Polybasite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Polybasite
Formula:
[Ag6Sb2S7][Ag9CuS4]
Colour:
Black with dark ruby red internal reflections
Lustre:
Metallic
Hardness:
2½ - 3
Specific Gravity:
6.1
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
From the Greek ΟΞΏΞ»ΟΟ, poly, "many" and Ξ²Ξ¬ΟΞΉΟ, basis, "a base" in allusion to the many base elements present.
Type Locality:
Isostructural with:
Pearceite-Polybasite series.
One of the four "ruby silvers" (pyrargyrite, proustite and miargyrite are the other three).
Two structural varieties (trigonal, P321, corresponding to the polytype T2ac, and monoclinic, C2/c, corresponding to the polytype M2a2b2c) are reported by Evain et al. (2006). The third polytype is Tac, space group P-3m1.
In a nomenclature change in 2006, the old name antimonpearceite was replaced by polybasite-Tac, arsenpolybasite-221 by pearceite-T2ac, arsenpolybasite-222 by pearceite-M2a2b2c, polybasite-221 by polybasite-T2ac, and polybasite-222 by polybasite-M2a2b2c (Bindi et al., 2007).
Regarding the type locality, see: https://www.mindat.org/mesg-576969.html
Structure details:
* a sequence (along c), of two alternating layers:
* a [Ag6Sb2S7]2- layer (A), and
* a [Ag10S4]2+ layer (B), with linearly-coordinated metal positions (B sites), usually occupied by Cu, thus leading to[Ag9CuS4]2+ composition.
One of the four "ruby silvers" (pyrargyrite, proustite and miargyrite are the other three).
Two structural varieties (trigonal, P321, corresponding to the polytype T2ac, and monoclinic, C2/c, corresponding to the polytype M2a2b2c) are reported by Evain et al. (2006). The third polytype is Tac, space group P-3m1.
In a nomenclature change in 2006, the old name antimonpearceite was replaced by polybasite-Tac, arsenpolybasite-221 by pearceite-T2ac, arsenpolybasite-222 by pearceite-M2a2b2c, polybasite-221 by polybasite-T2ac, and polybasite-222 by polybasite-M2a2b2c (Bindi et al., 2007).
Regarding the type locality, see: https://www.mindat.org/mesg-576969.html
Structure details:
* a sequence (along c), of two alternating layers:
* a [Ag6Sb2S7]2- layer (A), and
* a [Ag10S4]2+ layer (B), with linearly-coordinated metal positions (B sites), usually occupied by Cu, thus leading to[Ag9CuS4]2+ composition.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3256
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3256:4
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
2dcd988f-0f08-4c70-bf8d-87de23fcf758
IMA Classification of Polybasite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
[Ag9CuS4][(Ag,Cu)6(Sb,As)2S7]
First published:
1829
Classification of Polybasite
2.GB.15
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
G : Sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites
B : Neso-sulfarsenites, etc. with additional S
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
G : Sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites
B : Neso-sulfarsenites, etc. with additional S
3.1.7.2
3 : SULFOSALTS
1 : ΓΈ > 4
3 : SULFOSALTS
1 : ΓΈ > 4
5.2.12
5 : Sulphosalts - Sulpharsenites and Sulphobismuthites (those containing Sn, Ge,or V are in Section 6)
2 : Sulpharsenites etc. of Ag
5 : Sulphosalts - Sulpharsenites and Sulphobismuthites (those containing Sn, Ge,or V are in Section 6)
2 : Sulpharsenites etc. of Ag
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMAβCNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMAβCNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMAβCNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Symbol | Source | Reference |
---|---|---|
Plb | IMAβCNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMAβCNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Plb | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Pronunciation of Polybasite
Pronunciation:
Play | Recorded by | Country |
---|---|---|
Jolyon Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Polybasite
Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Black with dark ruby red internal reflections
Streak:
Black
Hardness:
2½ - 3 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Very brittle
Cleavage:
Imperfect/Fair
Imperfect on {001}
Imperfect on {001}
Fracture:
Conchoidal
Density:
6.1 g/cm3 (Measured) 6.36 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Polybasite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
Anisotropism:
Moderate
Optical Extinction:
X = c; Y = a.
