Platinum
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
This page kindly sponsored by Jolyon Ralph
About Platinum
Formula:
Pt
Colour:
Steel grey to dark grey
Lustre:
Metallic
Hardness:
4 - 4½
Specific Gravity:
14 - 19
Crystal System:
Isometric
Name:
From Spanish "platina", diminutive of "plata", silver. The new metal found in large placer deposits during the sixteenth-century Spanish conquest of South America was called "platina del Pinto" after the Rio Pinto, Columbia.
Type Locality:
Palladium-Platinum Series.
Note that true native platinum in the mineralogical species sense is a rather rare mineral, and most of the specimens so labelled are in fact isoferroplatinum or intimate mixtures of isoferroplatinum and tetraferroplatinum.
Note that true native platinum in the mineralogical species sense is a rather rare mineral, and most of the specimens so labelled are in fact isoferroplatinum or intimate mixtures of isoferroplatinum and tetraferroplatinum.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3236
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3236:6
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
1ff83e51-3cd1-4a39-a4dd-ff729f428d0f
IMA Classification of Platinum
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
Classification of Platinum
1.AF.10
1 : ELEMENTS (Metals and intermetallic alloys; metalloids and nonmetals; carbides, silicides, nitrides, phosphides)
A : Metals and Intermetallic Alloys
F : Platinum group elements
1 : ELEMENTS (Metals and intermetallic alloys; metalloids and nonmetals; carbides, silicides, nitrides, phosphides)
A : Metals and Intermetallic Alloys
F : Platinum group elements
Dana 7th ed.:
1.2.1.1
1.2.1.1
1 : NATIVE ELEMENTS AND ALLOYS
2 : Platinum Group Metals and Alloys
1 : NATIVE ELEMENTS AND ALLOYS
2 : Platinum Group Metals and Alloys
1.82
1 : Elements and Alloys (including the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au)
1 : Elements and Alloys (including the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au)
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Symbol | Source | Reference |
---|---|---|
Pt | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Pt | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Platinum
Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Steel grey to dark grey
Streak:
Steel grey to dark grey
Hardness:
4 - 4½ on Mohs scale
Hardness:
VHN100=279 - 339 kg/mm2 - Vickers
Tenacity:
Malleable
Fracture:
Hackly
Density:
14 - 19 g/cm3 (Measured) 21.472 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Platinum
Type:
Isotropic
Reflectivity:
Wavelength | R |
---|---|
400nm | 60.5% |
440nm | 63.8% |
480nm | 66.3% |
520nm | 68.6% |
560nm | 70.2% |
600nm | 71.2% |
640nm | 71.8% |
680nm | 72.4% |
700nm | 72.8% |
Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Top of box is 100%. Peak reflectance is 72.8%.
Colour in reflected light:
white
Chemistry of Platinum
Mindat Formula:
Pt
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Fe,Ir,Os,Rh,Pd,Au,Cu
Crystallography of Platinum
Crystal System:
Isometric
Class (H-M):
m3m (4/m 3 2/m) - Hexoctahedral
Space Group:
Fm3m
Cell Parameters:
a = 3.9231 Å
Unit Cell V:
60.38 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Twinning:
On {111}
Comment:
Cubic crystals
Crystal Structure
Load
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
Show
Big Balls | Small Balls | Just Balls | Spacefill
Polyhedra Off | Si Polyhedra | All Polyhedra
Remove metal-metal sticks
Big Balls | Small Balls | Just Balls | Spacefill
Polyhedra Off | Si Polyhedra | All Polyhedra
Remove metal-metal sticks
Display Options
Black Background | White Background
Perspective On | Perspective Off
2D | Stereo | Red-Blue | Red-Cyan
Black Background | White Background
Perspective On | Perspective Off
2D | Stereo | Red-Blue | Red-Cyan
View
CIF File Best | x | y | z | a | b | c
CIF File Best | x | y | z | a | b | c
Rotation
Stop | Start
Stop | Start
Labels
Console Off | On | Grey | Yellow
Console Off | On | Grey | Yellow
Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0011157 | Platinum | Wyckoff R W G (1963) Second edition. Interscience Publishers, New York, New York Cubic closest packed, ccp, structure Crystal Structures 1 7-83 | 1963 | 0 | 293 | ||
