Phenakite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Phenakite
Formula:
Be2SiO4
Colour:
Colourless, white, yellow, pale rose
Lustre:
Vitreous
Hardness:
7½ - 8
Specific Gravity:
2.96 - 3
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1833 by Nils Gustaf Nordenskiöld (October 12, 1792, Mäntsälä – February 2, 1866, Finnish/Russian mineralogist) from the Greek for "deceiver", φέναξ, in allusion to its being mistaken for quartz.
Although the spelling phenacite has been used in the past, the approved spelling is phenakite.
Although the spelling phenacite has been used in the past, the approved spelling is phenakite.
Type Locality:
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3188
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3188:8
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
d9261da4-113e-48e0-be4e-90f3cbc68fcf
IMA Classification of Phenakite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Be2(SiO4)
First published:
1834
Classification of Phenakite
9.AA.05
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
A : Nesosilicates
A : Nesosilicates without additional anions; cations in tetrahedral [4] coordination
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
A : Nesosilicates
A : Nesosilicates without additional anions; cations in tetrahedral [4] coordination
Dana 7th ed.:
51.1.1.1
51.1.1.1
51 : NESOSILICATES Insular SiO4 Groups Only
1 : Insular SiO4 Groups Only with cations in [4] coordination
51 : NESOSILICATES Insular SiO4 Groups Only
1 : Insular SiO4 Groups Only with cations in [4] coordination
14.3.1
14 : Silicates not Containing Aluminum
3 : Silicates of Be
14 : Silicates not Containing Aluminum
3 : Silicates of Be
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Symbol | Source | Reference |
---|---|---|
Phk | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Phk | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Pronunciation of Phenakite
Pronunciation:
Play | Recorded by | Country |
---|---|---|
Jolyon Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Phenakite
Vitreous
Transparency:
Transparent
Colour:
Colourless, white, yellow, pale rose
Streak:
White
Hardness:
7½ - 8 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
Distinct {1120} and imperfect {1011}.
Distinct {1120} and imperfect {1011}.
Fracture:
Conchoidal
Density:
2.96 - 3 g/cm3 (Measured) 2.96 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Phenakite
Type:
Uniaxial (+)
RI values:
nω = 1.650 - 1.656 nε = 1.667 - 1.670
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.017
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Chemistry of Phenakite
Mindat Formula:
Be2SiO4
Elements listed:
Crystallography of Phenakite
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Class (H-M):
3 - Rhombohedral
Space Group:
R3
Cell Parameters:
a = 12.438 Å, c = 8.231 Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 0.662
Unit Cell V:
1,102.77 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
18
Morphology:
Flattened rhombohedra, often highly modified. Dominant forms {1120}, {1010}, {1011}, {1232}, {1123}, {2113}, {0112}. Tabular to prismatic, less commonly long prismatic to acicular to 20 cm. In columnar aggregates, as spherulites, and granular.
Twinning:
Penetration twins on {1010}, twin axis [0001].
Crystallographic forms of Phenakite
Crystal Atlas:
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0001110 | Phenakite | Downs J W, Gibbs G V (1987) An exploratory examination of the electron density and electrostatic potential of phenakite American Mineralogist 72 769-777 | 1987 | 0 | 293 | ||
0007371 | Phenakite | Hazen R M, Au A Y (1986) High-pressure crystal chemistry of phenakite (Be2SiO4) and bertrandite (Be4Si2O7(OH)2) Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 13 69-78 | 1986 | 0 | 293 | ||
0007372 | Phenakite | Hazen R M, Au A Y (1986) High-pressure crystal chemistry of phenakite (Be2SiO4) and bertrandite (Be4Si2O7(OH)2) Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 13 69-78 | 1986 | 1.6 | 293 | ||
0007373 | Phenakite | Hazen R M, Au A Y (1986) High-pressure crystal chemistry of phenakite (Be2SiO4) and bertrandite (Be4Si2O7(OH)2) Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 13 69-78 | 1986 | 3.6 | 293 | ||
0007374 | Phenakite | Hazen R M, Au A Y (1986) High-pressure crystal chemistry of phenakite (Be2SiO4) and bertrandite (Be4Si2O7(OH)2) Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 13 69-78 | 1986 | 4.95 | 293 | ||
0007439 | Phenakite | Hazen R M, Finger L W (1987) High-temperature crystal chemistry of phenakite (Be2SiO4) and Chrysoberyl (BeAl2O4) Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 14 426-434 | 1987 | 0 | 293 | ||
0007440 | Phenakite | Hazen R M, Finger L W (1987) High-temperature crystal chemistry of phenakite (Be2SiO4) and Chrysoberyl (BeAl2O4) Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 14 426-434 | 1987 | 0 | 293 | ||
0007441 | Phenakite | Hazen R M, Finger L W (1987) High-temperature crystal chemistry of phenakite (Be2SiO4) and Chrysoberyl (BeAl2O4) Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 14 426-434 | 1987 | 0 | 293 | ||
0007442 | Phenakite | Hazen R M, Finger L W (1987) High-temperature crystal chemistry of phenakite (Be2SiO4) and Chrysoberyl (BeAl2O4) Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 14 426-434 | 1987 | 0 | 293 | ||
0020478 | Phenakite | Tsirelson V G, Sokolova Y V, Urusov V S (1987) An X-ray diffraction study of the electron-density distribution and electrostatic potential in phenakite Be2SiO4 Geochemistry International 24 101-110 | 1987 | natural crystal from unreported locality | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Image Loading
Radiation - Copper Kα
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
3.12 Å | (100) |
3.66 Å | (80) |
2.52 Å | (70) |
2.36 Å | (70) |
2.19 Å | (60) |
2.08 Å | (50) |
6.24 Å | (40) |
3.60 Å | (30) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
---|---|
Near-surface Processes | |
23 : Subaerial aqueous alteration by non-redox-sensitive fluids (see also #47) | |
Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
34 : Complex granite pegmatites |
Geological Setting:
In granite pegmatites and schists
Type Occurrence of Phenakite
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Mining Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia, 617/22.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
In schist.
Reference:
Nordenskjöld N (1834) Beschreibung des Phenakits, eine neuen Minerals aus dem Ural. Annalen der Physik und Chemie 21: 57-62
Synonyms of Phenakite
Other Language Names for Phenakite
Relationship of Phenakite to other Species
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
110 photos of Phenakite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
60 photos of Phenakite associated with Smoky Quartz | SiO2 |
57 photos of Phenakite associated with Microcline | K(AlSi3O8) |
49 photos of Phenakite associated with Chlorite Group | |
44 photos of Phenakite associated with Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
43 photos of Phenakite associated with Beryl | Be3Al2(Si6O18) |
42 photos of Phenakite associated with Fluorite | CaF2 |
32 photos of Phenakite associated with Phlogopite | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
17 photos of Phenakite associated with Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
16 photos of Phenakite associated with Aquamarine | Be3Al2Si6O18 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
9.AA.05 | Eucryptite | LiAlSiO4 |
9.AA.05 | Willemite | Zn2SiO4 |
9.AA.10 | Liberite | Li2BeSiO4 |
Other Information
Thermal Behaviour:
Fusibility 7
Notes:
Insoluble in acids
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Phenakite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3188.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Phenakite
Reference List:
Nordenskjöld, Nils (1834) Beschreibung des Phenakits, eines neuen Minerals aus dem Ural. Annalen der Physik und Chemie, 107. 57-62 doi:10.1002/andp.18341070404
Russell, Arthur (1911) On the occurrence of Phenacite in Cornwall. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 16 (73) 55-62 doi:10.1180/minmag.1911.016.073.08
Russell, Arthur (1920) On the occurrence of Phenacite and Scheelite at Wheal Cock, St. Just, Cornwall. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 19 (88) 19-22 doi:10.1180/minmag.1920.019.88.06
Hazen, Robert M., Au, Andrew Y. (1986) High-pressure crystal chemistry of phenakite (Be2SiO4) and bertrandite (Be4Si2O7(OH)2) Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 13 (2) 69-78 doi:10.1007/bf00311896
Hemingway, Bruce S., Barton, Mark D., Robie, R. A., Haselton, H. T. (1986) Heat capacities and thermodynamic functions for beryl, Be3Al2Si6O18, phenakite, Be2SiO4, euclase, BeAlSiO4(OH), bertrandite, Be4Si2O7(OH)2, and chrysoberyl, BeAl2O4. American Mineralogist, 71 (3-4) 557-568
Localities for Phenakite
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality.
Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| Padrón de Minas de la Provincia de ... |
Kuck et al. (1998) +1 other reference | |
| Colombo et al. (2011) |
Australia | |
| SA Geodata Database - Mineral Deposit ... |
| mentioned references in description |
| Bottrill +1 other reference |
| Fetherston et al. (2013) |
| Pegamtites of Western Australia +2 other references |
Austria | |
| Indra |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
Niedermayr et al. (1995) | |
| Weninger (1976) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
Niedermayr et al. (1995) | |
| KOLLER (1978) +1 other reference |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
Strasser (1989) | |
| Strasser (1989) |
Strasser (1989) | |
Strasser (1989) | |
In Coll. M. Slama | |
| Niedermayr (1984) +1 other reference |
Strasser (1989) | |
Strasser (1989) | |
Strasser (1989) | |
Strasser (1989) | |
| Strasser (1989) |
Strasser (1989) | |
Strasser (1989) | |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Min.Rec.:20 (5) |
- (n.d.) | |
| Lapis 25 (12) |
Strasser (1989) | |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
Strasser (1989) | |
Strasser (1989) | |
Offer list of strahler Kurt Nowak +1 other reference | |
Strasser (1989) | |
| Gartner (1986) +1 other reference |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Collection of NHM |
Strasser (1989) | |
Strasser (1989) | |
Strasser (1989) | |
| Moser (1987) |
| - (n.d.) |
| ExtraLapis no. 12 (1997) |
Brazil | |
| Cassedanne (1985) |
| Anthony (1997) |
| - (2002) |
| Rob Lavinsky |
| Márcia Abrahão Moura (2007) +1 other reference |
| Bilal (2013) +1 other reference |
Bilal (2013) | |
| Blucher |
BR Minerals--proprietor knowledgeable about Brazil minerals (and retired university professor of mineralogy) | |
| Cassedanne (1985) |
Lapham (1971) +4 other references | |
Cassedanne (1985) | |
Cassedanne (1985) | |
| |
| e Souza et al. (2020) |
Canada | |
| Can.Rockhound v.3 |
| ... +2 other references |
SHEARD et al. (2012) | |
| Econ Geol (1995) +1 other reference |
Feng et al. (2015) | |
| - (n.d.) |
| Rocks & Min. (2007) |
| Shadow Lake RockHounders Facebook group |
| ontariominerals.com |
| Currie (1980) |
| Potter et al. (2005) |
| Kirkland Lake - Rouyn-Noranda - Val d'Or +1 other reference |
Chile | |
| British Museum online catalogue 2007 |
China | |
| Rao +8 other references |
| - (n.d.) |
| Huang et al. (1988) |
Yuzhou Li (1990) | |
| Shimou Chen et al. (1981) +3 other references |
| Yuzhou Li (1990) |
| Jordi Fabre |
| Zongzhen Zhang (1974) +3 other references |
| Chenghua Zhang and Guodong Ji (1983) |
| Fu et al. (2023) |
| Dai et al. (2021) +2 other references |
Wang et al. (2022) | |
| Denghong Wang et al. (2003) |
| www.smartminerals.com (2004) |
Czech Republic | |
| Stanek et al. (1993) |
| Novák et al. (2013) +1 other reference |
| Němec |
| |
| Cempírek |
| třebíčský masiv +1 other reference |
| Výravský et al. (2017) |
Ethiopia | |
| - (3 specimens in Rock Currier collection, California) +2 other references |
Finland | |
| Ilkka Mikkola collection +1 other reference |
Lahti Seppo I. 2011. Kotkan ... | |
France | |
Belsher (1979) | |
| Valverde J. (1999) |
| De Ascençao Guedes et al. (2000) |
De Ascençao Guedes et al. (2000) | |
De Ascençao Guedes et al. (2000) | |
De Ascenção Guedes (2001) | |
| T. Brunsperger collection |
| Germain C. (1988) |
| De Ascençao Guedes et al. (2001) |
| A. Wittern et al. (Cologne) |
| J.-L. Hohl: "Minéraux et Mines du Massif Vosgien" (Mulhouse) |
| Wittern et al. (Cologne) |
Kievlenko et al. (2003) | |
| Guitard (2010) |
| MAURY (S) |
Germany | |
| Lapis 21 (12) |
Markl et al. (1996) | |
| 54. +1 other reference |
| Stobbe (1988) |
| Moore (1987) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Rewitzer et al. (1985) |
| https://www.mineralienatlas.de/?l=57343 +2 other references |
| Wittern (2001) |
| www.minmax.net |
Indonesia | |
| Schwartz (1990) |
Italy | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Vignola P. et al. (2015) |
| Pezzotta et al. (1999) +1 other reference |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
imgdb.amiminerals.it (n.d.) | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| |
| Cantadore et al. (1970) +1 other reference |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Locality description |
| Rivista Mineralogica Italiana |
| Dallinger (2002) |
| Folie et al. (1999) |
| Vecchi et al. (2013) |
| Ceciliato (2007) |
| Tobias U. Prediger collection |
Japan | |
| Nagashima & Sakurai (1969) |
Masutomi Museum specimens (Kyoto) +1 other reference | |
| Yoshikazu Aoki (1974) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Jeremolenko (2002) |
| Chen Xuanhua et al. (2010) |
| Evseev (1995) +1 other reference |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
Kyrgyzstan | |
| Djenchuraeva et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
Madagascar | |
| Sammer (2020) +1 other reference |
| Andrianjakavah et al. +1 other reference |
| Larsen (2003) |
Novák et al. (2015) | |
| Wilson (1984) +1 other reference |
| Lapis 29 (5) |
In Collection of martin Slama | |
| Julien Raoul field observation |
Mexico | |
| R |
| |
Mozambique | |
| Figueiredo et al. (2008) |
| Thomas et al. (2010) |
| Moiana (2010) |
Myanmar | |
| |
| Moore (2005) |
Themelis (2008) | |
Rob Lavinsky | |
Harald Schillhammer collection +2 other references | |
Namibia | |
| Cairncross (2005) |
Medenbach (2001) | |
| von Bezing (2007) |
Nigeria | |
| Bill Larson specimen |
Norway | |
| Vogt (1912) +1 other reference |
| Brommeland (1980) +1 other reference |
| Hurum et al. (1997) +2 other references |
| Eldjarn (1978) +1 other reference |
| Husdal (2008) |
| Grauch et al. (1994) +1 other reference |
| Husdal (2023) |
| Eldjarn et al. (1982) |
| Oftedal et al. (1965) |
Eldjarn (1978) | |
| Knut Edvard Larsen collection # 291 +1 other reference |
Belsher (1979) | |
| Brögger (1907) |
Hintze (1897) +3 other references | |
| Larsen et al. (2010) |
| Bjørn Kåre Stensvold collection june ... |
| Eldjarn (1978) +1 other reference |
Garmo et al. (2017) | |
Larsen (2015) | |
Larsen (2022) | |
| Anne Varvara Andersen |
Knut Edvard Larsen collection # MM-1903 | |
| Larsen et al. (2013) |
| Kvamsdal (1995) |
Pakistan | |
| Cooper (1992) |
| Baluwet |
Canadian Mineralogist | |
| Wilson (2006) |
imported from Shigar District +1 other reference | |
Poland | |
| ŁODZIŃSKI et al. 2010: Beryllium minerals (beryl, phenakite and bavenite) |
Szuszkiewicz et al. (2013) | |
Pieczka et al. (2012) | |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
Körber et al. (2005) +1 other reference | |
| Szełęg E. & Szuszkiewicz A. 2010: ... |
| Pieczka et al. (2023) |
Pieczka et al. (2023) | |
Portugal | |
| Dias et al. (2009) |
| Seixigal granite pegmatite (NE Portugal) |
| |
| |
| Identified in Rebentão Mine |
| |
| |
Russia | |
| Bulnaev (2006) |
Pekov (1998) +2 other references | |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) +4 other references |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) +3 other references |
Савченко et al. (Geochemical Characteristics of Mineral Parageneses of the Zharchikha Molybdenum Deposit ) | |
| Pekov (1998) +1 other reference |
| Galina Gubko (2009) |
Pekov (1998) | |
Bailey | |
Palache et al. (1951) | |
| King (n.d.) +2 other references |
Belsher (1979) | |
| Bailey +1 other reference |
Ryazantseva (2001) +1 other reference | |
| Ivashchenko et al. (2006) |
| V.A. Gorelov (1997) |
| Pekov (1998) +1 other reference |
Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) | |
Stobbe (1987) | |
| Avdonin V.N. (2004) |
| |
| Sokol et al. (2010) |
Sokol et al. (2010) | |
| Zap. Vseross. Mineral. Obshch. (2) +2 other references |
Moore (1992) | |
Slovakia | |
| Uher et al. (2009) |
| Chudík et al. (2009) |
Martin Števko-unpublished | |
| Števko M. et al. (2012) |
| Ozdín D. (Praha) |
| Uher P. et al. (Považský Inovec, západné Slovensko) |
South Africa | |
| Yin Yin Nwe et al. (1993) |
Yin Yin Nwe et al. (1993) | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Gevers +2 other references |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
Spain | |
| & locality references +1 other reference |
| Pura Alfonso - J. C. Melgarejo et al. (2000) |
| Carlos G. Bargueño |
| Calvo et al. (1997) |
Sri Lanka | |
| Ceylon Aluvial Mine (Book, Co. 2002) |
Sweden | |
| Langhof et al. (2016) |
| Nysten et al. (2006) |
| Gustafsson (1992) +2 other references |
Gustafsson (1992) | |
