Penfieldite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Penfieldite
Samuel Lewis Penfield
Formula:
Pb2Cl3(OH)
Colour:
Colourless, white, yellowish or bluish tints
Lustre:
Adamantine, Greasy
Hardness:
3 - 4
Specific Gravity:
5.82 - 6.61
Crystal System:
Hexagonal
Name:
Named in honour of US mineralogist Samuel Lewis Penfield (Catskill, New York, January 16, 1856 - August 12, 1906, South Woodstock, Connecticut), Yale University.
Soluble in water, leaving a yellowish white lead oxychloride residue.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3146
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3146:8
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
f989c454-84da-4103-907c-59f2c4ff60c0
IMA Classification of Penfieldite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
First published:
1892
Type description reference:
Classification of Penfieldite
3.DC.15
3 : HALIDES
D : Oxyhalides, hydroxyhalides and related double halides
C : With Pb (As,Sb,Bi), without Cu
3 : HALIDES
D : Oxyhalides, hydroxyhalides and related double halides
C : With Pb (As,Sb,Bi), without Cu
10.4.1.1
10 : OXYHALIDES AND HYDROXYHALIDES
4 : A2(O,OH)Xq
10 : OXYHALIDES AND HYDROXYHALIDES
4 : A2(O,OH)Xq
8.8.9
8 : Halides - Fluorides, Chlorides, Bromides and Iodides; also Fluoborates and Fluosilicates
8 : Halides of Pb
8 : Halides - Fluorides, Chlorides, Bromides and Iodides; also Fluoborates and Fluosilicates
8 : Halides of Pb
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Pfd | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Pronunciation of Penfieldite
Pronunciation:
| Play | Recorded by | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Jolyon Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Penfieldite
Adamantine, Greasy
Transparency:
Transparent
Colour:
Colourless, white, yellowish or bluish tints
Streak:
White
Hardness:
3 - 4 on Mohs scale
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
On {0001}.
On {0001}.
Density:
5.82 - 6.61 g/cm3 (Measured) 6.00 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Penfieldite
Type:
Uniaxial (+)
RI values:
nω = 2.130(1) nε = 2.210(1)
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.080
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Very High
Chemistry of Penfieldite
Mindat Formula:
Pb2Cl3(OH)
Elements listed:
Crystallography of Penfieldite
Crystal System:
Hexagonal
Class (H-M):
6 - Trigonal Dipyramidal
Space Group:
P6
Cell Parameters:
a = 11.28 Å, c = 48.65 Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 4.313
Unit Cell V:
5,360.83 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Morphology:
Crystals usually prismatic [0001] with {1010} or steeply pyramidal; also tabular {0001}. Crystals tiny and commonly grouped in parallel position.
Twinning:
1. Twin axis [2130] with (0001) as composition face. Twinned crystals having [0001] in common but turned 21°47' to each other. 2. Twin plane {4154} with the twinned crystals having c and c' almost at right angles.
Comment:
Strongly pronounced subcell: a = 11.393, c = 4.024 A (Merlino et al., 1995)
Crystallographic forms of Penfieldite
Crystal Atlas:
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Penfieldite no.1 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
3d models and HTML5 code kindly provided by
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0014517 | Penfieldite | Merlino S, Pasero M, Perchiazzi N, Gianfagna A (1995) X-ray and electron diffraction study of penfieldite: average structure and multiple cells Mineralogical Magazine 59 341-347 |  | 1995 | Etruscan iron slag, Baratti beach, Piombiono, Tuscany, Italy | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
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Radiation - Copper Kα
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 3.73 Å | (FFF) |
| 3.14 Å | (FF) |
| 3.31 Å | (F) |
| 2.744 Å | (F) |
| 2.563 Å | (F) |
| 2.266 Å | (F) |
| 5.70 Å | (mF) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47g : [Halogen-bearing surface weathering minerals] | |
| Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals | <10 Ka |
| 55 : Anthropogenic mine minerals | |
| 56 : Slag and smelter minerals (see also #51 and #55) | |
| 57 : Other minerals formed by human processes |
Geological Setting:
oxidized hydrothermal lead deposit
Type Occurrence of Penfieldite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Hexagonal crystals to 5 mm in length. With basalt termination or tapering.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
n.d.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Seawater modified slag deposits
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Reference:
Genth, F.A. (1892) On penfieldite, a new species. American Journal of Science: 144: 260-261.