0014947 | Platinum | Owen E A, Yates E L (1933) Precision measurements of crystal parameters Philosophical Magazine 15 472-488 | 1933 | synthetic | 0 | 291 | |
0018004 | Platinum | Hull A (1921) Crystal structures of common elements _cod_database_code 1011109 Physical Review 17 571-587 | 1921 | 0 | 293 | ||
0018006 | Platinum | Kahler H (1921) The crystalline structures of sputtered and evaporated metallic films _cod_database_code 1011111 Physical Review 18 210-217 | 1921 | 0 | 293 | ||
0015131 | Platinum | Davey W P (1925) Lattice constants of twelve common metals Physical Review 25 753-761 | 1925 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
0018008 | Platinum | Davey W (1925) Precission measurements of the lattices of 12 simple metals _cod_database_code 1011113 Physical Review 25 753-761 | 1925 | 0 | 293 | ||
0018009 | Platinum | Uspenski N, Konobejewski S (1923) Beugung der Roentgenstrahlen in mikrokrystallinen Strukturen _cod_database_code 1011114 Zeitschrift fur Physik 16 215-227 | 1923 | 0 | 293 | ||
0018002 | Platinum | Barth T, Lunde G (1926) Die Gitterkonstanten des Platinmetalle, Silber und Gold _cod_database_code 1011107 Zeitschrift fur Physikalische Chemie 121 78-102 | 1926 | 0 | 293 | ||
0017998 | Platinum | Bredig G, Allolio R (1927) Roentgenuntersuchungen an katalytisch wirkenden Metallen _cod_database_code 1011103 Zeitschrift fur Physikalische Chemie 126 41-71 | 1927 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
2.265 Å | (100) |
1.9616 Å | (53) |
1.1826 Å | (33) |
1.3873 Å | (31) |
0.8008 Å | (29) |
0.9000 Å | (22) |
0.8773 Å | (20) |
Comments:
Synthetic
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
---|---|
Near-surface Processes | |
26 : Hadean detrital minerals | |
Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
36 : Carbonatites, kimberlites, and related igneous rocks | |
37 : Layered igneous intrusions and related PGE minerals | |
Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics | <3.5-2.5 |
38 : Ophiolites |
Geological Setting:
Mafic and ultramafic rocks.
Type Occurrence of Platinum
Synonyms of Platinum
Other Language Names for Platinum
Albanian:Platini
Arabic:بلاتين
Armenian:Պլատին
Basque:Platino
Belarusian:Плаціна
Bengali:প্লাটিনাম
Bosnian:Platina
Bulgarian:Платина
Catalan:Platí
Chuvash:Платина
Corsican:Platinu
Croatian:Platina
Czech:Platina
Danish:Platin
Dutch:Platina
Erzya:Ашо сырне
Esperanto:Plateno
Estonian:Plaatina
Farsi/Persian:پلاتین
Finnish:Platina
French:Platine
Friulian:Platin
Galician:Platino
Georgian:პლატინა
German:Platin
Gediegen Platin
Gediegen Platin
Greek:Λευκόχρυσος
Haitian:Platin
Hebrew:פלטינה
Hungarian:Platina
Icelandic:Platína
Ido:Platino
Indonesian:Platina
Interlingua:Platino
Italian:Platino
Korean:백금
Kurdish (Latin Script):Platîn
Latin:Platinum
Latvian:Platīns
Lithuanian:Platina
Lojban:Jinmrplati
Low Saxon/Low German:Platin
Luxembourgish:Platin
Macedonian:Платина
Malayalam:പ്ലാറ്റിനം
Manx:Platinum
Norwegian:Platina
Norwegian (Nynorsk):Platina
Occitan:Platin
Polish:Platyna
Portuguese:Platina
Quechua:Qullqiya
Romanian:Platină
Russian:Платина
Serbian:Платина
Serbo-Croatian:Platina
Sicilian:Plàtinu
Simplified Chinese:自然铂
Slovak:Platina
Slovenian:Platina
Spanish:Platino
Swahili:Platini
Swedish:Platina
Tajik (Cyrillic Script):Платина
Tamil:பிளாட்டினம்
Thai:แพลทินัม
Traditional Chinese:自然白金
Turkish:Platin
Ukrainian:Платина
Vietnamese:Bạch kim
Welsh:Platinwm
Varieties of Platinum
Avaite | An Platinum-Iridium alloy with a Pt:Ir ratio of about 2:1. Originally reported from Kani, Chindwin river, Innwa (Ava; Ratanapura), Mandalay Division, Myanmar (Burma). |
Palladium-bearing Platinum | A variety of usually iron-free Platinum enriched with Palladium up to 20 and more mas.%. |
Polyxene | Disordered Fe-Pt alloys with a primitive cubic unit cell. It may to contain Fe in the range 10-50 at.%. Ferroan platinum differs from Isoferroplatinum and Tetraferroplatinum by the symmetry of its unit cell. Described by Hausman in 1813 from Colombia. |
Rhodic Platinum | A rhodian Platinum with 4.6% Rh. |
