Hausmannite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Hausmannite
Formula:
Mn2+Mn3+2O4
Colour:
Brown-black
Lustre:
Resinous, Sub-Metallic, Dull
Hardness:
5½
Specific Gravity:
4.83 - 4.85
Crystal System:
Tetragonal
Member of:
Name:
Originally named "blättricher Schwarz-Braunstein" in 1813 by Johann Friedrich Ludwig Hausmann, Professor of Mineralogy, University of Göttingen, Germany (February 22, 1782, Hanover, Germany - December 26, 1859, Göttingen, Germany). Renamed by Wilhelm Haidinger in 1827 in honor of Hausmann.
Isostructural with:
Forms a series with hetaerolite.
Hausmannite has a tetragonal distorted spinel structure (due to the Jahn-Teller distortion of the Mn3+-centred polyhedron). When heated above 1473 K, a cubic high-temperature phase appears (Frenzel 1980).
Hausmannite generally forms black granular aggregates or, relatively rare, pseudo-octahedral crystals.
May be formed during high-power laser-induced degradation of ramsdellite (which, in turn, may form from its variety "groutellite").
Hausmannite has a tetragonal distorted spinel structure (due to the Jahn-Teller distortion of the Mn3+-centred polyhedron). When heated above 1473 K, a cubic high-temperature phase appears (Frenzel 1980).
Hausmannite generally forms black granular aggregates or, relatively rare, pseudo-octahedral crystals.
May be formed during high-power laser-induced degradation of ramsdellite (which, in turn, may form from its variety "groutellite").
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1832
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1832:2
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
c2cf37c4-6dda-4781-a112-3de40c682f8c
IMA Classification of Hausmannite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
Classification of Hausmannite
4.BB.10
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
B : Metal: Oxygen = 3:4 and similar
B : With only medium-sized cations
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
B : Metal: Oxygen = 3:4 and similar
B : With only medium-sized cations
7.2.7.1
7 : MULTIPLE OXIDES
2 : AB2X4
7 : MULTIPLE OXIDES
2 : AB2X4
7.18.2
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
18 : Oxides of Mn
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
18 : Oxides of Mn
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Symbol | Source | Reference |
---|---|---|
Hsm | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Hsm | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
Hsm | Warr (2020) | Warr, L.N. (2020) Recommended abbreviations for the names of clay minerals and associated phases. Clay Minerals, 55, 261–264 doi:10.1180/clm.2020.30 |
Pronunciation of Hausmannite
Pronunciation:
Play | Recorded by | Country |
---|---|---|
Debbie Woolf | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Hausmannite
Resinous, Sub-Metallic, Dull
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Brown-black
Streak:
Dark reddish brown, dark brown
Hardness:
5½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Very Good
{001} nearly perfect; {112} and {011} indistinct.
{001} nearly perfect; {112} and {011} indistinct.
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven
Density:
4.83 - 4.85 g/cm3 (Measured) 4.84 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Hausmannite
RI values:
nω = 2.462 nε = 2.152
Birefringence:
0.310
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.310
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Very High
Anisotropism:
Distinct
Reflectivity:
Wavelength | R1 | R2 |
---|---|---|
400nm | 14.2% | 23.2% |
420nm | 14.0% | 22.7% |
440nm | 13.9% | 22.2% |
460nm | 13.8% | 21.8% |
470nm | 13.7% | 21.6% |
480nm | 13.6% | 21.3% |
500nm | 13.5% | 20.9% |
520nm | 13.4% | 20.5% |
540nm | 13.3% | 20.0% |
546nm | 13.2% | 19.9% |
560nm | 13.1% | 19.7% |
580nm | 13.0% | 19.3% |
589nm | 13.0% | 19.2% |
600nm | 12.9% | 19.1% |
620nm | 12.9% | 18.8% |
640nm | 12.8% | 18.6% |
650nm | 12.7% | 18.4% |
660nm | 12.6% | 18.3% |
680nm | 12.4% | 18.1% |
700nm | 12.2% | 17.8% |
Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Top of box is 100%. Peak reflectance is 23.2%.
R1 shown in black, R2 shown in red
Colour in reflected light:
Gray-white
Internal Reflections:
Deep blood-red to red-brown
Pleochroism:
Weak
Comments:
O = light gray-white; E = dark gray-white.