Other Language Names for Penfieldite
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 14 photos of Penfieldite associated with Boleite | KPb26Ag9Cu24(OH)48Cl62 |
| 9 photos of Penfieldite associated with Pseudoboleite | Pb31Cu24Cl62(OH)48 |
| 7 photos of Penfieldite associated with Diaboleite | Pb2CuCl2(OH)4 |
| 4 photos of Penfieldite associated with Cotunnite | PbCl2 |
| 1 photo of Penfieldite associated with Laurionite | PbCl(OH) |
| 1 photo of Penfieldite associated with Hydrocerussite | Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| 1 photo of Penfieldite associated with Cuprite | Cu2O |
| 1 photo of Penfieldite associated with Unnamed (Orthorhombic dimorph of Barstowite) | Pb4CO3Cl6 · H2O |
| 1 photo of Penfieldite associated with Phosgenite | Pb2CO3Cl2 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 3.DC. | Lucabindiite | (K,NH4)As4O6(Cl,Br) |
| 3.DC. | Torrecillasite | Na(As,Sb)3+4O6Cl |
| 3.DC. | Gajardoite | KCa0.5As3+4O6Cl2 · 5H2O |
| 3.DC. | Cuatrocapaite-(NH₄) | (NH4)3(NaMg◻)(As2O3)6Cl6 · 16H2O |
| 3.DC. | Cuatrocapaite-(K) | K3(NaMg◻)(As2O3)6Cl6 · 16H2O |
| 3.DC. | Napoliite | Pb2OFCl |
| 3.DC.05 | Laurionite | PbCl(OH) |
| 3.DC.05 | Paralaurionite | PbCl(OH) |
| 3.DC.05 | Russoite | (NH4)ClAs2O3(H2O)0.5 |
| 3.DC.05 | Mauriziodiniite | (NH4)(As2O3)2I |
| 3.DC.10 | Fiedlerite | Pb3FCl4(OH) · H2O |
| 3.DC.15 | Telluroperite | Pb3TeO4Cl2 |
| 3.DC.20 | Laurelite | Pb7F12Cl2 |
| 3.DC.25 | Bismoclite | BiOCl |
| 3.DC.25 | Matlockite | PbFCl |
| 3.DC.25 | Rorisite | CaFCl |
| 3.DC.25 | Zavaritskite | (BiO)F |
| 3.DC.25 | Zhangpeishanite | BaFCl |
| 3.DC.30 | Nadorite | PbSbClO2 |
| 3.DC.30 | Perite | PbBiClO2 |
| 3.DC.40 | Thorikosite | Pb3Cl2(OH)(SbO3,AsO3) |
| 3.DC.45 | Mereheadite | Pb47Cl25(OH)13O24(CO3)(BO3)2 |
| 3.DC.50 | Blixite | Pb8O5(OH)2Cl4 |
| 3.DC.52 | Rumseyite | Pb2OClF |
| 3.DC.55 | Pinalite | Pb3WO5Cl2 |
| 3.DC.55 | Vladkrivovichevite | [Pb32O18][Pb4Mn2O]Cl14(BO3)8 · 2H2O |
| 3.DC.57 | Yeomanite | Pb2O(OH)Cl |
| 3.DC.60 | Lorettoite | Pb7O6Cl2 |
| 3.DC.60 | Symesite | Pb10(SO4)O7Cl4 · H2O |
| 3.DC.62 | Sarawakite (of Frenzel) | Sb, O, Cl (?) |
| 3.DC.65 | Ecdemite | Pb6Cl4(As2O7) |
| 3.DC.70 | Mendipite | Pb3Cl2O2 |
| 3.DC.75 | Damaraite | Pb3Cl(OH)O2 |
| 3.DC.80 | Onoratoite | Sb8Cl2O11 |
| 3.DC.95 | Barstowite | Pb4Cl6(CO3) · H2O |
Other Information
Notes:
Soluble in dilute HNO3. Decomposed by water, rendering a yellow-white precipitate of lead oxychloride.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Penfieldite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3146.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
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References for Penfieldite
Localities for Penfieldite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Afghanistan | |
| Merkel et al. (2013) |
Austria | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2013) |
Chile | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Brugger et al. (2012) |
| Freundlich +1 other reference | |
Czech Republic | |
| C.Auer (2017) |
Greece | |
| no description given yet] +1 other reference |
| Rieck et al. (2018) |
| 40 (in German) +6 other references |
| Fritz Schreiber collection | |
| Laurion The minerals in the ancient ... | |
| Gelaude et al. (1996) | |
| Gelaude et al. (1996) | |
| Gelaude et al. (1996) | |
| Lacroix et al. (1908) +1 other reference | |
Italy | |
| Palombi et al. (2009) |
| Rivista Mineralogica Italiana (Avril/Juin) |
| www.comune.pisa.it (2000) |
| Franzini et al. (1992) +2 other references |
Poland | |
| Kucha (2021) +1 other reference |
| Kucha (2021) +1 other reference |
South Africa | |
| Barkov et al. (2001) |
Spain | |
| Dill et al. (2023) |
| Rewitzer et al. (2018) |
| Van der Berg et al. (2020) |
Tunisia | |
| Kutzke et al. (1997) |
UK | |
| BMS Newsletter 79 (http://britishmicromountsociety.homestead.com/Gannell-Smelter.html) |
USA | |
| Ream (1995) |
Vietnam | |
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Margarita Mine, Caracoles, Caracoles mining district, Sierra Gorda, Antofagasta Province, Antofagasta, Chile