Relationship of Platinum to other Species
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
6 photos of Platinum associated with Palladium | (Pd,Pt) |
5 photos of Platinum associated with Gold | Au |
4 photos of Platinum associated with Osmium | (Os,Ir,Ru) |
3 photos of Platinum associated with Dunite | |
3 photos of Platinum associated with Hortonolite | from (Fe1.5Mg0.5)2SiO4 to (Mg1.5Fe0.5)2SiO4 |
3 photos of Platinum associated with Potarite | PdHg |
3 photos of Platinum associated with Isoferroplatinum | Pt3Fe |
2 photos of Platinum associated with Iridium | (Ir,Os,Ru) |
2 photos of Platinum associated with Zircon | Zr(SiO4) |
2 photos of Platinum associated with Irarsite | (Ir,Ru,Rh,Pt)AsS |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
Other Information
Notes:
Non-magnetic to distinctly magnetic when rich in iron.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Industrial Uses:
Catalysts, jewelry
Internet Links for Platinum
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3236.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Platinum
Localities for Platinum
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality.
Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Albania | |
| Zaccarini F et al. (PGE) +1 other reference |
Argentina | |
| Angelelli |
Angelelli | |
| Rudashevsky et al. (2018) |
| Brodtkorb (2002) |
Brodtkorb (2002) | |
Australia | |
| Brown et al. (2001) |
| G.A. Albertson Data |
| Dana's System of Mineralogy |
Carlo Tortorella | |
Dana's System of Mineralogy | |
| Krister (krister_w@hotmail.com) |
Bowman et al. (1979) | |
Card (1902) +1 other reference | |
| Narromine 1:250 000 Mine Data Sheets |
Bowman et al. (1979) | |
Narromine 1:250 000 Mine Data Sheets | |
Bowman et al. (1979) | |
| Henley et al. (2001) |
| G. A. Albertson Data |
Henley et al. (2001) | |
| G. A. Albertson Data |
Carlo Tortorella | |
Carlo Tortorella | |
| Stevens (1972) |
| |
Stevens B.P.J. et al. (2003) | |
G. A. Albertson Data | |
Northern Broken Hill Block | |
| Carlo Tortorella +4 other references |
Crohn (1968) | |
| Cranfield et al. (1997) |
Cranfield et al. (1997) | |
| G. A. Albertson Data |
G. A. Albertson Data | |
| Barnes |
| Butt et al. (2003) |
Austria | |
| Pichler (2009) |
| Bojar +1 other reference |
| Melcher+Mali (1998) |
| Grachev (Ed) +1 other reference |
Brazil | |
| Menez +1 other reference |
| Marchetto (1990) |
| Kwitko et al. (2002) |
Cornejo et al. (2009) | |
| Min.Rec.: 23: 471-474 +3 other references |
| Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 40 |
33rd International Geological Congress (2008) | |
Cabral et al. (2002) +1 other reference | |
Bulgaria | |
| Цинцов (1998) |
| Atanasov (1990) |
| Kunov |
| I. Kostov et al. (1964) |
Canada | |
| Alberta Geological Survey et al. (2007) |
| BC Government Mining Report - 1918 +1 other reference |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
R. M. Thompson (1954) | |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| cgi.ebay.com.au (n.d.) |
| Canadian Mineralogist |
| ... +1 other reference |
USGS Professional Paper 630. +3 other references | |
| Edwards (1990) |
| Nova Scotia Mineral Occurrence Database ... |
| Moorhouse W. W. (1942) |
| Mcdonald et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
| J.J. O'Neill and H.C. Gunning et al. (Pg. 55) |
Traill (1983) | |
Traill (1983) | |
| Fedortchouk et al. (2010) |
Barkov et al. (2002) | |
China | |
| Enhuan Jia (1986) +3 other references |
| Bilun Luo (1979) +2 other references |
Zuxiang Yu (1995) +1 other reference | |
| Keqiao Chen et al. (1981) |
Yu et al. (2009) | |
Yu Zuxiang (1985) | |
| Yu Zuxiang et al. (1974) |
Yu Zuxiang (1995) | |
| Zuxiang (1981) |
| Yu Zuxiang et al. (1974) +1 other reference |
| Khanchuk et al. (2017, March) |
| Anthony et al. (1997) |
| Chen Lichang et al. (1994) |
| Chen Keqiao et al. (1981) |
| Xiaoqiang Hu et al. (2001) |
XU et al. (2015) | |
| Yao et al. (2003) |
| |
| |
| Yao et al. (2003) |
| Guofan Liu et al. (2005) |
| Jianxun Bai (1987) |
| Minqing Cheng et al. (1993) |
| Hercule Shen |
| Min Liu (2002) +1 other reference |
| [var: Avaite] Yuan Li (1998) |
Colombia | |
