villanova-de-Benavent et al. (2017) | |
Villanova-de-Benavent et al. (2017) | |
Antarctica | |
| Kammerer (2011) |
Argentina | |
| Brodtkorb (2002) |
Australia | |
| Trueman (1965) |
| Narromine 1:250 000 Mine Data Sheets |
| Henley et al. (2001) |
| www.smenet.org/opaque-ore/ix_d49_3.htm. |
| Vera Munro-Smith (2006) |
| Econ Geol (1976) |
Tilley et al. (1996) +1 other reference | |
gibbsite | |
Taylor et al. (2008) | |
Taylor et al. (2008) | |
| Peter Elliott (pers. comm. to U. Kolitsch, 2011) |
| R Bottrill |
| Bottrill & Taheri |
| Dana (1909) +1 other reference |
| Rodgers (1992) +1 other reference |
| Grubb (1971) |
| Mock (1987) |
| Jacobson et al. (2007) |
Singh et al. (1995) +1 other reference | |
| On Gearkstite at Gingin |
| Simpson (1948) |
| Annand et al. (2001) |
| Graham (2003) |
| Grguric et al. (2006) |
| Linterm et al. (1998) |
| Maier et al. (2014) |
| Grguric (2003) |
| Recent Investigations of the Mitchell ... +3 other references |
| Mock et al. (1987) |
Austria | |
| Mikl et al. (2014) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Described on an info shield at the ... |
| Niedermayr (1984) +1 other reference |
Erwin Lรถffler collection +2 other references | |
GรTZINGER (2008) | |
Niedermayr (1984) +1 other reference | |
| Exel (1993) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2008) |
| Josef Taucher |
| Exel (1993) |
Belgium | |
| Blondieau et al. (2016) |
| Mรฉlon et al. (1976) +1 other reference |
| Buurman et al. (1968) +2 other references |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Delphine Bruyรจre et al (2003) +1 other reference |
| Dosogne (1945) +2 other references |
Bolivia | |
| ใขใซใปใชในใใซใ (1989) +1 other reference |
| Salomon Rivas y Federico Ahlfeld (1998) |
| Salomon Rivas y Federico Ahlfeld (1998) |
Brazil | |
| Montes et al. (2002) |
| Horbe et al. (1999) |
| Cornejo et al. (2009) |
| Santos (2012) |
| Orris et al. (2002) |
| Santana et al. (2022) |
| database and grade and tonnage models: ... +1 other reference |
| Machado et al. (2021) |
| Yuri de Melo Portella et al. (2016) |
| database and grade and tonnage models: ... +2 other references |
| Waber et al. (1992) |
| Soares et al. (2018) |
| Varajรฃo et al. (2000) |
| Cabral et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| ... |
| Waber (1991) |
... | |
Antรณnio Manuel Inรกรงio Martins. | |
Allan et al. (1989) | |
| Silva et al. (2020) |
Pilรณ et al. (2023) | |
SALLUN FILHO (orgs.) +1 other reference | |
| 531 p +6 other references |
| Proceedings 30th Intl Geol Cong Vol 16 ... +2 other references |
Figueira et al. (2019) | |
| Santos et al. (2016) |
| G Traversa et al (1994) +1 other reference |
Cambodia | |
| Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (1993) |
Cameroon | |
| Oumarou et al. (2005) |
| Yongue-Fouateu et al. (2009) |
Canada | |
| albite alunite andalusite andesine ... |
| Canadian Museum of Nature collection |
| Boyle (1972) |
| Economic Geology June 1955 v. 50 no. 4 ... |
| CLรMENT |
| Martin +1 other reference |
| 166-175. +2 other references |
| Horvรกth et al. (1998) |
Horvรกth et al. (1998) | |
| Jambor et al. (1990) +1 other reference |
China | |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) |
| Acta Petrologica et Mineralogica 11 (2) |
| Jiangping Mo and Jinao Li (1991) |
| Juyun Gu et al. (1984) |
| Wang et al. (2010) |
Qingfei Wang et al. (2007) | |
Xuefei Liu et al. (2008) +1 other reference | |
| Zhangling Liu (1980) |
Sifu Liao (2000) | |
Sifu Liao (2000) | |
Sifu Liao (2000) | |
| Shuhui Cai et al. (2012) |
| Shouquan Zhu (2001) |
| Shiyi Chen et al. (1988) |
| Jiangping Mo and Jinao Li (1991) |
| Jiangping Mo and Jinao Li (1991) |
Jiangping Mo and Jinao Li (1991) | |
Jiangping Mo and Jinao Li (1991) | |
