Gold
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
This page kindly sponsored by Hobart M. King
About Gold
Formula:
Au
As a Commodity:
Colour:
Rich yellow, paling to whitish-yellow with increasing silver; blue & green in transmitted light (only thinnest folia [gold leaf])
Lustre:
Metallic
Hardness:
2½ - 3
Specific Gravity:
15 - 19.3
Crystal System:
Isometric
Member of:
Name:
Gold is one of the first minerals used by prehistoric cultures. The Latin name for this mineral was "aurum" and Jöns Jakob Berzelius used Au to represent the element when he established the current system of chemical symbols. The Old English word "gold" first appeared in written form about 725 and may further have been derived from "gehl" or "jehl". May be derived from Anglo-Saxon "gold" = yellow. (Known to alchemists as Sol.)
Copper Group. Gold-Silver Series and Gold-Palladium Series.
A native element and precious metal, gold has long been prized for its beauty, resistance to chemical attack and workability. As it is found as a native element, has a relatively low melting point (1063 degrees Celsius) and is malleable, it has been used by mankind for thousands of years.
Gold is used as a standard for international currency and is also widely used in jewelry, electronics (where its superb properties as a conductor help offset its tremendous cost), dentistry and in photographic processes.
Gold occurs in significant amounts in three main types of deposits: hydrothermal quartz veins and related deposits in metamorphic and igneous rocks; in volcanic-exhalative sulphide deposits; and in consolidated to unconsolidated placer deposits. It may also occur in contact metamorphic or hypothermal deposits (eg. Skarns), or epithermal deposits such as volcanic fumaroles. It is most commonly found as disseminated grains in quartz veins with pyrite and other sulphides, or as rounded grains, flakes or nuggets in placer deposits in recent to ancient stream and river deposits. Gold is often panned from such deposits by taking advantage of its high density to wash away the lighter sediments from a pan or sluice.
Nuggets are almost exclusively hypogene in origin, forming mostly in veins, but can be somewhat modified in form and chemistry by weathering, erosion, and transport (Hough et al., 2007).
A native element and precious metal, gold has long been prized for its beauty, resistance to chemical attack and workability. As it is found as a native element, has a relatively low melting point (1063 degrees Celsius) and is malleable, it has been used by mankind for thousands of years.
Gold is used as a standard for international currency and is also widely used in jewelry, electronics (where its superb properties as a conductor help offset its tremendous cost), dentistry and in photographic processes.
Gold occurs in significant amounts in three main types of deposits: hydrothermal quartz veins and related deposits in metamorphic and igneous rocks; in volcanic-exhalative sulphide deposits; and in consolidated to unconsolidated placer deposits. It may also occur in contact metamorphic or hypothermal deposits (eg. Skarns), or epithermal deposits such as volcanic fumaroles. It is most commonly found as disseminated grains in quartz veins with pyrite and other sulphides, or as rounded grains, flakes or nuggets in placer deposits in recent to ancient stream and river deposits. Gold is often panned from such deposits by taking advantage of its high density to wash away the lighter sediments from a pan or sluice.
Nuggets are almost exclusively hypogene in origin, forming mostly in veins, but can be somewhat modified in form and chemistry by weathering, erosion, and transport (Hough et al., 2007).