| USGS Professional Paper 630 |
Clark et al. (1985) | |
| Mitchell (1923) +1 other reference |
Czech Republic | |
| Malec J |
| Mineralogy and geology prospecting |
DR Congo | |
| Gauthier et al. (1989) |
| ... |
| Jedwab et al. (1992) |
East Timor | |
Ecuador | |
| Barron et al. (2024) |
| Weiser et al. (1993) |
Egypt | |
| El Aref et al. (2020) |
Ethiopia | |
| Zelenski et al. (2013) |
| Econ Geol (1986) |
[var: Polyxene] Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data (2014) | |
Finland | |
Törroos Ragnar +1 other reference | |
| Kari Kojonen (2012) |
Tuisku | |
| Cabri et al. (2022) |
| Andersen et al. (2006) |
| Gervilla |
France | |
| Ducluzaux B. (2022) |
| Ducluzaux B. (2022) |
| Ducluzaux (2018) |
| Ducluzaux (2022) |
| Lorand et al. (2018) |
| Ducluzaux B. (2022) |
| Ducluzaux B. (2022) |
| Ducluzaux B. (2022) |
| Ducluzaux (2021) |
| Lacroix (1910) |
Les minéraux et al. (1977) | |
| Ducluzaux (2018) +1 other reference |
| Ducluzaux (2022) |
| Ducluzaux (2022) |
Germany | |
| Harald G. Dill et al. (2009) |
| Dr Yohachiro Okamoto collection (curated at the Geological Museum of the Geological Survey of Japan, specimen M7138 #528A.) |
| Oberthür et al. (2016) |
Guinea | |
| Pavel Kartashov. |
Honduras | |
| Bersani et al. (2009) |
Mattioli et al. (2014) | |
India | |
| Raju et al. (2022) |
Indonesia | |
| Hattori et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
Stumpfl et al. (1974) +1 other reference | |
www.nalanda.nitc.ac.in (n.d.) | |
Ireland | |
| Henwood (1871) +2 other references |
Italy | |
| AA. VV. |
| AA. VV. |
Japan | |
| |
| NISHIO–HAMANE et al. (2022) |
| NISHIO–HAMANE et al. (2022) |
NISHIO–HAMANE et al. (2022) | |
| NISHIO–HAMANE et al. (2022) |
| NISHIO–HAMANE et al. (2022) |
| Sadanaga et al. (1974) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Stepanets et al. (2018) |
Madagascar | |
| Behier (1963) |
| Behier (1963) |
| Behier (1963) |
Mexico | |
| Zaccarini +2 other references |
| 2009 Portland GSA Annual Meeting (18-21 October 2009) |
Mongolia | |
| Robin Grayson & Baatar Tumenbayar (2005) |
Myanmar | |
| thediggings.com (n.d.) |
| [var: Avaite] Clark (1993) |
| - (n.d.) |
New Zealand | |
| OREPUKI SHALE AND MINERALS Otago Daily ... |
| ... |
| ... |
| ... |
| Fraser (1910) |
... | |
| Farquharson (1910) |
Niger | |
| Machens (1964) |
Norway | |
| Bjørlykke (1966) +1 other reference |
| Dahl (1891) +1 other reference |
| Econ Geol (1993) +1 other reference |
Pacific Ocean | |
Astakhova (2008, October) | |
Papua New Guinea | |
| Mineralogy and Petrology 68:159-176 (2000) |
| Davies |
www.minport.com (n.d.) | |
| [AmMin 85:1325] |
Philippines | |
| South-East Asian Oil |
| Shaofeng Huang (2011) |
| Oberthür et al. (2017) |
Poland | |
| Sachanbiński et al. 2000: Heavy ... |
Portugal | |
| LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia ... |
LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia ... | |
LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia ... | |
| LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia ... |
| LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia ... |
LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia ... | |
| LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia ... |
LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia ... | |
| LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia ... |
| LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia ... |
LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia ... | |
Romania | |
| Udubaşa G. et al. (2004) |
Russia | |
| Nesterenko +4 other references |
| Stepanov et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
| Kepezhinskas et al. (2023) |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data 2018 |
| Ariskin et al. (2017) |
Spiridonov et al. (2018) | |
| Zaykov et al. (2017) |
Zaykov et al. (2017) | |
| Talovina et al. (2003) |
| Razin et al. (1989) |
| [AmMin 85:1325] +1 other reference |
| Rudashevskiy et al. (1985) +1 other reference |
| Keren Tan (1998) +2 other references |
| Mochalov et al. (2022) |
| Tolstykh et al. (2000) |
| Palyanova et al. (2023) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) +4 other references |