Reflectivity:
Wavelength | R1 | R2 |
---|---|---|
400nm | 33.9% | 32.5% |
420nm | 33.6% | 32.8% |
440nm | 33.4% | 33.0% |
460nm | 33.0% | 33.9% |
480nm | 32.4% | 34.0% |
500nm | 31.9% | 33.8% |
520nm | 31.3% | 33.4% |
540nm | 30.8% | 32.8% |
560nm | 30.5% | 32.2% |
580nm | 30.2% | 31.7% |
600nm | 29.8% | 31.1% |
620nm | 29.3% | 30.5% |
640nm | 29.1% | 29.3% |
660nm | 27.3% | 29.1% |
680nm | 27.2% | 28.4% |
700nm | 26.7% | 27.8% |
Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Top of box is 100%. Peak reflectance is 34.0%.
R1 shown in black, R2 shown in red
Colour in reflected light:
Gray white
Internal Reflections:
Red
Pleochroism:
Weak
Comments:
n>2.72
Chemistry of Polybasite
Mindat Formula:
[Ag6Sb2S7][Ag9CuS4]
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
As,Fe
Crystallography of Polybasite
Polytype:
Formula:
Crystal System:
Class (H-M)
Space Group:
Space Group Setting:
Cell Parameters:
Ratio:
Unit Cell Volume (calc):
Z:
Polybasite-M2a2b2c | Polybasite-T2ac | Polybasite-Tac |
---|---|---|
Monoclinic | Trigonal | Trigonal |
2/m - Prismatic | 3 2 - Trapezohedral | 3m (3 2/m) - Hexagonal Scalenohedral |
B2/b | P3 2 1 | P3m1 |
C2/c | ||
a = 26.2625(4) Å, b = 15.1623(5) Å, c = 24.1061(6) Å β = 90.045(5)° | a = 15.0954β
(12) Å, c = 11.8825(8) Å | a = 7.40-7.60 Å, c = 11.86-12.06 Å |
a:b:c = 1.732 : 1 : 1.59 | a:c = 1 : 0.787 | a:c = 1 : 1.603 |
V 9599 Γ Β³ | V 2,344.92 Γ
Β³ (Calculated from Unit Cell) | V 562.44 Γ
Β³ (Calculated from Unit Cell) |
16 | 4 | 1 |
Crystallographic forms of Polybasite
Crystal Atlas:
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0004814 | Polybasite | Bindi L, Menchetti S (2009) Adding further complexity to the polybasite structure: The role of Ag in the B layer of the -M2a2b2c polytype American Mineralogist 94 151-155 | 2009 | Gowganda, Timiskaming District, Ontario, Canada | 0 | 293 | |
0009937 | Polybasite | Evain M, Bindi L, Menchetti S (2006) Structural compexity in minerals: twinning, polytypism and disorder in the crystal structure of polybasite, (Ag,Cu)16(Sb,As)2S11 Acta Crystallographica B62 447-456 | 2006 | Hidalgo, Mexico | 0 | 293 | |
0009938 | Polybasite | Evain M, Bindi L, Menchetti S (2006) Structural compexity in minerals: twinning, polytypism and disorder in the crystal structure of polybasite, (Ag,Cu)16(Sb,As)2S11 Acta Crystallographica B62 447-456 | 2006 | Hidalgo, Mexico | 0 | 293 | |
0019922 | Polybasite | Bindi L, Voudouris P, Spry P G (2013) Structural role of tellurium in the minerals of the pearceite-polybasite group Mineralogical Magazine 77 419-428 | 2013 | Cycladic Blueschist Unit, Kallianou deposit, Evia Island, Greece | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
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Radiation - Copper Kα
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
3.00 Γ | (100) |
3.19 Γ | (90) |
2.88 Γ | (80) |
2.53 Γ | (60) |
1.892 Γ | (60) |
2.70 Γ | (50) |
2.42 Γ | (40) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
---|---|
High-π alteration and/or metamorphism | |
33 : Minerals deposited by hydrothermal metal-rich fluids (see also [#12]) |