Comments:
Lamellar twinning in polished sections often visible.
Reflectivity data from Jarosch (1987).
Reflectivity data from Jarosch (1987).
Chemistry of Hausmannite
Mindat Formula:
Mn2+Mn3+2O4
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Zn,Fe,Ca,Ba,Mg
Crystallography of Hausmannite
Crystal System:
Tetragonal
Class (H-M):
4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) - Ditetragonal Dipyramidal
Space Group:
I41/amd
Setting:
I41/amd
Cell Parameters:
a = 5.762 Å, c = 9.470 Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 1.644
Unit Cell V:
314.41 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Pseudo-octahedral {001}; {013} usually smooth and bright, {011} often dull and striated parallel to [100]. Massive, granular.
Twinning:
Twin plane {112}, often repeated as fivelings; also lamellar.
Crystallographic forms of Hausmannite
Crystal Atlas:
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0002024 | Hausmannite | Baron V, Gutzmer J, Rundlof H, Tellgren R (1998) The influence of iron substitution on the magnetic properties of hausmannite, Mn(Fe,Mn)2O4 American Mineralogist 83 786-793 | 1998 | 0 | 295 | ||
0002025 | Hausmannite | Baron V, Gutzmer J, Rundlof H, Tellgren R (1998) The influence of iron substitution on the magnetic properties of hausmannite, Mn(Fe,Mn)2O4 American Mineralogist 83 786-793 | 1998 | 0 | 295 | ||
0002026 | Hausmannite | Baron V, Gutzmer J, Rundlof H, Tellgren R (1998) The influence of iron substitution on the magnetic properties of hausmannite, Mn(Fe,Mn)2O4 American Mineralogist 83 786-793 | 1998 | 0 | 295 | ||
0018122 | Hausmannite | Aminoff G (1926) Ueber die Kristallstruktur von Hausmannit (Mn Mn2 O4). _cod_database_code 1011262 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 64 475-490 | 1926 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
Epitaxial Relationships of Hausmannite
Epitaxial Minerals:
Jacobsite | Mn2+Fe3+2O4 |
Epitaxy Comments:
Oriented intergrowths.
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
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Radiation - Copper Kα
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
4.924 Å | (30) |
3.089 Å | (40) |
2.881 Å | (17) |
2.768 Å | (85) |
2.487 Å | (100) |
2.463 Å | (20) |
2.367 Å | (20) |
2.037 Å | (20) |
1.8288 Å | (7) |
1.7988 Å | (25) |
1.7008 Å | (10) |
1.6405 Å | (8) |
1.5762 Å | (25) |
1.5443 Å | (50) |
1.5260 Å | (2) |
1.4721 Å | (3) |
1.4405 Å | (20) |
1.4260 Å | (3) |
1.3841 Å | (4) |
1.3823 Å | (2) |
1.3487 Å | (6) |
1.3055 Å | (1) |
1.2777 Å | (10) |
1.2431 Å | (6) |
1.2305 Å | (5) |
Comments:
ICDD 24-734 synthetic, 22 additional lines to 0.9146 with intensities 1-8; see also ICDD 18-791.
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
---|---|
High-𝑇 alteration and/or metamorphism | |
32 : Ba/Mn/Pb/Zn deposits, including metamorphic deposits |
Type Occurrence of Hausmannite
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Gottingen, Germany, number GZG.MIN.4.2.23.14 (type).
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Manganese ore deposit.