Tolstykh et al. (2004) +1 other reference | |
Tolstykh et al. (2004) +1 other reference | |
Tolstykh et al. (2004) +1 other reference | |
Kutyrev et al. (2018) +1 other reference | |
| |
| Zelenski et al. (2020) |
| Подлипский et al. (1999) |
Sidorov et al. (2004) | |
| Tolstykh et al. (2009) |
| Kepezhinskas et al. (2022) |
| Nesterenko et al. (2017) +1 other reference |
| Mineral. Rec. 24:225 +3 other references |
| Lavrik et al. (2020) |
... | |
| Malitch K.N. et al. (2001) |
| Sazonov et al. (2024) |
| Groshev +6 other references |
Groshev +6 other references | |
| Ханчук А.И. et al. (Приморье) |
| Shcheka G.G. et al. (2004) |
| V.V. Seredin data |
| Grokhovskaya et al. (2005) |
Grishaenko et al. (2007) | |
| Коневин et al. (2020) |
| Okrugin (1998) |
Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data 2012 | |
A.Ya. Kochetkov (2006) | |
| Airiyants et al. (2014) +1 other reference |
Geological Society of America Abstracts ... +1 other reference | |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| 33rd International Geological Congress (2008) |
| Hercule Shen |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data of ... |
| Stepanov et al. (2023) |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data |
Mineralogy of Ural. Native elements et al. (in Rus.) +1 other reference | |
| King (n.d.) |
Stepanov et al. (2019) | |
Stepanov et al. (2019) | |
| Murzin et al. (2009) |
Wilson (1980) +1 other reference | |
Serbia | |
| Krstic et al. (1997) |
Sierra Leone | |
| Economic Geology (1986) +1 other reference |
Slovakia | |
| Ďuďa R. et al. (Schemnitz) |
South Africa | |
... +1 other reference | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
McCall (2016) | |
| Melcher et al. (2005) |
Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
www.angloplatinum.com (n.d.) | |
| Kottke-Levin (2011) |
II et al. (3) +1 other reference | |
www.angloamerican.com (n.d.) | |
| www.fc.up.pt/geo/ecrofi/377.PDF. +3 other references |
| Ramakoloi N (2014) |
Ramdohr (1969) | |
- (2009) | |
Wilson (2010) | |
| Platinum mine |
| PMPB Meulenbeld collection Photo ID: ... |
| www.sylvaniaplatinum.com (2014) |
de Grys et al. (1987) +1 other reference | |
| www.platmin.com (2012) |
www.platmin.com (2012) | |
www.platmin.com (2012) | |
www.platmin.com (2012) | |
| www2.nbm.co.za (n.d.) |
| www.dmr.gov.za (n.d.) |
| www.dmr.gov.za (n.d.) |
| www.wesizwe.com (2013) |
Mining Annual Review (1985) +1 other reference | |
| www.dmr.gov.za (n.d.) |
www.dmr.gov.za (n.d.) | |
| www.dmr.gov.za (n.d.) |
www2.nbm.co.za (n.d.) | |
| www.dmr.gov.za (n.d.) |
www.dmr.gov.za (n.d.) | |
| www.dmr.gov.za (n.d.) |
| www.dmr.gov.za (n.d.) |
| www.dmr.gov.za (n.d.) |
| www.dmr.gov.za (n.d.) |
| Andreoli et al. (1997) +2 other references |
Spain | |
| Gervilla Linares F (1990) |
| Romero Silva (2003) |
| Joaquim Mollfulleda |
Tanzania | |
| Wilhelmij et al. (2016) |
| Evans et al. (2012) |
Turkey | |
| N. Jb. Mineral. 185 (2009) |
UK | |
| Golley et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
Golley et al. (1995) | |
| Power et al. (2000) |
| Power et al. (2004) |
| Power et al. (2000) |
Ukraine | |
| Gurov et al. (2013) +1 other reference |
USA | |
| - (2008) |
... | |
- (2008) | |
- (2008) | |
- (2008) | |
- (2008) | |
- (2008) | |
Canadian Mineralogist: 22: 543-552. | |
Snetsinger (1973) +1 other reference | |
ardf.wr.usgs.gov (2023) | |
- (2008) | |
Anthony et al. (1990) | |
- (2008) | |
- (2008) | |
- (2008) | |
- (2008) | |
- (2008) | |
Private Collection | |
- (2008) | |
| - (2008) |
USGS OFR 98-287 (Freeman,1998) | |
| - (2008) |
- (2008) | |
| - (2008) |
- (2008) | |
- (2008) | |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
- (2008) | |
- (2008) | |
- (2008) | |
- (2008) | |
- (2008) | |
- (2008) | |
- (2008) | |
- (2008) | |
- (2008) | |
- (2008) | |
- (2008) | |
- (2008) | |
| - (2008) |
- (2008) | |
- (2008) | |
- (2008) | |
- (2008) | |
| - (2008) |
- (2008) | |
| - (2008) |
- (2008) | |
| - (2008) |
- (2008) | |
- (2008) | |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| Alaska Geological Survey Public-data F ... +1 other reference |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| USGS MRDS database file #10038174 +2 other references |