Jiangping Mo and Jinao Li (1991) | |
| Jiangping Mo and Jinao Li (1991) |
| Jiangping Mo and Jinao Li (1991) |
Jiangping Mo and Jinao Li (1991) | |
Jiangping Mo and Jinao Li (1991) | |
Orris et al. (2002) | |
| Yu Chen et al. (1984) |
Zhusen Yang et al. (2001) | |
| Kehua Yin (2009) |
| Chen et al. (2022) |
Tang et al. (2021) | |
| Yutaka Kanai (1992) |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) |
| Guanqun Yang (1987) |
| Fushan Wang (1991) |
Fushan Wang (1991) | |
| Rob Lavinsky specimen |
| Dahlkamp et al. (2009) |
| Yuzhou Li (1990) |
| Jin Li et al. (1989) |
| Qi Zhang et al. (2008) |
| Kecong Han and Shengyun Ma (1985) |
| Shufang He and Jianping Lu (2001) |
| Xiuzhong Zheng and Jinrong Ge (1983) |
| Jianyin Meng et al. (2011) |
| wrgis.wr.usgs.gov (2004) |
| Xiong et al. (2022) |
| wrgis.wr.usgs.gov (2004) |
| Telin Guan (1982) +1 other reference |
| Peng et al. (2022) |
| Xiao Long et al. (2005) |
| www.mindat.org (n.d.) |
| Zhu et al. (2022) |
| Zhusen Yang et al. (2000) |
| Baiyou Chen et al. (2002) |
| Hanhe Liu (2007) |
Colombia | |
| Econ Geol (2004) |
Croatia | |
| ล inkoveฤ B. et al. (1994) |
| doi.org (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Merlak et al. (2013) |
| Tomaลกiฤ et al. (2021) |
Cuba | |
| de Oliveira et al. (2001) +1 other reference |
Marsh | |
Njila et al. (2010) +1 other reference | |
Cyprus | |
| Ng +1 other reference |
Czech Republic | |
| Č +4 other references |
| Fojt et al. (2012) |
Fojt | |
| Kuttna +1 other reference |
| Pauliลก +3 other references |
Dominican Republic | |
| Domรจnech et al. (2022) |
| E. Andreu et al. (2010) +1 other reference |
| R. Weyl (1965) |
DR Congo | |
| Yanling Yan et al. (2011) |
| Van Wambeke (1971) |
Ecuador | |
| Stoops (2013) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Egypt | |
| Ibrahim (2000) +1 other reference |
Finland | |
| Uusinoka et al. (1) |
France | |
| Chauris (2014) |
| Wittern et al. (Cologne) |
P&T Nยฐ23-24 et al. (Haut-Rhin) | |
| Berger +1 other reference |
| Teitler et al. (2022) |
| Berger +1 other reference |
| Berger +1 other reference |
| Berger +1 other reference |
| Bull. Minรฉral. |
Bull. Minรฉral. | |
| Lheur (2023) |
| desescaut.jy@voila.fr |
| S. Caillรจre and Th. Pobeguin : "Quelques Aspects Microscopiques de la Gibbsite dans les Bauxites du Mas Rouge (Rรฉgion des Baux) |
Gabon | |
| Lheur (2001) |
Germany | |
| Lapis 21 (12) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Weiร (1990) |
| Aufschluss 1977 (6) +1 other reference |
| Markus Gerstmann - Collection |
| Grรถbner et al. (2011) |
| Schnorrer-Kรถhler (1991) |
| Bender et al. (1994) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Kautz (1968) |
| Blass |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Der Aufschluss Vol.55 |
| Grรถbner et al. (2011) |
| Witzke (1994) |
| www.researchgate.net (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| T. Witzke (1996) |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (n.d.) |
| www.mineralatlas.eu (n.d.) |
Greece | |
| NIEDERMAYR (1982) |
| Mรถckel (2000) +1 other reference |
Schnorrer et al. (1999) +1 other reference | |
Heymann (1982) | |
| Hanke (1998) |
| Lapis et al. (1999) |
| Lapis et al. (1999) +1 other reference |
| |
Lapis et al. (1999) | |
| Branko Rieck collection |
Lapis et al. (1999) | |
Gelaude et al. (1996) | |
| Pantรณ et al. (2001) +1 other reference |
| Laskou et al. (2007) |
Greenland | |
| McDonald et al. (2001) +1 other reference |
[Mineralogical Record - Vol 24 No 2] +1 other reference | |
| Petersen et al. (2005) |
Guatemala | |
| Tavchandjian et al. (2010) |
Guinea | |
| |
| Feret et al. (1997) |
Guyana | |
| www.engineeringnews.co.za (2009) |
Hungary | |
| Szakรกll et al. (1996) |