Synonyms of Hausmannite
Other Language Names for Hausmannite
French:L'oxyde rouge de manganèse
German:Arseniodialytit
Blättricher Schwarz-Braunstein
Gewässertes Manganperoxydul
Glanzbraunstein
Hausmannit
Scharfmanganerz
Schwarz-Manganerz
Schwarzes Braunsteinerz (in part)
Blättricher Schwarz-Braunstein
Gewässertes Manganperoxydul
Glanzbraunstein
Hausmannit
Scharfmanganerz
Schwarz-Manganerz
Schwarzes Braunsteinerz (in part)
Russian:Гаусманнит
Simplified Chinese:黑锰矿
Spanish:Arseniodialytita
Hausmannita
Hausmannita
Relationship of Hausmannite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
Chromite | Fe2+Cr3+2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Cochromite | CoCr2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Coulsonite | Fe2+V3+2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Cuprospinel | Cu2+Fe3+2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) |
Dellagiustaite | V2+Al2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Deltalumite | (Al0.67◻0.33)Al2O4 | Tet. 4 2m : P4m2 |
Franklinite | Zn2+Fe3+2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Gahnite | ZnAl2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Galaxite | Mn2+Al2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Guite | Co2+Co3+2O4 | Iso. |
Hercynite | Fe2+Al2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Hetaerolite | ZnMn2O4 | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I41/amd |
Jacobsite | Mn2+Fe3+2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Jacobsite-Q | Mn2+(Fe3+,Mn3+)2O4 | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I41/amd |
Maghemite | (Fe3+0.67◻0.33)Fe3+2O4 | Iso. 4 3 2 : P41 3 2 |
Magnesiochromite | MgCr2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Magnesiocoulsonite | MgV2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) |
Magnesioferrite | MgFe3+2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Magnetite | Fe2+Fe3+2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Manganochromite | Mn2+Cr2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Nichromite | (Ni,Co,Fe)(Cr,Fe,Al)2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Spinel | MgAl2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Thermaerogenite | CuAl2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Titanomaghemite | (Ti4+0.5◻0.5)Fe3+2O4 | Iso. 4 3 2 : P43 3 2 |
Trevorite | Ni2+Fe3+2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
UM1994-06-O:AlCo | CoAl2O4 | |
Vuorelainenite | Mn2+V3+2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Zincochromite | ZnCr2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
251 photos of Hausmannite associated with Andradite | Ca3Fe3+2(SiO4)3 |
123 photos of Hausmannite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
57 photos of Hausmannite associated with Baryte | BaSO4 |
42 photos of Hausmannite associated with Datolite | CaB(SiO4)(OH) |
39 photos of Hausmannite associated with Gaudefroyite | Ca4Mn3+2-3(BO3)3(CO3)(O,OH)3 |
35 photos of Hausmannite associated with Ettringite | Ca6Al2(SO4)3(OH)12 · 26H2O |
32 photos of Hausmannite associated with Hematite | Fe2O3 |
23 photos of Hausmannite associated with Manganite | Mn3+O(OH) |
17 photos of Hausmannite associated with Rhodochrosite | MnCO3 |
16 photos of Hausmannite associated with Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
4.BB. | Elgoresyite | (Mg5Si2)O9 |
4.BB. | Chenmingite | FeCr2O4 |
4.BB. | Dellagiustaite | V2+Al2O4 |
4.BB. | Thermaerogenite | CuAl2O4 |
4.BB. | Chukochenite | LiAl5O8 |
4.BB. | Garpenbergite | Mn6◻AsSbO10(OH)2 |
4.BB. | Magnéliite | Ti3+2Ti4+2O7 |
4.BB. | Jianmuite | ZrTi4+Ti3+5Al3O16 |
4.BB.05 | Chromite | Fe2+Cr3+2O4 |
4.BB.05 | Cochromite | CoCr2O4 |
4.BB.05 | Coulsonite | Fe2+V3+2O4 |
4.BB.05 | Cuprospinel | Cu2+Fe3+2O4 |
4.BB.05 | Filipstadite | (Fe3+0.5Sb5+0.5)Mn2O4 |