| Galbraith (1947) +1 other reference |
| Galbraith (1947) |
| Guild (1910) +3 other references |
Guild (1910) +2 other references | |
| - (2005) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 39. +2 other references |
Palache et al. (1944) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 39. +2 other references |
- (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Logan (1918) +1 other reference |
Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 41. +2 other references | |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 41. +2 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 41. +2 other references |
Logan (1918) +1 other reference | |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 41. +2 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 41. +2 other references |
Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 41. +2 other references | |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 41. +2 other references |
| Logan (1918) +2 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 41. +1 other reference |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 41. +2 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 41. +3 other references |
| Pacific Southwest Field Committee (PSFC) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
| Richthofen (1865) +1 other reference |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 63. +1 other reference |
| Logan (1918) +1 other reference |
Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 41. +2 other references | |
| Logan (1918) +1 other reference |
| Logan (1918) +1 other reference |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 41. +3 other references |
Hanks (1870) +1 other reference | |
Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 41. +2 other references | |
| Pemberton (1983) |
| Pemberton (1983) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 41. +3 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 41. +3 other references |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 41. +2 other references | |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
| Min Mag (1997) |
| Hanks (1884) +1 other reference |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 41. +2 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 41. +2 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 41 +2 other references |
| - (2005) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 41. +2 other references |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Genth (1852) +2 other references |
| Logan (1918) +2 other references |
| - (2005) |
| Hanks (1884) +1 other reference |
Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 43. +3 other references | |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 43. +2 other references |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 43 +4 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 39. +1 other reference |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 43. +2 other references |
| Clark |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 43. +2 other references |
| Averill (1946) +1 other reference |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 43. +2 other references |
| - (2005) +2 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 43. +2 other references |
| California Division of Mines Bulletin ... |
| Logan (1918) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 43. +2 other references |
| Clark (1970b) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 43-44. +2 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 44. +1 other reference |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 43. +2 other references |
- (2005) | |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 44. +2 other references |
Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 44. +2 other references | |
| Logan (1918) +1 other reference |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 44. +1 other reference |