| Sajรณ et al. (2007) |
| Szakรกll et al. (1996) |
Szakรกll et al. (1996) | |
| Szakรกll et al. (1996) |
Szakรกll: 100 Hungarian Mineal Locality | |
Fรผlop J. (1969) | |
| Szakรกll et al. (1996) |
| Sรกnoor Szakรกll et al. (1997) |
| Szakรกll et al. (1996) |
| Szakรกll & Jรกnosi. Minerals of Hungary |
| Szakรกll et al. (1996) |
| |
| Szakรกll & Jรกnosi (1996) |
| Koch: Minerals of Hungary |
| Koch: Minerals of Hungary |
India | |
| Prasad et al. (2017) +1 other reference |
| NO.1 +2 other references |
Indonesia | |
| Hakim et al. (2023) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Dani Lukman Hakim (2016) |
| Verdiansyah et al. (2022) |
Iran | |
| Zamanian (2016) |
| Zamanian et al. (2016) +1 other reference |
| Daliran (2008) |
Iraq | |
| Al-Bassam et al. (1998) |
Ireland | |
| Moreton et al. (2005) |
Israel | |
| Krรผger +2 other references |
Italy | |
| D'Angeli et al. (2018) |
D'Angeli et al. (2018) | |
| Putzolu et al. (2018) |
| Putzolu et al. (2018) |
Putzolu et al. (2018) | |
Putzolu et al. (2018) | |
| Mondillo N. et al. (2011) |
| Russo et al. (2004) |
Pelloux (1927) +1 other reference | |
| Castellaro et al. (2021) |
| ALBERTINI C. (2014) |
| MacLean et al. (1997) |
| Steve Pullman |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Exel (1987) +6 other references |
Exel (1987) | |
| Cristiano Batacchi et al. (2023) |
| Orlandi et al. (1976) +3 other references |
| Orlandi et al. (1976) +1 other reference |
| Brizzi G. et al. (1986) +1 other reference |
| D'Angeli et al. (2018) |
D'Angeli et al. (2018) | |
| Boscardin M. et alii. "I minerali nel Vicentino" et al. (Vicenza) |
Boscardin M. et al. (Vicenza) | |
| Daleffe et al. (2012) |
Jamaica | |
Hill (1955) | |
| Anderson (1971, June) |
Hill (1955) | |
| Scott et al. (1999) |
Japan | |
| Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| Terashima collection |
| ๅฅฅๆๆป. (1986) |
| Terashima collection |
| Dr. Yohachiro Okamoto collection (curated at Geological Survey museum, Japan) |
| Mem. Natn. Sci. Mus. +1 other reference |
Jordan | |
| Pitty et al. (2010) |
| Khoury et al. (1985) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Pekov (1998) |
| Pekov (1998) |
Kyrgyzstan | |
| Karpenko et al. (2020) |
Luxembourg | |
| Activity report 1998 of the Musรฉe ... |
Madagascar | |
| Behier et al. (1963) |
| Behier et al. (1963) |
| Michel Arliguie collection & photo (Photo ID: 898846) |
| Lacroix (1922) |
| Hatzl (2010) |
| Wilson (1989) |
Malaysia | |
| Rocks & Min.: 23: 31 +1 other reference |
| - (2015) |
| - (2015) |
| Ariffin et al. (2008) |
| - (2015) |
| - (2015) |
- (2015) | |
| McFarlane et al. (2018) |
| - (2015) |
- (2015) | |
Mauritania | |
| Matton et al. (2014) |
Un Processus Alcalin Pรฉri-Atlantiqu. ... +1 other reference | |
Middle East | |
Gross (1977) | |
Morocco | |
| Alain Guillet collection |
Mozambique | |
| Wilson et al. (2000) |
Myanmar | |
| Zhang et al. (2022) |
| Soonthorntantikul et al. (2017) |
Namibia | |
| Cairncross (2005) |
Bezing et al. (2007) | |
Netherlands | |
| Faber F.J. |
| T.G. Nijland +1 other reference |
New Zealand | |
| Muiruru F.G. (1985) |
| Bosel et al. (1984) |
Nigeria | |
| Kievlenko et al. (2003) |
| Mรผcke et al. (1999) |
Norway | |
| Nordli et al. (1997) +1 other reference |
| Frondel (1941) |
| Vandall King |
| Lars O. Kvamsdal. Gandolfi NHM i Oslo |
| Andersen et al. (1996) |
Larsen et al. (2005) | |
Engvoldsen et al. (1991) | |
| Berge (n.d.) |
Berge (n.d.) | |
Berge (n.d.) | |
| Berge (n.d.) |
| Larsen et al. (2010) |
Brรธgger (1890, January) | |
Larsen et al. (2010) | |
Brรธgger (1890, January) | |
| Larsen et al. (2010) |
Andersen (1993) | |
| Collected by Peter Andresen +1 other reference |
Berge (1993) | |
| Berge (n.d.) |
| Larsen et al. (2010) |
Eldjarn (1983) | |
Knut Edvard Larsen collection # MM-307 | |
Engvoldsen et al. (1991) | |
Peter Andresen collection | |
Larsen et al. (2010) | |
Collection of Peter Andresen. | |
Larsen et al. (2010) | |
Larsen et al. (2010) | |
Andresen (2013) | |
Berge (n.d.) | |
Brรธgger (1890, January) | |
| Larsen et al. (2010) |
Larsen et al. (2010) | |
| Berge (n.d.) |
| Pettersen (1982) |
| Bugge (1951) |
Palestine | |
| Galuskina et al. (2019) |
Peru | |
| Dill et al. (1997) |
| Pรฉrez-Puig Obieta et al. (2013) |
Poland | |
| Wieser T. 1974: Basaluminite in the ... |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
Romania | |
| Minerals of Carpathians |
| Januszewska et al. (2023) |
Russia | |
| International Geology Review Volume 19 |
| Gorshkov A.I. et al. (1991) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Popova et al. (2018) |
Locker et al. (2014) | |
webmineral.ru (2016) | |
| |
| Lennikov et al. (2004) |
| Pekov et al. (2004) |
Mikhailova et al. (2007) | |
Arzamastsev et al. (2008) | |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data (2013) |
World of Stones 95: 5-6 +1 other reference | |
Pekov (2000) | |
| Kailachakov et al. (2020) |
| Indolev L N et al. (1971) +1 other reference |
Serbia | |
| Mineralogical Society of America - ... |
Seychelles | |
Biogeography and ecology of the ... | |
Sierra Leone | |
Davies T.C et al. (1989) | |
| Bowles et al. (2018) |
Slovakia | |
| Kodฤra (1986) +1 other reference |
Kodฤra (1986) | |
| Kodฤra (1986) |
| Pauliลก P. |
| Kodฤra (1986) |
| Kodฤra (1986) |
South Africa | |
| Martini (1997) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
Spain | |
| Calvo Rebollar (2008) |
| Analyzed by XRD by Dr. Joan Vinals (Barcelona) +1 other reference |
| Calvo (2009) |
| Onac et al. (2014) +1 other reference |
| Joan Rosell (01/2019) |
| Rosell et al. (2006) |
| Calvo et al. (Spain) |
| Castillo-Oliver et al. (2019) |
| Natural Sciences Museum of Alava |
Sudan | |
| Germann et al. (1994) |
Suriname | |
| Tony Nickischer |
Sweden | |
| |
Taiwan | |
| L. P. Tan (1993) |
Tanzania | |
| Wilhelmij et al. (2016) +1 other reference |
| Schwaighofer et al. (1987) |
Togo | |
| AMBASE EXPLORATION (TOGO) |
Turkey | |
| Hikmet Kinaci et al. (2023) |
UK | |
| Day (1999) |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Ford et al. (1993) |
| www.mineralman.f9.co.uk (2001) |
| De Putter et al. (2000) |
| Alabaster (1990) |
| Day (1999) |
| Mineralogical Magazine 1960 32 : ... +1 other reference |
| Day (1999) |
USA | |
| Rocks & Min 70:5 pp 320-333 |
Mineralogy of Alabama Geol Surv Ala. ... | |
Mineralogy of Alabama Geol Surv Ala. ... | |
Mineralogy of Alabama Geol Surv Ala. ... | |
- (2005) | |
Mineralogy of Alabama Geol Surv Ala. ... | |
| Rocks & Min 70:5 pp 320-333 |
Mineralogy of Alabama Geol Surv Ala. ... | |
Mineralogy of Alabama Geol Surv Ala. ... | |
Mineralogy of Alabama Geol Surv Ala. ... | |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
Rocks & Min 70:5 pp 320-333 | |
| Rocks & Min 70:5 pp 320-333 |
| - (2005) |
| Rocks & Min 70:5 pp 320-333 |
| Rocks & Min 70:5 pp 320-333 |
Mineralogy of Alabama Geol Surv Ala. ... | |
| Mineralogy of Alabama Geol Surv Ala. ... |
Mineralogy of Alabama Geol Surv Ala. ... | |
| - (2005) |
| Rocks & Min 70:5 pp 320-333 |
| Mineralogy of Alabama Geol Surv Ala. ... |
| Galbraith et al. (1959) |
Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Williams (1971) +1 other reference |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Rocks and Minerals (1988) |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
| Rocks & Min.:63:122 +1 other reference |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 144. +3 other references |
| Allen (1946) +1 other reference |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Januzzi et al. (1976) |
| Marc V. Hurst (2012) |
| Rocks & Min.:64:185 +1 other reference |
| Cook (1978) |
| - (2005) |
Cook (1978) | |
| Grant ( ) |
| Cook (1978) |
| Cook (1978) |
Cook (1978) | |
Cook (1978) | |
Cook (1978) | |
| Cook (1978) |
| Hurst (1959) |
| - (2005) |
Rocks & Min.: 64:201. | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
Cook (1978) | |
Cook (1978) | |
Cook (1978) | |
Cook (1978) | |
| Cook (1978) |
Cook (1978) | |
Cook (1978) | |
| Cook (1978) |
Cook (1978) | |
Cook (1978) | |
Cook (1978) | |
Clark et al. (1965) | |
Cook (1978) | |
| Cook (1978) |
Cook (1978) | |
Cook (1978) | |
Cook (1978) | |
Cook (1978) | |
Cook (1978) | |
Cook (1978) | |
Clark et al. (1965) | |
Cook (1978) | |
Cook (1978) | |
| Cook (1978) |
Cook (1978) | |
Cook (1978) | |
| Cook (1978) |
Cook (1978) | |
| Lang et al. (1965) |
rruff.geo.arizona.edu (n.d.) | |
John T. Stark (1963) | |
| Econ. Geo. & Bull. Soc. Econ. Geologists. 53 (7) |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
Patterson et al. (1984) | |
| Wada et al. (1972) |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
| ... |
Erd et al. (1960) | |
... | |
| Sunderman (1959) |
... | |
| R&M 77:6 pp 404-413 |
| Hower et al. (2018) |
| King et al. (1994) |
| Western Massachusetts Geologic Resource Inventory et al. (Privately Published) |
Dana 4:134 (1854) | |
Torrey (1822) | |
\ | |
| "Western Massachusetts Mineral ... |
| ... |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Tourtelot et al. (1964) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
Tourtelot et al. (1964) | |
Tourtelot et al. (1964) | |
USGS Survey Bulletin 1199-C +1 other reference | |
Tourtelot et al. (1964) | |
Tourtelot et al. (1964) | |
Tourtelot et al. (1964) | |
| Tourtelot et al. (1964) |
Tourtelot et al. (1964) | |
Tourtelot et al. (1964) | |
Tourtelot et al. (1964) | |
Tourtelot et al. (1964) | |
Tourtelot et al. (1964) | |
Tourtelot et al. (1964) | |
Tourtelot et al. (1964) | |
Tourtelot et al. (1964) | |
Tourtelot et al. (1964) | |
Tourtelot et al. (1964) | |
Tourtelot et al. (1964) | |
| - (2005) |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) |
| Can Min 38:145-152 |
| R.M. Joeckel et al. (2011) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| NBMG Bull 77 Geology and Mineral ... |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Polyak +1 other reference |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
Min Rec 20:1 p63 | |
| NY State Museum spec. no. 419 |
Dana 7:I:665. | |
Howard Heitner collection (1893) | |
| Benton III et al. (1970) |
Benton III et al. (1970) +1 other reference | |
| ... |
| Velbel et al. (1984) |
| Mineral Commodity Files |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| The Mineralogy of Pennsylvania - 1922 +2 other references |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Rick Dalrymple |
| makalu.jpl.nasa.gov (n.d.) |
| USGS: Geological Survey Circular 217 |
Desor (11/2020) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) |
Bullock (1981) | |
Bullock (1981) | |
Bullock (1981) +2 other references | |
| Vandall King |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| - (2005) |
| Rocks & Min.:60:165. |
Dietrich (1990) | |
Rocks & Min.:60:165. | |
Rocks & Min.: 60:165. | |
Dietrich (1990) | |
Dietrich (1990) | |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
Dietrich (1990) | |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Cannon (1975) |
Cannon (1975) | |
Venezuela | |
| Domรจnech et al. (2022) |
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Kamariza mines, Agios Konstantinos, Lavrion Mining District, Lavreotiki, East Attica, Attica, Greece