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1720
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1720:2
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
d732bdf3-ca18-4058-8314-f9a730a8ad7e
IMA Classification of Gold
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
Classification of Gold
1.AA.05
1 : ELEMENTS (Metals and intermetallic alloys; metalloids and nonmetals; carbides, silicides, nitrides, phosphides)
A : Metals and Intermetallic Alloys
A : Copper-cupalite family
1 : ELEMENTS (Metals and intermetallic alloys; metalloids and nonmetals; carbides, silicides, nitrides, phosphides)
A : Metals and Intermetallic Alloys
A : Copper-cupalite family
Dana 7th ed.:
1.1.1.1
1.1.1.1
1 : NATIVE ELEMENTS AND ALLOYS
1 : Metals, other than the Platinum Group
1 : NATIVE ELEMENTS AND ALLOYS
1 : Metals, other than the Platinum Group
1.5
1 : Elements and Alloys (including the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au)
1 : Elements and Alloys (including the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au)
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Symbol | Source | Reference |
---|---|---|
Au | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Au | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Gold
Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Rich yellow, paling to whitish-yellow with increasing silver; blue & green in transmitted light (only thinnest folia [gold leaf])
Streak:
Shining yellow
Hardness:
2½ - 3 on Mohs scale
Hardness:
VHN10=30 - 34 kg/mm2 - Vickers
Hardness Data:
Measured
Tenacity:
Malleable
Cleavage:
None Observed
None
None
Fracture:
Hackly
Density:
15 - 19.3 g/cm3 (Measured) 19.309 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Comment:
Calculated density at 0° C. Depends on silver content (pure gold is 19.3).
Optical Data of Gold
Type:
Isotropic
Reflectivity:
Wavelength | R1 | R2 |
---|---|---|
400nm | 36.8% | 25.8% |
420nm | 36.8% | 25.8% |
440nm | 36.5% | 25.9% |
460nm | 36.1% | 26.0% |
470nm | 36.0% | 26.5% |
480nm | 36.7% | 27.8% |
500nm | 45.3% | 37.9% |
520nm | 62.5% | 55.9% |
540nm | 74.0% | 69.1% |
546nm | 77.0% | 71.5% |
560nm | 82.2% | 77.0% |
580nm | 86.8% | 82.3% |
589nm | 88.2% | 84.1% |
600nm | 89.7% | 85.9% |
620nm | 91.9% | 88.7% |
640nm | 93.3% | 90.3% |
650nm | 93.8% | 91.0% |
660nm | 94.1% | 91.8% |
680nm | 94.8% | 92.5% |
700nm | 95.3% | 93.2% |
Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Top of box is 100%. Peak reflectance is 95.3%.
R1 shown in black, R2 shown in red
Colour in reflected light:
Yellow to white with increasing silver, reddish with copper
Internal Reflections:
none
Pleochroism:
Non-pleochroic
Comments:
Reflectivity from Criddle & Stanley (1993)
Chemistry of Gold
Mindat Formula:
Au
Elements listed:
CAS Registry number:
Common Impurities:
Ag,Cu,Pd,Hg,Bi
Crystallography of Gold
Crystal System:
Isometric
Class (H-M):
m3m (4/m 3 2/m) - Hexoctahedral
Space Group:
Fm3m
Cell Parameters:
a = 4.0786 Å
Unit Cell V:
67.85 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Usually crude to rounded octahedra, cubes, and dodecahedra to 2 cm. Often elongated along [100] or [111] directions, forming herringbone and dendritic twins. Flattened {111} plates with triangular octahedral faces. Rarely as wires ([111] elongation); reticulated; dendritic; arborescent; filiform; spongy; also massive in rounded fragments, flattened grains and scales (gold dust).
Twinning:
Common on (111) to give herringbone twins. Repeated on (111) to give stacks of spinel twins that form hexagonal wires.