| Gustafsson (1992) |
| Gatedal (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Nysten (2004) |
| Nysten (1996) |
| Jonsson et al. (1997) |
| Mårtensson (1960) +1 other reference |
Switzerland | |
| Schweizer (1980) +1 other reference |
| 54. +1 other reference |
| Jahn (2008) |
Jahn et al. (2005) | |
Stalder et al. (1998) | |
| Brugger et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Amacher (1987) |
| 54. +1 other reference |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Weiß (1989) +2 other references |
| Weiss (2002) |
| Christian Bracke Collection |
Stalder et al. (1998) | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1973) |
Belsher (1979) | |
| |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1973) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
Stalder et al. (1973) | |
| Stalder et al. (1973) |
Stalder et al. (1973) | |
| In Collection of Martin Slama |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
Tajikistan | |
| Yarmolyuk et al. (2011) |
Tanzania | |
| - (2002) |
UK | |
| Russell (1911) +2 other references |
| Russell (1911) +1 other reference |
| Russell (1911) +1 other reference |
| Bowman (1911) +2 other references |
Golley et al. (1995) | |
Russell (1911) +1 other reference | |
| |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Russell (1911) +2 other references |
Sowerby (1809) +1 other reference | |
| Russell (1911) +3 other references |
| Russell (1920) +1 other reference |
Golley et al. (1995) | |
| Russell (1911) |
Ukraine | |
| Bailey +3 other references |
Bailey +2 other references | |
Coll. "Spirifer" Geological Society | |
Martin Števko collection | |
USA | |
| Sinkankas (1981) |
- (2008) | |
| - (2008) |
| Jahns et al. (1951) |
| Jahns et al. (1951) |
| - (2005) |
[MinRec 2:102 +1 other reference | |
- (2005) | |
Sterling (2023) | |
- (2005) | |
Betts (n.d.) | |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| [MinRec 5:183 |
Muntyan et al. (1985) +1 other reference | |
Muntyan et al. (1985) | |
| Adam Sotomayor |
Pearl (1974) | |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| American Mineralogist (1936) +1 other reference |
Muntyan et al. (1985) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
Dorris et al. (the summer of the gremlins continues) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
Joseph Dorris (2011) +2 other references | |
Belsher (1979) | |
Bartsch (1987) | |
| Schooner (circa 1980s) |
| Moritz (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| W.C. van Laer |
| WC van Laer |
Ream (2004) | |
| Ream (2004) |
Menzies et al. (1993) +3 other references | |
| Belsher (1979) |
| King et al. (1994) +2 other references |
| Guidebook 1 to Mineral Collecting in ... +2 other references |
| www.johnbetts-fineminerals.com +1 other reference |
| King |
| Thompson et al. (1998) |
| Palache (1907) |
| Shepard (1842) |
| William C. van Laer |
| - (2005) |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Foord et al. (1999) |
| [MinRec 20:70 |
| Belsher (1979) |
| Henderson (1983) |
Dallaire (2022) | |
| Barton (1968) +3 other references |
| Rocks and Minerals (1990) |
Rocks and Minerals (1990) +1 other reference | |
| |
| USGS Bull 1312D +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Min. 80:256 (2005) +1 other reference |
| |
Rocks & Min 80:249 | |
Harvard Mineralogical Museum +1 other reference | |
| Wilson (1986) +2 other references |
| Smith (2005) |
| Edward C. Bingler (1968) |
| Richard James Jacquot |
| Smithsonian Institution Mineral ... |
Dorothy M. Schlegal (1957) | |
| - (2005) |
| Smith (1991) |
| Yedlin (1971) |
| Rocks & Min.: 60: 165. |
| Rocks & Min.: 8:143-144. |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Rocks & Min.:60:168. |
| Falster (1981) +1 other reference |
Falster (1987) | |
Hanson et al. (1999) | |
Thomas Buchholz +1 other reference | |
Buchholz et al. (2002) | |
www.uwrf.edu/~wc01 | |
Bull. Minéral. | |
Martin Slama Collection | |
| Cordua (1998) |
Uzbekistan | |
| Badalov et al. (1976) |
Zambia | |
| Chiappero (2000) |
| Behling et al. (2010) |
Zimbabwe | |
| - (2002) |
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Phenakite Mine, Khetchel village, Molo quarter, Momeik Township, Kyaukme District, Shan State, Myanmar