Clarence August Logan (1919) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 39 +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
Pemberton (1983) | |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 39 +1 other reference |
Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 39 +2 other references | |
| - (2005) +1 other reference |
| Bixby (1895) +2 other references |
| - (2005) |
Murdoch (1966) | |
Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 45. +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| O’Brien (1965) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) +1 other reference |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 44. +1 other reference |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 39 +2 other references |
| - (2005) +1 other reference |
Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 45. +2 other references | |
| Murdoch (1966) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 39 +1 other reference |
Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 39 +1 other reference | |
Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 39 +1 other reference | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
| Genth (1852) +2 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 45. +2 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 45. +2 other references |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Lovering et al. (1950) +1 other reference |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Cook (1978) |
Cook (1978) | |
| Cook (1978) |
Cook (1978) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| King et al. (1994) |
| Minerals of the Washington |
| Bernstein (1980) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
Cabri et al. (1974) +1 other reference | |
| Gobla (2012) |
| USGS PP 162] +1 other reference |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
USGS PP 162] +1 other reference | |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
USGS PP 162] +1 other reference | |
| Collier (1881) |
| John Parnell (1988) |
| Genth F.A and Kerr |
| Edwin H.Bentzen III (1971) |
Mineral Commodity Files | |
Gems and Minerals of America -Jay Ellis ... | |
Mineral Commodity Files | |
- (1891) | |
Genth | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Oregon Metal Mines Handbook |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Oregon Metal Mines Handbook |
| Oregon Metal Mines Handbook |
| Oregon Metal Mines Handbook |
| Oregon Metal Mines Handbook |
| Oregon Metal Mines Handbook |
| Oregon Metal Mines Handbook |
| Rocks & Min.: 17:131. |
| - (2005) |
| Smith and Barnes (2011) |
Murphy (1979) | |
| - (2005) |
Bullock (1981) | |
| - (2005) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
| Perkins et al. (1904) +1 other reference |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Valentine et al. (1956) +1 other reference |
| Cannon (1975) |
Cannon (1975) | |
Derkey et al. (1990, November) +1 other reference | |
Cannon (1975) | |
Derkey et al. (1990, November) +1 other reference | |
Valentine et al. (1956) +1 other reference | |
| Valentine et al. (1960) +1 other reference |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Valentine et al. (1960) +1 other reference |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Valentine et al. (1960) +1 other reference |
| R. Derkey +1 other reference |
| wgnhs.uwex.edu (n.d.) |
| Rocks & Minerals 76:382 |
| Rocks & Minerals 76:382 |
| Econ Geol (1988) |
Zimbabwe | |
| Liu et al. (2014) |
| Oberthür et al. (2013) |
| Oberthür et al. (2003) +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Minerals (1955) |
| Oberthür et al. (2013) |
| Oberthür et al. (2013) |
The Moon | |
| Gornostaeva T.A. et al. (2012) |
Quick NavTopAbout PlatinumUnique IdentifiersIMA Classification Classification Mineral SymbolsPhysical Properties Optical Data Chemistry Crystallography Crystal StructureX-Ray Powder DiffractionGeological EnvironmentType Occurrence SynonymsOther LanguagesVarietiesRelationshipsCommon AssociatesStrunz-MindatOther InformationInternet Links References Localities Locality List
Neiva River alluvials, Alapayevsk Urban Okrug, Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia