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Gold

A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
This page kindly sponsored by Hobart M. King
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About GoldHide

Formula:
Au
As a Commodity:
Colour:
Rich yellow, paling to whitish-yellow with increasing silver; blue & green in transmitted light (only thinnest folia [gold leaf])
Lustre:
Metallic
Hardness:
2½ - 3
Specific Gravity:
15 - 19.3
Crystal System:
Isometric
Member of:
Name:
Gold is one of the first minerals used by prehistoric cultures. The Latin name for this mineral was "aurum" and Jöns Jakob Berzelius used Au to represent the element when he established the current system of chemical symbols. The Old English word "gold" first appeared in written form about 725 and may further have been derived from "gehl" or "jehl". May be derived from Anglo-Saxon "gold" = yellow. (Known to alchemists as Sol.)
Copper Group. Gold-Silver Series and Gold-Palladium Series.

A native element and precious metal, gold has long been prized for its beauty, resistance to chemical attack and workability. As it is found as a native element, has a relatively low melting point (1063 degrees Celsius) and is malleable, it has been used by mankind for thousands of years.

Gold is used as a standard for international currency and is also widely used in jewelry, electronics (where its superb properties as a conductor help offset its tremendous cost), dentistry and in photographic processes.

Gold occurs in significant amounts in three main types of deposits: hydrothermal quartz veins and related deposits in metamorphic and igneous rocks; in volcanic-exhalative sulphide deposits; and in consolidated to unconsolidated placer deposits. It may also occur in contact metamorphic or hypothermal deposits (eg. Skarns), or epithermal deposits such as volcanic fumaroles. It is most commonly found as disseminated grains in quartz veins with pyrite and other sulphides, or as rounded grains, flakes or nuggets in placer deposits in recent to ancient stream and river deposits. Gold is often panned from such deposits by taking advantage of its high density to wash away the lighter sediments from a pan or sluice.

Nuggets are almost exclusively hypogene in origin, forming mostly in veins, but can be somewhat modified in form and chemistry by weathering, erosion, and transport (Hough et al., 2007).


Unique IdentifiersHide

Mindat ID:
1720
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1720:2
GUID
(UUID V4):
d732bdf3-ca18-4058-8314-f9a730a8ad7e

IMA Classification of GoldHide

Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)

Classification of GoldHide

1.AA.05

1 : ELEMENTS (Metals and intermetallic alloys; metalloids and nonmetals; carbides, silicides, nitrides, phosphides)
A : Metals and Intermetallic Alloys
A : Copper-cupalite family
Dana 7th ed.:
1.1.1.1
1.1.1.1

1 : NATIVE ELEMENTS AND ALLOYS
1 : Metals, other than the Platinum Group
1.5

1 : Elements and Alloys (including the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au)

Mineral SymbolsHide

As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.

Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.

SymbolSourceReference
AuIMA–CNMNCWarr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43
AuThe Canadian Mineralogist (2019)The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download

Physical Properties of GoldHide

Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Rich yellow, paling to whitish-yellow with increasing silver; blue & green in transmitted light (only thinnest folia [gold leaf])
Streak:
Shining yellow
Hardness:
2½ - 3 on Mohs scale
Hardness:
VHN10=30 - 34 kg/mm2 - Vickers
Hardness Data:
Measured
Tenacity:
Malleable
Cleavage:
None Observed
None
Fracture:
Hackly
Density:
15 - 19.3 g/cm3 (Measured)    19.309 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Comment:
Calculated density at 0° C. Depends on silver content (pure gold is 19.3).

Optical Data of GoldHide

Type:
Isotropic
Reflectivity:
WavelengthR1R2
400nm36.8%25.8%
420nm36.8%25.8%
440nm36.5%25.9%
460nm36.1%26.0%
470nm36.0%26.5%
480nm36.7%27.8%
500nm45.3%37.9%
520nm62.5%55.9%
540nm74.0%69.1%
546nm77.0%71.5%
560nm82.2%77.0%
580nm86.8%82.3%
589nm88.2%84.1%
600nm89.7%85.9%
620nm91.9%88.7%
640nm93.3%90.3%
650nm93.8%91.0%
660nm94.1%91.8%
680nm94.8%92.5%
700nm95.3%93.2%

Reflectance graph
Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Top of box is 100%. Peak reflectance is 95.3%.
R1 shown in black, R2 shown in red
Colour in reflected light:
Yellow to white with increasing silver, reddish with copper
Internal Reflections:
none
Pleochroism:
Non-pleochroic
Comments:
Reflectivity from Criddle & Stanley (1993)

Chemistry of GoldHide

Mindat Formula:
Au
CAS Registry number:
7440-57-5

CAS Registry numbers are published by the American Chemical Society
Common Impurities:
Ag,Cu,Pd,Hg,Bi

Crystallography of GoldHide

Crystal System:
Isometric
Class (H-M):
m3m (4/m 3 2/m) - Hexoctahedral
Space Group:
Fm3m
Cell Parameters:
a = 4.0786 Å
Unit Cell V:
67.85 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Usually crude to rounded octahedra, cubes, and dodecahedra to 2 cm. Often elongated along [100] or [111] directions, forming herringbone and dendritic twins. Flattened {111} plates with triangular octahedral faces. Rarely as wires ([111] elongation); reticulated; dendritic; arborescent; filiform; spongy; also massive in rounded fragments, flattened grains and scales (gold dust).
Twinning:
Common on (111) to give herringbone twins. Repeated on (111) to give stacks of spinel twins that form hexagonal wires.

Crystallographic forms of GoldHide

Crystal Atlas:
Image Loading
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Gold no.1 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Gold no.3 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Gold no.4 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Gold no.17 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Gold no.46 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Gold no.47 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
3d models and HTML5 code kindly provided by www.smorf.nl.

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Crystal StructureHide

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IDSpeciesReferenceLinkYearLocalityPressure (GPa)Temp (K)
0011140GoldWyckoff R W G (1963) Second edition. Interscience Publishers, New York, New York Cubic closest packed, ccp, structure Crystal Structures 1 7-8319630293
0012935GoldJette E R, Foote F (1935) Precision determination of lattice constants Journal of Chemical Physics 3 605-6161935synthetic0298
0013108GoldSuh I-K, Ohta H, Waseda Y (1988) High-temperature thermal expansion of six metallic elements measured by dilatation method and X-ray diffraction Journal of Materials Science 23 757-7601988synthetic0293
0013109GoldSuh I-K, Ohta H, Waseda Y (1988) High-temperature thermal expansion of six metallic elements measured by dilatation method and X-ray diffraction Journal of Materials Science 23 757-7601988synthetic0574
0013110GoldSuh I-K, Ohta H, Waseda Y (1988) High-temperature thermal expansion of six metallic elements measured by dilatation method and X-ray diffraction Journal of Materials Science 23 757-7601988synthetic0676
0013111GoldSuh I-K, Ohta H, Waseda Y (1988) High-temperature thermal expansion of six metallic elements measured by dilatation method and X-ray diffraction Journal of Materials Science 23 757-7601988synthetic0777
0013112GoldSuh I-K, Ohta H, Waseda Y (1988) High-temperature thermal expansion of six metallic elements measured by dilatation method and X-ray diffraction Journal of Materials Science 23 757-7601988synthetic0875
0013113GoldSuh I-K, Ohta H, Waseda Y (1988) High-temperature thermal expansion of six metallic elements measured by dilatation method and X-ray diffraction Journal of Materials Science 23 757-7601988synthetic0971
0013114GoldSuh I-K, Ohta H, Waseda Y (1988) High-temperature thermal expansion of six metallic elements measured by dilatation method and X-ray diffraction Journal of Materials Science 23 757-7601988synthetic01075
0013115GoldSuh I-K, Ohta H, Waseda Y (1988) High-temperature thermal expansion of six metallic elements measured by dilatation method and X-ray diffraction Journal of Materials Science 23 757-7601988synthetic01179
0013116GoldSuh I-K, Ohta H, Waseda Y (1988) High-temperature thermal expansion of six metallic elements measured by dilatation method and X-ray diffraction Journal of Materials Science 23 757-7601988synthetic01280
0013117GoldSuh I-K, Ohta H, Waseda Y (1988) High-temperature thermal expansion of six metallic elements measured by dilatation method and X-ray diffraction Journal of Materials Science 23 757-7601988synthetic01324
0014943GoldOwen E A, Yates E L (1933) Precision measurements of crystal parameters Philosophical Magazine 15 472-4881933synthetic0291
0015132GoldDavey W P (1925) Lattice constants of twelve common metals Physical Review 25 753-7611925synthetic0293
0015133GoldDavey W P (1925) Lattice constants of twelve common metals Physical Review 25 753-7611925synthetic0293
CIF Raw Data - click here to close

X-Ray Powder DiffractionHide

Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacingIntensity
2.355 Å(100)
2.039 Å(52)
1.230 Å(36)
1.442 Å(32)
0.9357 Å(23)
0.8325 Å(23)
0.9120 Å(22)

Geological EnvironmentHide

Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic ModeEarliest Age (Ga)
Stage 3a: Earth’s earliest Hadean crust>4.50
7 : Ultramafic igneous rocks
8 : Mafic igneous rocks
Stage 3b: Earth’s earliest hydrosphere>4.45
12 : Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits (see also #33)
Near-surface Processes
26 : Hadean detrital minerals
High-𝑇 alteration and/or metamorphism
33 : Minerals deposited by hydrothermal metal-rich fluids (see also [#12])
Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks>3.0
36 : Carbonatites, kimberlites, and related igneous rocks
37 : Layered igneous intrusions and related PGE minerals
Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics<3.5-2.5
38 : Ophiolites
Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere<0.6
49 : Oxic cellular biomineralization (see also #44)<0.54
Geological Setting:
1) Primary hydrothermal veins
2) Volcanic-exhalative sulphide deposits
3) Alluvial and eluvial

Synonyms of GoldHide

Other Language Names for GoldHide

Afrikaans:Goud
Albanian:Ari
Amharic:ወርቅ
Arabic:ذهب
Armenian:Ոսկի
Asturian:Oru
Aymara:Quri
Azeri:Qızıl
Basque:Urre
Belarusian:Золата
Bengali:সোনা
Bishnupriya Manipuri:ঔরো
Bosnian:Zlato
Bulgarian:Злато
Catalan:Or
Chuvash:Ылтăн
Corsican:Oru
Croatian:Zlato
Czech:Zlato
Danish:Guld
Dutch:Goud
Esperanto:Oro
Estonian:Kuld
Farsi/Persian:طلا
Finnish:Kulta
French:Or
Or natif
Friulian:Aur
Galician:Ouro
Gan:
Georgian:ოქრო
Guarani:Kuarepotiju
Haitian:
Hakka:Kîm
Hebrew:זהב
Hungarian:Arany
Icelandic:Gull
Ido:Oro
Indonesian:Emas
Irish Gaelic:Ór
Japanese:自然金
Javanese:Emas
Kapampangan:Gintu
Kazakh (Cyrillic Script):Алтын
Kongo:Wolo
Korean:
Kurdish (Latin Script):Zêr
Latin:Aurum
Latvian:Zelts
Limburgian:Goud
Lingala:Wólo
Lithuanian:Auksas
Lojban:solji
Low Saxon/Low German:Gold
Luxembourgish:Gold
Macedonian:Злато
Malay:Emas
Manx:Airh
Marathi:सोने
Min Nan:Au
Mongolian:Алт
Norman:Or
Norwegian:Gull
Norwegian (Nynorsk):Gull
Occitan:Aur
Polish:Złoto
Portuguese:Ouro
Quechua:Quri
Ripuarian:Jold
Romanian:Aur
Russian:Золото
Scottish Gaelic:Òr
Serbian:Злато
Serbo-Croatian:Zlato
Sicilian:Oru
Simplified Chinese:自然金
Slovak:Zlato
Slovenian:Zlato
Swahili:Dhahabu
Tagalog:Ginto
Tajik (Cyrillic Script):Зар
Turkish:Altın
Ukrainian:Золото
Uzbek (Latin Script):Oltin
Venetian:Oro
Vietnamese:Vàng
Welsh:Aur
Yiddish:גאלד
Zazaki:Zern
Zhuang:Gim
Zulu:Igolide

Varieties of GoldHide

ArgentocuproauriteTwo grains found of essentially cuprian electrum
Argentocuproaurite-IA grain from Noril'sk.

Originally reported from Talnakh Cu-Ni Deposit, Noril'sk, Putoran Plateau, Taimyr Peninsula, Taimyr Autonomous Region (Taymyrskiy Okrug), Krasnoyarsk Territory (Krasnoyarsk Kray; Krasnoyarskii Krai), Eastern-Siberian Region, Russia...
Argentocuproaurite-IIA grain of cuprian electrum from Talnakh deposit, Russia.
Bismuth-bearing GoldA variety of gold containing several weight percent of bismuth, possibly in solid solution (Palache, Berman & Frondel, 1944).

A variety containing 13.5 weight percent of bismuth (on average) has been reported by Shu et al. (2006).
Copper-bearing GoldA variety of Gold possibly containing Cu in substitution for Au to at least 20%.
ElectrumGold-Silver Series .
High silver-bearing gold is pale-yellow nearly white (Ramdohr. 1969).
Iridian GoldAn iridium-rich variety of gold.
Lead-bearing GoldA Pb-bearing variety from Polish Cu-bearing Zechstein polymetallic deposits. Mineral from Ariadnenskoe deposit contains 19.73 mass% Pb.
Mercurian GoldA variety of gold with a Mercury content of up to 15 weight percent.
Nickel-bearing GoldNatural gold-nickel alloys with Ni contents up to 40 mass%. The colour of such alloys can be silver-white.
Palladium-bearing GoldA palladium-bearing variety of gold.
Platinum-bearing GoldA platinum-rich variety of gold.
PorpeziteGold-Palladium Series .

A tan-coloured palladium-bearing variety of gold containing 5-10 wt.% Pd.
PyrrhochrysitSilver rich gold
RhoditeA rhodian variety of Gold. Gold containing 34 to 43 weight percent Rh has been reported from Columbia & Mexico, but not confirmed.
Silver- and mercury-bearing GoldA variety of gold, containing up to 31 weight percent of silver and up to 15 weight percent of mercury.
Compare also Unnamed (Ag-Au Amalgam).

Relationship of Gold to other SpeciesHide

Member of:
Other Members of this group:
CopperCuIso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fm3m
MaldoniteAu2BiIso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m
SilverAgIso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fm3m
Forms a series with:

Common AssociatesHide

Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
2,683 photos of Gold associated with QuartzSiO2
236 photos of Gold associated with PyriteFeS2
221 photos of Gold associated with FamatiniteCu3SbS4
198 photos of Gold associated with BismuthiniteBi2S3
162 photos of Gold associated with GalenaPbS
148 photos of Gold associated with SphaleriteZnS
128 photos of Gold associated with ArsenopyriteFeAsS
127 photos of Gold associated with CalciteCaCO3
115 photos of Gold associated with HessiteAg2Te
112 photos of Gold associated with ChalcopyriteCuFeS2

Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat GroupingHide

1.AA.05AluminiumAlIso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fm3m
1.AA.05CopperCuIso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fm3m
1.AA.05LeadPbIso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fm3m
1.AA.05NickelNiIso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fm3m
1.AA.05SilverAgIso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fm3m
1.AA.05UM2004-08-E:AuCuPdCu2PdAu
1.AA.05UM1991-06-E:AuCuAu3Cu
1.AA.05Copper Group
1.AA.05SteinhardtiteAl0.38Ni0.32Fe0.30Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Im3m
1.AA.05aAuricupride Subgroup
1.AA.10aAuricuprideCu3AuIso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Pm3m
1.AA.10bTetra-auricuprideAuCuTet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P4/mmm
1.AA.10aCuproaurideCu3Au
1.AA.10Nickel Group
1.AA.15AnyuiiteAuPb2Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I4/mcm
1.AA.15Khatyrkite(Cu,Zn)Al2Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I4/mcm
1.AA.15NovodnepriteAuPb3Tet. 4 2m : I4 2m
1.AA.15UM1985-02-E:AlZn(Zn,Cu)Al2
1.AA.20Cupalite(Cu,Zn)AlOrth.
1.AA.25HunchuniteAu2PbIso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m)
1.AA.30StolperiteAlCuIso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Pm3m
1.AA.35HollisteriteAl3FeMon. 2/m : B2/m
1.AA.40IcosahedriteAl63Cu24Fe13Icos. 5 3m : Fm 3 5
1.AA.45Kryachkoite(Al,Cu)6(Fe,Cu)Orth. mm2 : Cmc21
1.AA.50ProxidecagoniteAl34Ni9Fe2Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnma

Fluorescence of GoldHide

Other InformationHide

Thermal Behaviour:
Melting Point: 1062.4° ± 0.8°
Notes:
Completely soluble with copper. Insoluble in acids except for aqua regia, with incomplete separation if more than 20% of silver is present.

Reported as spongy alteration pseudomorphs after calaverite (Cripple Creek).
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Industrial Uses:
Electrical conductor, transparent reflective coating, jewelry, dentistry, coinage, decorative coatings

Gold in petrologyHide

An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.

Internet Links for GoldHide

References for GoldHide

Reference List:

Significant localities for GoldHide

Showing 36 significant localities out of 34,297 recorded on mindat.org.


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ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence. ? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. - Good crystals or important locality for species. - World class for species or very significant. (TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species. (FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties). Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality. Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).

All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina
 
  • Tucumán Province
    • Burruyacú Department
      • La Ramada y La Cruz
        • Sierra de La Ramada
Raúl Jorge Tauber Larry´s collection.Peña (1970)
Australia
 
  • Tasmania
    • Kentish municipality
      • Moina - Middlesex District
Bottrill et al. (2008)
Bottrill et al. (2008) +1 other reference
Canada
 
  • British Columbia
    • New Westminster Mining Division
      • Harrison Lake
        • Bear Mountain
British Columbia Ministry of Energy +1 other reference
  • Newfoundland and Labrador
    • Newfoundland
      • Baie Verte Peninsula
        • Betts Cove
Swinden et al. (1990)
  • Ontario
    • Cochrane District
      • Timmins
Economic Geology November 1988 v. 83 ... +4 other references
        • Whitney Township
Ann P. Sabina (1974) +1 other reference
Ireland
 
  • Connacht
    • Galway County
      • Bohaun
Ovoca Gold Exploration reports. +1 other reference
    • Mayo County
      • Croagh Patrick
Wolfe et al. (2008)
Papua New Guinea
 
  • Enga Province
    • Mount Hagen
      • Mount Kare Valley
Sorrell (n.d.) +2 other references
Romania
 
  • Alba County
    • Zlatna
Carles Curto Milà collection
  • Hunedoara County
    • Băița
      • Trestia
Russia
 
  • Chelyabinsk Oblast
    • Miass
Ozerskii et al. (1843) +3 other references
  • Sverdlovsk Oblast
    • Beryozovsky
Lehmann et al. (1999) +3 other references
Taiwan
 
  • New Taipei City
    • Ruifang District
      • Chinkuashih mine
James K.C.Huang Collection +3 other references
UK
 
  • England
    • Devon
      • Torbay
        • Torquay
Russell (1929) +3 other references
USA
 
  • Alabama
    • Randolph County
      • Pinetucky Mining District
Cook et al. (1982)
  • California
    • Mariposa County
      • Bagby-Mariposa-Mount Bullion-Whitlock Mining District
        • Whitlock Mining District
          • Colorado area
Rocks & Minerals 83:5 pp 392-401 +2 other references
          • Colorado Mining District
            • Colorado
Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 23 +4 other references
    • Placer County
Rocks & Minerals
        • Sage Hill
Waring (1917)
MinRec.:20 (5)
  • Colorado
    • Clear Creek County
      • Lamartine Mining District
Speckels (1965) +1 other reference
    • Eagle County
      • Gilman Mining District (Battle Mountain Mining District; Red Cliff Mining District)
        • Battle Mountain
Rocks & Min.:57:61.
    • Lake County
Eckel et al. (1997)
    • Moffat County
      • Fourmile Mining District (Timberlake Creek Mining District)
Maneotis: 2009
    • San Juan County
      • Eureka Mining District
        • Gladstone
          • Bonita Peak
the Book "Colorado Gold" by Allen Bird (ex manager of the mine) +3 other references
  • Georgia
    • Hall County
      • Gainesville
Rocks & Min.: 64:196.
  • Nevada
    • Humboldt County
      • Awakening Mining District
[var: Electrum] USGS Bull 2090 +3 other references
    • Nye County
      • Toquima Range
        • Round Mountain Mining District
          • Round Mountain
- (2005) +1 other reference
    • Washoe County
      • Pah Rah Range (Pah Rah Mts)
Rocks and Minerals (1989)
          • Alta Gold Mine
Betts (n.d.)
R&M 79:1 p44-54
  • North Carolina
    • Davidson County
      • Carolina Slate Belt
        • Cid Mining District
- (2005)
  • Washington
    • King County
      • Snoqualmie Mining District
        • Hansen Creek
Eric He's Collection
    • Kittitas County
      • Swauk Mining District
        • Liberty
Rice Museum
Venezuela
 
  • Bolívar
    • Gran Sabana Municipality
      • Icabarú
        • Icabarú River placers (Kilometer 88 District)
Steve Smale specimens +1 other reference
 
Mineral and/or Locality  
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