4.BB.05 | Franklinite | Zn2+Fe3+2O4 |
4.BB.05 | Gahnite | ZnAl2O4 |
4.BB.05 | Galaxite | Mn2+Al2O4 |
4.BB.05 | Hercynite | Fe2+Al2O4 |
4.BB.05 | Jacobsite | Mn2+Fe3+2O4 |
4.BB.05 | Manganochromite | Mn2+Cr2O4 |
4.BB.05 | Magnesiocoulsonite | MgV2O4 |
4.BB.05 | Magnesiochromite | MgCr2O4 |
4.BB.05 | Magnesioferrite | MgFe3+2O4 |
4.BB.05 | Magnetite | Fe2+Fe3+2O4 |
4.BB.05 | Nichromite | (Ni,Co,Fe)(Cr,Fe,Al)2O4 |
4.BB.05 | Qandilite | (Mg,Fe3+)2(Ti,Fe3+,Al)O4 |
4.BB.05 | Spinel | MgAl2O4 |
4.BB.05 | Trevorite | Ni2+Fe3+2O4 |
4.BB.05 | Ulvöspinel | TiFe2+2O4 |
4.BB.05 | Vuorelainenite | Mn2+V3+2O4 |
4.BB.05 | Zincochromite | ZnCr2O4 |
4.BB.05 | Harmunite | CaFe2O4 |
4.BB.05 | Wernerkrauseite | Ca(Fe3+,Mn3+)2Mn4+O6 |
4.BB.05 | Deltalumite | (Al0.67◻0.33)Al2O4 |
4.BB.05 | Guite | Co2+Co3+2O4 |
4.BB.10 | Hetaerolite | ZnMn2O4 |
4.BB.10 | Manganostibite | (Mn,Fe)7SbAsO12 |
4.BB.15 | Maghemite | (Fe3+0.67◻0.33)Fe3+2O4 |
4.BB.15 | Titanomaghemite | (Ti4+0.5◻0.5)Fe3+2O4 |
4.BB.20 | Tegengrenite | (Mn3+0.5Sb5+0.5)Mg2O4 |
4.BB.25 | Xieite | Fe2+Cr2O4 |
4.BB.30 | Carmeltazite | ZrAl2Ti4O11 |
4.BB.35 | Feiite | Fe2+2(Fe2+Ti4+)O5 |
4.BB.40 | Maohokite | MgFe2O4 |
4.BB.45 | Tschaunerite | (Fe2+)(Fe2+Ti4+)O4 |
Fluorescence of Hausmannite
Not fluorescent in ultraviolet
Other Information
Magnetism:
Non-Magnetic
Notes:
Iron rich hausmannite is anomalously magnetic (Wessels mine).
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Hausmannite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1832.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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References for Hausmannite
Reference List:
Hausmann, J.F.L. (1813) Blättricher Schwarz-Braunstein. Handbuch der Mineralogie: 1: 293. Göttingen.
Jarosch, D. (1987) Crystal structure refinement and reflectance measurements of hausmannite, Mn3O4. Mineralogy and Petrology, 37 (1) 15-23 doi:10.1007/bf01163155
Localities for Hausmannite
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality.
Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Algeria | |
| Seghir N. (2012) |
Argentina | |
| Padrón de Minas de la Provincia de Chubut (2005) |
Hugo A. Peña (1970) | |
Hugo A. Peña (1970) | |
| Ávila |
Australia | |
| Australian Journal of Earth Sciences +6 other references |
| Brown et al. (1992) |
Brown et al. (1992) | |
| Hall (1959) |
Howarth (1973) | |
Kawachi et al. (1994) | |
| Worner et al. (et al) |
| www.crocoite.com (2004) |
| Townend et al. (2019) |
| Pilkington et al. (1979) +2 other references |
| |
| Williams +3 other references |
Austria | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2021) |
Strasser (1989) | |
| Strasser (1989) |
Strasser (1989) | |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2019) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2018) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2021) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2019) |
Belgium | |
| Fransolet et al. (1975) +2 other references |
| Fransolet et al. (1975) +2 other references |
Bolivia | |
| Salomon Rivas & Federico Ahlfeld: Los Minerales de Bolivia y sus Parajes (Santa Cruz de la Sierra, 1998) |
| Osvaldo R. Arce Burgoa (2007) |
| Osvaldo R. Arce Burgoa (2007) |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | |
| Vujanovic (1962) |
Brazil | |
| Varentsov (1996) |
| Biondi et al. (2020) |
| |
collection of Natural History Museum ... | |
Bulgaria | |
| Dimitrov (1961) |
Burkina Faso | |
| Hénocque et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
Canada | |
| BC Minfile +1 other reference |
| Bishop et al. (1974) |
| Sabina (2015) +1 other reference |
Ronnie Van Dommelen collection | |
| Hewett (1968) |
Chile | |
| Pincheira et al. (1990) |
Pincheira et al. (1990) | |
| Oyarzun et al. (1998) |