Geological Setting:
In low to medium temperature hydrothermal veins
Type Occurrence of Polybasite
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Mining Academy, Freiberg, Germany, 6867
Synonyms of Polybasite
Other Language Names for Polybasite
German:Eugenglanz
Polibasit
Polybasit
SprΓΆdglaserz (in part)
Polibasit
Polybasit
SprΓΆdglaserz (in part)
Simplified Chinese:η‘«ιιιΆηΏ
Spanish:Polybasita
Relationship of Polybasite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
Argentopearceite | Ag16As2S11 | Trig. 3 2 : P3 2 1 |
Argentopolybasite | [Ag6Sb2S7][Ag9AgS4] | Trig. 3 2 : P3 2 1 |
Argentopolybasite-T2ac | Ag16Sb2S11 | Trig. 3 2 : P3 2 1 |
Benleonardite | [Ag6(Sb,As)2S6Te][Ag9Cu(S,Te)2Te2] | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : P3m1 |
Cupropearceite | [Cu6As2S7][Ag9CuS4] | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : P3m1 |
Cupropolybasite | [Cu6Sb2S7][Ag9CuS4] | Trig. 3m : P3 1m |
Pearceite | [Ag6As2S7][Ag9CuS4] | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : P3m1 |
Selenopolybasite | [(Ag,Cu)6(Sb,As)2(S,Se)7][Ag9Cu(S,Se)2Se2] | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : P3m1 |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
118 photos of Polybasite associated with Acanthite | Ag2S |
99 photos of Polybasite associated with Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
94 photos of Polybasite associated with Pyrargyrite | Ag3SbS3 |
65 photos of Polybasite associated with Stephanite | Ag5SbS4 |
58 photos of Polybasite associated with Pyrite | FeS2 |
47 photos of Polybasite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
43 photos of Polybasite associated with Galena | PbS |
38 photos of Polybasite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
28 photos of Polybasite associated with Marcasite | FeS2 |
24 photos of Polybasite associated with Silver | Ag |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
2.GB. | Polybasite-Tac | |
2.GB. | Argentotetrahedrite-(Hg) | Ag6(Cu4Hg2)Sb4S12S |
2.GB. | Hakite-(Zn) | Cu6(Cu4Zn2)Sb4Se12Se |
2.GB. | Hakite-(Cd) | Cu6(Cu4Cd2)Sb4Se12Se |
2.GB. | Argentotetrahedrite-(Zn) | Ag6(Cu4Zn2)Sb4S12S |
2.GB. | PoΕ‘epnΓ½ite | (Cu+3β»3)(Hg2+4Cu+2)Sb4Se12(Se0.5β»0.5) |
2.GB. | Argentopearceite | Ag16As2S11 |
2.GB. | ZvΔstovite-(Zn) | Ag6(Ag4Zn2)As4S12S |
2.GB. | Kenoargentotennantite-(Fe) | [Ag6]4+(Cu4Fe2)As4S12β» |
2.GB. | Tennantite-(Hg) | Cu6(Cu4Hg2)As4S12S |
2.GB. | Kenoargentotetrahedrite-(Zn) | [Ag6]4+(Cu4Zn2)Sb4S12β» |
2.GB. | Tennantite-(Cu) | Cu6(Cu4Cu2)As4S12S |
2.GB. | Stibiogoldfieldite | (Cu4Cu2)(Cu4Cu+2)(Sb2Te2)S12S |
2.GB. | Tennantite-(Ni) | Cu6(Cu4Ni2)As4S12S |
2.GB. | Tetrahedrite-(Ni) | Cu6(Cu4Ni2)Sb4S12S |
2.GB. | StibioΓΊstaleΔite | (Cu4Cu2)(Cu4Cu+2)(Sb2Te2)Se12Se |
2.GB. | Arsenogoldfieldite | (Cu4Cu2)(Cu4Cu+2)(As2Te2)S12S |
2.GB. | Tennantite-(In) | Cu6(Cu4(In3+Cu+))As4S12S |
2.GB. | Tennantite-(Cd) | Cu6(Cu4Cd2)As4S12S |
2.GB. | Tetrahedrite-(Mn) | Cu6(Cu4Mn2)Sb4S12S |
2.GB. | Argentopolybasite | [Ag6Sb2S7][Ag9AgS4] |
2.GB.X | Kenorozhdestvenskayaite-(Fe) | [Ag6]4+(Ag4Fe2+2)Sb4S12β» |
2.GB. | Argentotetrahedrite-(Cd) | Ag6(Cu4Cd2)Sb4S12S |
2.GB. | Tennantite-(Mn) | Cu6(Cu4Mn2)As4S12S |
2.GB. | ZvΔstovite-(Fe) | Ag6(Ag4Fe2+2)As4S12S |
2.GB. | Hakite-(Fe) | Cu6(Cu4Fe2+2)Sb4Se12Se |
2.GB. | Tetrahedrite-(Cu) | Cu6(Cu4Cu2+2)Sb4S12S |
2.GB. | ArsenoΓΊstaleΔite | (Cu4Cu2)(Cu4Cu+2)(As2Te2)Se12Se |
2.GB. | Tetrahedrite-(Cd) | Cu6(Cu4Cd2)Sb4S12S |
2.GB.05 | Argentotennantite-(Zn) | Ag6(Cu4Zn2)As4S12S |
2.GB.05 | Freibergite Subgroup | (Ag6,[Ag6]4+)(Cu4 C2+2)Sb4S12S0-1 |
2.GB.05 | Giraudite-(Zn) | Cu6(Cu4Zn2)As4Se12Se |
2.GB.05 | Goldfieldite | (Cu4β»2)(Cu4Cu+2)Te4S12S |
2.GB.05 | Hakite-(Hg) | Cu6(Cu4Hg2)Sb4Se12Se |
2.GB.05 | Tennantite Subgroup | Cu6(Cu4C2+2)As4S12S |
2.GB.05 | Tetrahedrite Subgroup | Cu6(Cu4C2+2)Sb4S12S |
2.GB.05 | Argentotetrahedrite-(Fe) | Ag6(Cu4Fe2)Sb4S12S |
2.GB.05 | Rozhdestvenskayaite-(Zn) | Ag6(Ag4Zn2)Sb4S12S |
2.GB.05 | UM1992-21-S:AgFeSb | Ag6(Ag4Fe2+2)Sb4S12S |
2.GB.05 | Tennantite-(Zn) | Cu6(Cu4Zn2)As4S12S |
2.GB.05 | Tetrahedrite-(Zn) | Cu6(Cu4Zn2)Sb4S12S |
2.GB.05 | Tennantite-(Fe) | Cu6(Cu4Fe2+2)As4S12S |
2.GB.05 | Tetrahedrite-(Fe) | Cu6(Cu4Fe2+2)Sb4S12S |
2.GB.05 | Kenoargentotetrahedrite-(Fe) | [Ag6]4+(Cu4Fe2+2)Sb4S12β» |
2.GB.05 | Tetrahedrite-(Hg) | Cu6(Cu4Hg2)Sb4S12S |
2.GB.10 | Selenostephanite | Ag5SbSe4 |
2.GB.10 | Stephanite | Ag5SbS4 |
2.GB.15 | Pearceite | [Ag6As2S7][Ag9CuS4] |
2.GB.15 | UM2003-14-S:AgBiFeTe | Ag16FeBiTe3S8 |
2.GB.15 | Selenopolybasite | [(Ag,Cu)6(Sb,As)2(S,Se)7][Ag9Cu(S,Se)2Se2] |
2.GB.15 | Cupropearceite | [Cu6As2S7][Ag9CuS4] |
2.GB.15 | Cupropolybasite | [Cu6Sb2S7][Ag9CuS4] |
2.GB.15 | UM1979-17-S:BiCuFe | ~Cu18Fe4BiS16 |
2.GB.20 | Galkhaite | (Hg5Cu)CsAs4S12 |
2.GB.20 | Vorontsovite | (Hg5Cu)Ξ£6TlAs4S12 |
2.GB.20 | Ferrovorontsovite | (Fe5Cu)Ξ£6TlAs4S12 |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Industrial Uses:
Silver ore
Internet Links for Polybasite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3256.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
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References for Polybasite
Reference List:
Frondel, Clifford (1963) Isodimorphism and the polybasite and pearceite series. American Mineralogist, 48 (5-6) 565-572
Evain, Michel, Bindi, Luca, Menchetti, Silvio (2006) Structural complexity in minerals: twinning, polytypism and disorder in the crystal structure of polybasite, (Ag,Cu)16(Sb,As)2S11. Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, 62 (3) 447-456 doi:10.1107/s010876810600975x
Bindi, Luca, Evain, Michel, Spry, Paul G., Menchetti, Silvio (2007) The pearceite-polybasite group of minerals: Crystal chemistry and new nomenclature rules. American Mineralogist, 92 (5) 918-925 doi:10.2138/am.2007.2440
MΓ‘rquez-ZavalΓa, M. F., Bindi, L., MΓ‘rquez, M., Menchetti, S. (2008) Se-bearing polybasite-Tac from the Martha mine, Macizo del Deseado, Santa Cruz, Argentina. Mineralogy and Petrology, 94 (1) 145-150 doi:10.1007/s00710-008-0001-x
Bindi, Luca, Keutsch, Frank N., Topa, Dan, Kolitsch, Uwe, Morana, Marta, Tait, Kimberly T. (2023) First occurrence of the M2a2b2c polytype of argentopolybasite, [Ag6Sb2S7][Ag10S4]: Structural adjustments in the Cu-free member of the pearceiteβpolybasite group. Mineralogical Magazine, 87 (4) 561-567 doi:10.1180/mgm.2023.30