Crystallographic forms of Gold
Crystal Atlas:
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0011140 | Gold | Wyckoff R W G (1963) Second edition. Interscience Publishers, New York, New York Cubic closest packed, ccp, structure Crystal Structures 1 7-83 | 1963 | 0 | 293 | ||
0012935 | Gold | Jette E R, Foote F (1935) Precision determination of lattice constants Journal of Chemical Physics 3 605-616 | 1935 | synthetic | 0 | 298 | |
0013108 | Gold | Suh I-K, Ohta H, Waseda Y (1988) High-temperature thermal expansion of six metallic elements measured by dilatation method and X-ray diffraction Journal of Materials Science 23 757-760 | 1988 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
0013109 | Gold | Suh I-K, Ohta H, Waseda Y (1988) High-temperature thermal expansion of six metallic elements measured by dilatation method and X-ray diffraction Journal of Materials Science 23 757-760 | 1988 | synthetic | 0 | 574 | |
0013110 | Gold | Suh I-K, Ohta H, Waseda Y (1988) High-temperature thermal expansion of six metallic elements measured by dilatation method and X-ray diffraction Journal of Materials Science 23 757-760 | 1988 | synthetic | 0 | 676 | |
0013111 | Gold | Suh I-K, Ohta H, Waseda Y (1988) High-temperature thermal expansion of six metallic elements measured by dilatation method and X-ray diffraction Journal of Materials Science 23 757-760 | 1988 | synthetic | 0 | 777 | |
0013112 | Gold | Suh I-K, Ohta H, Waseda Y (1988) High-temperature thermal expansion of six metallic elements measured by dilatation method and X-ray diffraction Journal of Materials Science 23 757-760 | 1988 | synthetic | 0 | 875 | |
0013113 | Gold | Suh I-K, Ohta H, Waseda Y (1988) High-temperature thermal expansion of six metallic elements measured by dilatation method and X-ray diffraction Journal of Materials Science 23 757-760 | 1988 | synthetic | 0 | 971 | |
0013114 | Gold | Suh I-K, Ohta H, Waseda Y (1988) High-temperature thermal expansion of six metallic elements measured by dilatation method and X-ray diffraction Journal of Materials Science 23 757-760 | 1988 | synthetic | 0 | 1075 | |
0013115 | Gold | Suh I-K, Ohta H, Waseda Y (1988) High-temperature thermal expansion of six metallic elements measured by dilatation method and X-ray diffraction Journal of Materials Science 23 757-760 | 1988 | synthetic | 0 | 1179 | |
0013116 | Gold | Suh I-K, Ohta H, Waseda Y (1988) High-temperature thermal expansion of six metallic elements measured by dilatation method and X-ray diffraction Journal of Materials Science 23 757-760 | 1988 | synthetic | 0 | 1280 | |
0013117 | Gold | Suh I-K, Ohta H, Waseda Y (1988) High-temperature thermal expansion of six metallic elements measured by dilatation method and X-ray diffraction Journal of Materials Science 23 757-760 | 1988 | synthetic | 0 | 1324 | |
0014943 | Gold | Owen E A, Yates E L (1933) Precision measurements of crystal parameters Philosophical Magazine 15 472-488 | 1933 | synthetic | 0 | 291 | |
0015132 | Gold | Davey W P (1925) Lattice constants of twelve common metals Physical Review 25 753-761 | 1925 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
0015133 | Gold | Davey W P (1925) Lattice constants of twelve common metals Physical Review 25 753-761 | 1925 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
2.355 Å | (100) |
2.039 Å | (52) |
1.230 Å | (36) |
1.442 Å | (32) |
0.9357 Å | (23) |
0.8325 Å | (23) |
0.9120 Å | (22) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
---|---|
Stage 3a: Earth’s earliest Hadean crust | >4.50 |
7 : Ultramafic igneous rocks | |
8 : Mafic igneous rocks | |
Stage 3b: Earth’s earliest hydrosphere | >4.45 |
12 : Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits (see also #33) | |
Near-surface Processes | |
26 : Hadean detrital minerals | |
High-𝑇 alteration and/or metamorphism | |
33 : Minerals deposited by hydrothermal metal-rich fluids (see also [#12]) | |
Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
36 : Carbonatites, kimberlites, and related igneous rocks | |
37 : Layered igneous intrusions and related PGE minerals | |
Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics | <3.5-2.5 |
38 : Ophiolites | |
Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
49 : Oxic cellular biomineralization (see also #44) | <0.54 |
Geological Setting:
1) Primary hydrothermal veins
2) Volcanic-exhalative sulphide deposits
3) Alluvial and eluvial
2) Volcanic-exhalative sulphide deposits
3) Alluvial and eluvial
Synonyms of Gold
Other Language Names for Gold
Afrikaans:Goud
Albanian:Ari
Amharic:ወርቅ
Arabic:ذهب
Armenian:Ոսկի
Asturian:Oru
Aymara:Quri
Azeri:Qızıl
Basque:Urre
Belarusian:Золата
Bengali:সোনা
Bishnupriya Manipuri:ঔরো
Bosnian:Zlato
Bulgarian:Злато
Catalan:Or
Cherokee:ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ
Chuvash:Ылтăн
Corsican:Oru
Croatian:Zlato
Czech:Zlato
Danish:Guld
Dutch:Goud
Erzya:Сырне
Esperanto:Oro
Estonian:Kuld
Farsi/Persian:طلا
Finnish:Kulta
Friulian:Aur
Galician:Ouro
Gan:金
Georgian:ოქრო
German:Gediegen Gold
Greek:Χρυσός
Guarani:Kuarepotiju
Gujarati:સોનું
Haitian:Lò
Hakka:Kîm
Hebrew:זהב
Hindi:सोना
Hungarian:Arany
Icelandic:Gull
Ido:Oro
Indonesian:Emas
Irish Gaelic:Ór
Italian:Oro
Oro nativo
Oro nativo
Japanese:自然金
Javanese:Emas
Kannada:ಚಿನ್ನ
Kapampangan:Gintu
Kazakh (Cyrillic Script):Алтын
Kongo:Wolo
Korean:금
Kurdish (Latin Script):Zêr
Latin:Aurum
Latvian:Zelts
Limburgian:Goud
Lingala:Wólo
Lithuanian:Auksas
Lojban:solji
Low Saxon/Low German:Gold
Luxembourgish:Gold
Macedonian:Злато
Malay:Emas
Malayalam:സ്വര്ണ്ണം
Manx:Airh
Marathi:सोने
Min Nan:Au
Mongolian:Алт
Nahuatl:Cōztic teōcuitlatl
Norman:Or
Norwegian:Gull
Norwegian (Nynorsk):Gull
Novial:Ore (novial name for gold)
Occitan:Aur
Polish:Złoto
Portuguese:Ouro
Quechua:Quri
Ripuarian:Jold
Romanian:Aur
Russian:Золото
Sanskrit:सुवर्णम्
Scottish Gaelic:Òr
Serbian:Злато
Serbo-Croatian:Zlato
Sicilian:Oru
Simplified Chinese:自然金
Slovak:Zlato
Slovenian:Zlato
Spanish:Oro
Oro nativo
Oro nativo
Swahili:Dhahabu
Swedish:Guld
Gediget Guld
Gediget Guld
Tagalog:Ginto
Tajik (Cyrillic Script):Зар
Tamil:தங்கம்
Telugu:బంగారం
Thai:ทองคำ
Turkish:Altın
Ukrainian:Золото
Urdu:سونا
Uzbek (Latin Script):Oltin
Venetian:Oro
Vietnamese:Vàng
Welsh:Aur
Yiddish:גאלד
Zazaki:Zern
Zhuang:Gim
Zulu:Igolide
Varieties of Gold
Argentocuproaurite | Two grains found of essentially cuprian electrum |
Argentocuproaurite-I | A grain from Noril'sk. Originally reported from Talnakh Cu-Ni Deposit, Noril'sk, Putoran Plateau, Taimyr Peninsula, Taimyr Autonomous Region (Taymyrskiy Okrug), Krasnoyarsk Territory (Krasnoyarsk Kray; Krasnoyarskii Krai), Eastern-Siberian Region, Russia... |
Argentocuproaurite-II | A grain of cuprian electrum from Talnakh deposit, Russia. |
Bismuth-bearing Gold | A variety of gold containing several weight percent of bismuth, possibly in solid solution (Palache, Berman & Frondel, 1944). A variety containing 13.5 weight percent of bismuth (on average) has been reported by Shu et al. (2006). |
Copper-bearing Gold | A variety of Gold possibly containing Cu in substitution for Au to at least 20%. |
Electrum | Gold-Silver Series . High silver-bearing gold is pale-yellow nearly white (Ramdohr. 1969). |
Iridian Gold | An iridium-rich variety of gold. |
Lead-bearing Gold | A Pb-bearing variety from Polish Cu-bearing Zechstein polymetallic deposits. Mineral from Ariadnenskoe deposit contains 19.73 mass% Pb. |
Mercurian Gold | A variety of gold with a Mercury content of up to 15 weight percent. |
Nickel-bearing Gold | Natural gold-nickel alloys with Ni contents up to 40 mass%. The colour of such alloys can be silver-white. |
Palladium-bearing Gold | A palladium-bearing variety of gold. |
Platinum-bearing Gold | A platinum-rich variety of gold. |
Porpezite | Gold-Palladium Series . A tan-coloured palladium-bearing variety of gold containing 5-10 wt.% Pd. |
Pyrrhochrysit | Silver rich gold |
Rhodite | A rhodian variety of Gold. Gold containing 34 to 43 weight percent Rh has been reported from Columbia & Mexico, but not confirmed. |
Silver- and mercury-bearing Gold | A variety of gold, containing up to 31 weight percent of silver and up to 15 weight percent of mercury. Compare also Unnamed (Ag-Au Amalgam). |
Relationship of Gold to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
2,683 photos of Gold associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
236 photos of Gold associated with Pyrite | FeS2 |
221 photos of Gold associated with Famatinite | Cu3SbS4 |
198 photos of Gold associated with Bismuthinite | Bi2S3 |
162 photos of Gold associated with Galena | PbS |
148 photos of Gold associated with Sphalerite | ZnS |
128 photos of Gold associated with Arsenopyrite | FeAsS |
127 photos of Gold associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
115 photos of Gold associated with Hessite | Ag2Te |
112 photos of Gold associated with Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
1.AA.05 | Aluminium | Al |
1.AA.05 | Copper | Cu |
1.AA.05 | Lead | Pb |
1.AA.05 | Nickel | Ni |
1.AA.05 | Silver | Ag |
1.AA.05 | UM2004-08-E:AuCuPd | Cu2PdAu |
1.AA.05 | UM1991-06-E:AuCu | Au3Cu |
1.AA.05 | Copper Group | |
1.AA.05 | Steinhardtite | Al0.38Ni0.32Fe0.30 |
1.AA.05a | Auricupride Subgroup | |
1.AA.10a | Auricupride | Cu3Au |
1.AA.10b | Tetra-auricupride | AuCu |
1.AA.10a | Cuproauride | Cu3Au |
1.AA.10 | Nickel Group | |
1.AA.15 | Anyuiite | AuPb2 |
1.AA.15 | Khatyrkite | (Cu,Zn)Al2 |
1.AA.15 | Novodneprite | AuPb3 |
1.AA.15 | UM1985-02-E:AlZn | (Zn,Cu)Al2 |
1.AA.20 | Cupalite | (Cu,Zn)Al |
1.AA.25 | Hunchunite | Au2Pb |
1.AA.30 | Stolperite | AlCu |
1.AA.35 | Hollisterite | Al3Fe |
1.AA.40 | Icosahedrite | Al63Cu24Fe13 |
1.AA.45 | Kryachkoite | (Al,Cu)6(Fe,Cu) |
1.AA.50 | Proxidecagonite | Al34Ni9Fe2 |
Fluorescence of Gold
none
Other Information
Thermal Behaviour:
Melting Point: 1062.4° ± 0.8°
Notes:
Completely soluble with copper. Insoluble in acids except for aqua regia, with incomplete separation if more than 20% of silver is present.
Reported as spongy alteration pseudomorphs after calaverite (Cripple Creek).
Reported as spongy alteration pseudomorphs after calaverite (Cripple Creek).
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Industrial Uses:
Electrical conductor, transparent reflective coating, jewelry, dentistry, coinage, decorative coatings
Gold in petrology
An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.
Internet Links for Gold
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1720.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Gold
Reference List:
Ungemach, Henri (1916) Contribution à la Minéralogie de Madagascar. Bulletin de Minéralogie, 39 (1) 5-38 doi:10.3406/bulmi.1916.3635
Schneiderhöhn, Hans, Ramdohr, Paul (1931) Lehrbuch der Erzmikroskopie Vol. 2. Borntraeger. p.1-741.p.64
Hoffman, A. (1947) Free Gold, Story of Canadian Mining Rinehart and Co. New York and Toronto, 420 p.
Criddle, A. J., Stanley, C. J. (1993) Quantitative Data File for Ore Minerals. Springer Netherlands.
Fleet, Michael E., Mumin, A. Hamid (1997) Gold-bearing arsenian pyrite and marcasite and arsenopyrite from Carlin Trend gold deposits and laboratory synthesis. American Mineralogist, 82 (1) 182-193 doi:10.2138/am-1997-1-220
Maddox, L. M., Bancroft, G. Michael, Scaini, M. J., Lorimer, J. W. (1998) Invisible gold; comparison of Au deposition on pyrite and arsenopyrite. American Mineralogist, 83 (11) 1240-1245 doi:10.2138/am-1998-11-1212
forum.amiminerals.it (2022) http://forum.amiminerals.it/viewtopic.php?f=5&t=17191&sid=caa89199acc501d3dcefb03b0478b3d8
Significant localities for Gold
Showing 36 significant localities out of 34,297 recorded on mindat.org.
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ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality.
Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| Raúl Jorge Tauber Larry´s collection.Peña (1970) |
Australia | |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
Bottrill et al. (2008) +1 other reference | |
Canada | |
| British Columbia Ministry of Energy +1 other reference |
| Swinden et al. (1990) |
| Economic Geology November 1988 v. 83 ... +4 other references |
| Ann P. Sabina (1974) +1 other reference |
Ireland | |
| Ovoca Gold Exploration reports. +1 other reference |
| Wolfe et al. (2008) |
Papua New Guinea | |
| Sorrell (n.d.) +2 other references |
Romania | |
| Carles Curto Milà collection |
| |
Russia | |
| Ozerskii et al. (1843) +3 other references |
| Lehmann et al. (1999) +3 other references |
Taiwan | |
| James K.C.Huang Collection +3 other references |
UK | |
| Russell (1929) +3 other references |
USA | |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
| Rocks & Minerals 83:5 pp 392-401 +2 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 23 +4 other references |
| Rocks & Minerals |
| Waring (1917) |
MinRec.:20 (5) | |
| Speckels (1965) +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Min.:57:61. |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Maneotis: 2009 |
| the Book "Colorado Gold" by Allen Bird (ex manager of the mine) +3 other references |
| Rocks & Min.: 64:196. |
| [var: Electrum] USGS Bull 2090 +3 other references |
| - (2005) +1 other reference |
| Rocks and Minerals (1989) |
| Betts (n.d.) |
R&M 79:1 p44-54 | |
| - (2005) |
| Eric He's Collection |
| Rice Museum |
Venezuela | |
| Steve Smale specimens +1 other reference |
Quick NavTopAbout GoldUnique IdentifiersIMA Classification Classification Mineral SymbolsPhysical Properties Optical Data Chemistry Crystallography Crystallographic forms Crystal StructureX-Ray Powder DiffractionGeological EnvironmentSynonymsOther LanguagesVarietiesRelationshipsCommon AssociatesStrunz-MindatFluorescence Other InformationGold in petrologyInternet Links References Significant localities
Hope's Nose, Torquay, Torbay, Devon, England, UK