| C. Ruiz Fuller/F. Peebles (1988) |
China | |
| Lisheng Luo (1988) |
| Ruixia Hao and Guangyue Guan (1995) |
| Ruixia Hao and Guangyue Guan (1995) +1 other reference |
| Varentsov (1996) |
| Junping Dong (1992) |
| Jingqu Yao (1992) |
| Xiang Gao et al. (2003) |
| Hunan Metallurgical Geology Research Team 236 (1977) +1 other reference |
| Baisheng Zhang (1998) |
| Jiuling Zhang (1982) |
| Metallurgical Geology Research Team 236 (1977) |
| Yongwei Li et al. (2010) |
| Duan Guolian (1991) |
| Jiuling Zhang (1982) |
| Pingyi Wan (2002) |
| Pingyi Wan (2002) |
| Pingyi Wan (2002) |
| Pingyi Wan (2002) |
Pingyi Wan (2002) | |
| Xingfen Wang (1989) +2 other references |
| Hongjun Qu (1992) |
| Jiuling Zhang (1982) |
| Jiuling Zhang (1982) |
| Shengming Lu (1988) |
| Hongjun Qu (1992) +1 other reference |
Hongjun Qu (1992) | |
| Jiuling Zhang (1982) +1 other reference |
| Xingyu Yang (1989) +1 other reference |
Yang Yuchun (1996) +1 other reference | |
| Hunan Metallurgical Geology Research Team 236 (1977) +1 other reference |
| Wenxin Yu (1980) |
Egypt | |
| Manganese Reserves and Resources of the ... |
| Afify et al. (2022) |
Finland | |
| Alviola |
France | |
| Wittern et al. (Cologne) |
Perseil (1975) | |
Perseil (1975) | |
| Perseil (1967) |
| Inventaire minéralogique de la France ... |
| European J. Mineralogy +1 other reference |
| Berbain et al. (2005) |
| Bourbon M. (1972) |
Germany | |
| Walenta (1992) |
Weiß (1990) | |
| Wittern (1995) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Lorenz (1991) +1 other reference |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Aufschluß 76/2 & 88/5 |
| Lapis 2003 (2) |
| Witzke (2013) |
| |
| Mandarino (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| HAUSMANN (1813) |
| MOHS (1824) |
Greece | |
| Rieck et al. (2020) |
| Rieck et al. (2020) |
| |
| Tombros et al. (2023) |
India | |
| Econ Geol (1980) |
Econ Geol (1980) | |
| Sarkar (2015) |
Dasgupta et al. (1987) | |
| Roy et al. (1968) |
| MINERALOGICAL MAGAZINE |
Mineralogical Magazine 1968 36 : ... | |
| Acharya et al. (1997) |
Indonesia | |
| Schwartz (1990) |
Italy | |
| Castello (1982) |
| Boni et al. (1976) +1 other reference |
| Freda (1885) +4 other references |
| Luigi Chiappino data |
| Freda (1885) +1 other reference |
Freda (1885) +5 other references | |
Freda (1885) +4 other references | |
| Redazionale (2005) |
Antofilli | |
| Pipino (1984) |
| //doi.org/10.57635/MICRO.2023.21.7 +1 other reference |
| EDX analysis |
| Bracco et al. (2014) |
| AA. VV. |
| AA. VV. |
Bedognè et al. (1993) +1 other reference | |
| P. Mattias- M. Guerra (2008) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2011) |
| Parola (2015) |
| Ambrino et al. (2022) |
| Bonifazi (2020) |
| R. Meli (1999) |
Jamaica | |
Japan | |
| Ishida et al. (2004) |
| Fukuoka (1981) |
M. Nakagawa et al. (2009) | |
| Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| Nakagawa et al. (2009) |
| Kato (2010) |
| Matsubara et al. (1996) |
| Fukuoka (1981) |
| Lee (1955) |
Donald E. Lee (1955) | |
| Fukuoka (1981) |
| Minerals in Japan (Field Best Encyclopedia V. 15, 2003) |
Matsubara Satoshi et al. (1980) | |
FUKUOKA et al. (1977) +1 other reference | |
| Nishio-Hamane et al. (2023) |
| Dr. Kameki Kinoshita collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) +1 other reference |
FUKUOKA et al. (1977) | |
FUKUOKA et al. (1977) +2 other references | |
FUKUOKA et al. (1977) | |
加藤昭 (1980) | |
| Yamada (2004) |
| Mayumi Yoshinaga (1963) |
| Harada (1954) |
| Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) | |
Fukuoka (1981) | |
Nambu et al. (1961) | |
Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) | |
| Okamoto collection (curated at the Geological Survey museum, Japan) +1 other reference |
| Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) | |
| Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated by the Geological Survey of Japan) | |
| Dr. Matsuo Nambu ore collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) | |
| Toyofumi Yoshimura et al. (1969) +1 other reference |
| Mineralogical Journal Vol. 17 (1994) |
| Stefan Wolfsried photo |
| 加藤昭 (1980) |
| Minakawa et al. (2008) |
M. Nakagawa et al. (2009) | |
| Masutomi Museum specimen (Kyoto) +1 other reference |
| Masutomi Museum specimens |
| Masutomi Museum specimens (Kyoto) +1 other reference |
| Yamada (2004) |
| Fukuoka (1981) |
| Uehara et al. (2014) |
| Lee (1955) +1 other reference |
Akira Kato (2011) | |
Akira Kato (2011) | |
| Alfredo Petrov collection |
| K. Nishikubo et al. (2005) |
| Yamada (2004) |
| Kato (2012) |
Kato (2010) | |
| Yamada (2004) |
| Harada (1954) +2 other references |
| Yamada (2004) |
Yamada (2004) | |
| Akira Kato (2009) |
| Fukuoka (1981) |
Fukuoka (1981) | |
加藤昭 (1980) | |
| Akira Kato (undated manuscript) |
Fukuoka (1981) | |
Fukuoka (1981) | |
University of Tokyo collection | |
| Collection of NHM |
| Fukuoka et al. (1988) |
| 加藤昭 (1980) +1 other reference |
Bull. Kanagawa pref. Mus. (Nat. Sci.) | |
| Lee (1955) |
Fukuoka (1981) | |
| ... |
Kazakhstan | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Evseev (1995) |
| V.V. Kalinin data +2 other references |
| Kayupova (1964) |
Mauritania | |
| Marsh et al. (2015) |
Mexico | |
| Mineralogical Magazine 1964 33 : 841-852 |
| Thomas P. Moore (2008) |
Moore et al. (2003) | |
Moore et al. (2003) | |
Thomas P. Moore (2008) | |
Panczner (1987) | |
Morocco | |
| Varentsov (1996) |
| FAVREAU G. & DIETRICH J.E. (2006) |
Namibia | |
| von Bezing (2007) +1 other reference |
| American Mineralogist +1 other reference |
Criddle et al. (1990) | |
Nigeria | |
| Baba et al. (2013) |
North Macedonia | |
| Bulletin of the Chemists and Technologists of Macedonia et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
Norway | |
| Westerweld (1961) |
Oman | |
| AmMin 85:242-250 |
Pacific Ocean | |
| Glasby et al. (2006) |
Poland | |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
Romania | |
| Hârtopanu et al. (1996) |
| Pál Molnár (2000) |
| Hirtopanu et al. (2015) |
Russia | |
| Pekov I.V. et al. (2010) |
| Brusnitsyn et al. (2009) |
| Brusnitsyn (2006) |
| Chukanov et al. (2021) |
| Okrugin et al. (an Example of Mutnovsky Geothermal Area, Southern Kamchatka) |
| Varentsov (1996) |
| Kassandrov et al. (2009) |
Kassandrov et al. (2009) | |
| Brusnitsyn (2013) |
| A.A. Kim (2001) |
| Econ Geol (1995) |
Slovakia | |
| Ďuďa R. et al. (Schemnitz) |
| Števko M. et al. (Slovenská republika) |
| Koděra (1986) |
South Africa | |
| Econ Geol (1990) +1 other reference |
| Gutzmer (1996) |
| Moore et al. (2011) |
| Christophe Boutry Collcetion |
| Wilson et al. (1978) +1 other reference |
Preston (2009) +1 other reference | |
| Von Bezing et al. (1991) |
Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
Cairncross et al. (2013) | |
Von Bezing (1991) +2 other references | |
| Gutzmer (1996) |
| Costin et al. (2016) |
Costin et al. (2014) +1 other reference | |
Spain | |
| Frias +2 other references |
Navarro et al. (2009) | |
Martínez Frías et al. (1992) | |
| Jiménez-Millán et al. (1997) |
| Calvo (2009) |
| Rossi et al. (2010) |
Sweden | |
| Gatedal (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| |
| Igelström (1888) +2 other references |
| |
Collection Bergsskolan (8120) | |
| Lundegardh (1996) |
| Natural History Museum |
Gatedal (n.d.) | |
Palache et al. (1951) +2 other references | |
Wiklund (2016) | |
Grensman (2003) | |
Adolfsson (1979) | |
Adolfsson (1979) | |
Nysten (2003) | |
+2 other references | |
Flink (1922) | |
Holtstam et al. (1999) | |
Gustafsson (2003) | |
| |
Magnusson (1929) | |
The Mineralogical Record: 32: 311. +2 other references | |
| Moore (1978) |
Nysten (2003) | |
Sjögren (1891) +1 other reference | |
Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference | |
| Nysten (1984) |
Lee (1958) | |
| Holtstam +7 other references |
| Sandtsröm (2002) |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Roth et al. (2011) |
| Die Mineralien der Schweiz |
| Stalder et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
Turkey | |
| TEKER et al. (2006) |
| Öztürk (1997) |
USGS Prof Paper 550C ppC158-C161 | |
UK | |
| Elton et al. (2004) |
| Goodchild (1875) |
| [Specimen in the Natural History Museum |
Day (1999) | |
| Bernie Millington Collection |
| Turner et al. (2010) |
| Day (1999) |
| Criddle et al. (1977) |
| Cotterell (2008) |
United Arab Emirates | |
| Gnos et al. (1995) |
| Gnos et al. (2000) |
USA | |
| - (2008) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Merritt Stephen Enders (2000) |
| MRDS file #10048190. +1 other reference |
| MRDS file #10027526. |
| Hewett (1972) +1 other reference |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Bideaux et al. (1960) +2 other references |
| Melchiorre et al. (2018) |
| Howard (1987) |
| Tony Nikischer |
Miser (1922) | |
Miser (1922) | |
- (2005) | |
Miser (1922) | |
| - (2005) |
Miser (1922) | |
Jay Ellis Ransom | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 165. +5 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 165 +7 other references |
| Huebner +7 other references |
| Fairbanks (1890) +1 other reference |
| Miser (1920) +1 other reference |
| Bradley (1943) +2 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 167. +3 other references |
Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 167. +5 other references | |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 167. +3 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 167 +7 other references |
| Dunn et al. (1986) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 167. +2 other references |
| Huebner +9 other references |
| - (2005) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 167 +3 other references |
| - (2005) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 167. +2 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 167. +10 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 167. +2 other references |
| Hewett et al. (1961) +2 other references |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Roadcap et al. (2005) |
| Pavlides |
Pavlides | |
| ... |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Morris Jr. (1983) |
... | |
Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Machamer (1964) |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Dunn (2) +1 other reference |
Dunn (1995) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
USGS Bulletion No.74 +1 other reference | |
Genth | |
| Rocks & Min. vol. 72 (1997) |
| R&M 72:4 pp 252-264 |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
| Travis A. Paris (2011) |
| Travis A. Paris (2011) |
Travis A. Paris (2011) | |
| Smith (1991) |
| Smith (1991) |
| Smith (1991) |
| AmMin 87:690-698 (2002) |
| Valentine et al. (1956) +1 other reference |
Derkey et al. (1990, November) | |
| Derkey et al. (1990, November) |
Valentine et al. (1956) +1 other reference | |
Rocks & Min.: 17:20. +1 other reference | |
Valentine et al. (1956) +1 other reference | |
Cannon (1975) | |
Derkey et al. (1990, November) +1 other reference | |
Cannon (1975) | |
| Derkey et al. (1990, November) +1 other reference |
Vietnam | |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) |
Kamitani et al. (2007) |
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N'Chwaning II Mine, N'Chwaning Mines, Joe Morolong Local Municipality, John Taolo Gaetsewe District Municipality, Northern Cape, South Africa