Localities for Polybasite
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
β - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality.
Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| DE BRODTKORB +2 other references |
RaΓΊl J. Tauber Larry{s collection. | |
MΓ‘rquez-ZavalΓa et al. (2016) | |
| Coira et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
| Econ Geol (1992) |
| Coira et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
Coira et al. (1995) +1 other reference | |
| DE BRODTKORB |
Brodtkorb (2002) | |
| FΓ€rber (n.d.) |
Brotkorb (2002) | |
| Ana Cecilia Mugas-Lobos et al. (2011) +1 other reference |
| ROBL +1 other reference |
Brodtkorb (2002) | |
| Gallard-Esquivel et al. (2018) |
| Mugas Lobos et al. (2020) |
| Permuy Vidal et al. (2016) |
| Luna et al. (2016) |
| Milka K. de Brodtkorb (2002) |
[Polybasite-Tac] FERNANDEZ +2 other references | |
| Arizmendi (1994) |
Australia | |
| Henley et al. (2001) |
Brown et al. (2001) | |
| Brown et al. (2001) |
| McClatchie & Sylvester (1970) |
| Henley et al. (2001) |
| Henley et al. (2001) |
Henley et al. (2001) | |
Henley et al. (2001) | |
Madayag et al. (2021) | |
| David (2013) |
| Edwards (1953) |
| Worner et al. (et al) |
| Museum Victoria collection |
Birch et al | |
Ramdohr (1950) | |
| Paul (2010) |
| Sielecki (1988) |
Sielecki (1988) | |
| Evolution Mining website +1 other reference |
| Noble R.J et al. (1983) |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
Austria | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| H.Meixner (1974) +1 other reference |
| Pichler (2009) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
Pichler (2009) | |
| Meixner 1981 |
| Pichler (2009) |
Niedermayr et al. (1995) +1 other reference | |
Pichler (2009) | |
Indra | |
| Walter et al. (2021) |
| Pichler (2009) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Guenther et al. (2006) |
| PXRD (Niedermayr) +1 other reference |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Horner et al. (1997) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2018) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Mrazek et al. (1992) |
| Reiter et al. (2005) |
| Schnorrer et al. (2002) |
| Paar (1995) |
| 58. +1 other reference |
Bailiwick of Guernsey | |
| Ixer et al. (1983) |
Bolivia | |
| |
| Federico Ahlfeld and Alejandro Schneider-Scherbina (1964) |
| USGS Bulletin # 1975 |
Federico Ahlfeld and Alejandro Schneider-Scherbina (1964) | |
| Federico Ahlfeld and Alejandro Schneider-Scherbina (1964) |
| Ahlfeld et al. (1964) |
| www.oeaw.ac.at (n.d.) |
Kempff et al. (La Paz, 2009) | |
Kempff et al. (La Paz, 2009) | |
| Wilson (2001) |
| Federico Ahlfeld and Alejandro Schneider-Scherbina: Los Yacimientos Minerales y de Hidrocarburos de Bolivia (1964) |
| Salomon Rivas y Federico Ahlfeld (1998) |
| Geology and Mineral Resources of the Altiplano and Cordillera Occidental (USGS Bulletin no. 1975) |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | |
| Slobodan A. RadosavljeviΔ et al. (2016) |
Bulgaria | |
| [Polybasite-Tac] Tarkian +1 other reference |
| Kerestedjian T (1998) |
Π’Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²Π° | |
| Munkov (1968) |
| [Polybasite-Tac] Petrova et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
| Lips (2006) |
| Lips (2006) |
[MinRec 22 p.439] | |
| Mladenova et al. (2017) |
| www.geologija-revija.si (n.d.) +3 other references |
Canada | |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
Pope (1990) | |
| BC Minfile +1 other reference |
| BC Minfile |
| Traill |
| R. O. Meyer collection |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Thompson (1951) |
| Hood et al. (1991) |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
Peatfield (n.d.) | |
| Peatfield (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| British Columbia Geological Survey +1 other reference |
| UTSON (1936) |
| Mauthner (1996) |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Bernhardt Augsten et al. (1986) +1 other reference |
| Gill et al. (2016) |
| Badham (1975) |
| |
Montgomery (n.d.) | |
Rich et al. (1977) | |
| Money et al. (1976) +1 other reference |
| 159-161. +1 other reference |
| Dana 7:I:343. |
Sabina | |
geological survey of canada paper 73-13 +1 other reference | |
Trail | |
| Robert C. Smith |
| Ontario and Quebec. Canadian Geological ... +2 other references |
| Mineralogical Magazine (1947) |
| Kirkland Lake - Rouyn-Noranda - Val d'Or +1 other reference |
| Econ Geol (1993) |
Econ Geol (1993) | |
| Dawson Creek +1 other reference |
| Jim & Gail Spann collection (Jeff Scovil photo) |
Lynch (1989) +1 other reference | |
FΓ€rber (n.d.) | |
Dawson Creek +1 other reference | |
Chile | |
| Camus et al. (1991) |
| "Breves apuntes sobre algunos centros ... +3 other references |
A.G. GarcΓa Z. +2 other references | |
| Minerals from the collection of ... |
| GrΓΆpper et al. (1991) |
| Copiapo Mineralogical Museum (Chile) |
| British Natural History Museum online ... |
Moesta (1870) | |
Moesta (1870) | |
| "GeologΓa del CuadrΓ‘ngulo Paipote" +2 other references |
"GeologΓa del CuadrΓ‘ngulo Paipote" +2 other references | |
| informe preliminar": Caja de CrΓ©dito ... +1 other reference |
| Oyarzun et al. (1998) |
Cucurella J. | |
"MineralogΓa" +1 other reference | |
M.Dini & A.Molina collection | |
| Chinchilla et al. (2013, August) +1 other reference |
| - (2003) |
China | |
| Feng Chengyou et al. (2005) |
| He Zhang et al. (2018) |
| Li et al. (2023) |
| Can. J. Earth Sci. 44: 479β492 (2007) |
| Xiaodong Mao and Sijing Huang (2002) +2 other references |
| Canhui Huang (1991) |
| Jiarong Pan and Yangzhong Yu (2013) |
Lianshun Feng (1986) +1 other reference | |
Lianshun Feng (1986) | |
| Zuwei Wang and Yongzhang Zhou (2002) |
| Weining Zhou (1994) |
| Weining Zhou (1994) |
| Yaoguo Hu et al. (2000) |
| Huiling Yao and Fengying Su (2003) |
Fengshan Liu and Guohui Zhang (1996) +1 other reference | |
Qianwen Cao and Yaowu Ren (1990) | |
| Shigang Duan et al. (2011) |
| Erchen Gong (2008) +1 other reference |
Jingwen Mao et al. (2006) +1 other reference | |
Guozhang Wen et al. (1992) +1 other reference | |
| Dequan Shuai et al. (1985) |
| Zhu et al. (2022) |
| Mingjun Yang and Gonghua Tan (1991) |
| Weining Zhou (1994) |
| Weining Zhou (1994) |
Yi Li and Youbin Liang (1991) | |
| Weining Zhou (1994) +1 other reference |
| Dequan Zhang (1993) +2 other references |
Dequan Zhang et al. (1991) +1 other reference | |
Yongsheng Kuang et al. (2014) +1 other reference | |
Shi et al. (2024) | |
| Yuhua Xie and Jiayin Zhang (1990) +3 other references |
| Zhicheng Lu et al. (2002) |
| Zhicheng Lu et al. (2002) |
| εΌ δΈδΏ et al. (2017) |
| Libo Hao et al. (1994) +1 other reference |
Han et al. (2022) | |
| Daping Wang and Bingcheng Zhu (1992) +2 other references |
| Jinghong Cai (2007) |
| Weining Zhou (1994) |
| Liyan Zhang and Jigang Tang (1996) +1 other reference |
| Wentao Sun et al. (2008) |
| www.eldoradogold.com (2006) |
| Zhao et al. (2021) |
| Jianjun Hao et al. (2001) |
| Zhaolong Li and Lianying Zhang (1999) +1 other reference |
Jin Chen and Yuelin Tang (1993) +1 other reference | |
| Yongrui Zhao and Yunqing Zhen (2006) |
Yongrui Zhao and Yunqing Zhen (2006) | |
| Chaoyang Li et al. (2003) |
Weiguang Zhu et al. (2001) | |
| Zhixing Feng et al. (2010) +1 other reference |
| Xiaoping Fan et al. (2005) |
| Wei Zhai et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
| Weining Zhou (1994) |
| Xinpei Jiang (1994) +1 other reference |
| Kaiji Yu (1981) +2 other references |
| Yaoguo Hu et al. (2000) |
| Yunman Zhou (1999) |
| Zhenkuan Luo et al. (1985) +2 other references |
| Wenhui Geng (1995) |
Czech Republic | |
| Natural History Museum Vienna collection (catalogued in 1866) +1 other reference |
[Bull.N.M.Praha 2002 | |
| |
| [Lapis 1995 |
Sejkora et al. (2010) | |
| Ondrus et al. (1997) +1 other reference |
| Fengl (1.) |
Scharm +7 other references | |
| Roman GrambliΔka collection |
| Stanislav KopeckΓ½ collection |
Hyrsl et al. (2009) | |
| Roman GrambliΔka collection |
| Houzar |
| Velebil +5 other references |
Ecuador | |
| Mulshaw et al. (1994) +1 other reference |
Fiji | |
| Boirat et al. (1987) +1 other reference |
France | |
| R. Pierrot |
| |
| R. Pierrot |
| PΓ©lisson (1989) |
| PΓ©lisson (1989) |
PΓ©lisson (1989) | |
| PΓ©lisson (1989) |
| PΓ©lisson (1989) |
| PΓ©lisson (1989) |
| French BRGM data |
| Wittern et al. (Cologne) |
| Chauris (2014) |
| Chauris (2014) |
| R.PIERROT et al. (1973) |
| Pillard F. et al. (1985) |
| Fiche BSS BRGM nΒ° 11183X4002/GT |
| Wittern (1997) |
| P&T NΒ°23-24 et al. (Haut-Rhin) |
| Wittern +1 other reference |
This mine worked the same vein as Gabe ... +2 other references | |
| N. MEISSER 2013 analysis. |
| Wittern |
| Wittern et al. (Cologne) |
| Wittern et al. (Cologne) |
| Wittern et al. (Cologne) |
| P. Cantinolle et al. |
| Inventaire mineralogique de l'Ariege ( Edition BRGM 1984) |
| F. Boyer and P.Picot : "Sur la PrΓ©sence de Maldonite (Au2Bi) |
| Pierrot et al. (1977) |
| Berbain et al. (2005) |
| Bernadi G. (2004) |
| Mari et al. (1979) |
| R. Pierrot |
Germany | |
| Aufschluss 71 (6) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| |
| [Polybasite-Tac] Walenta (1992) +2 other references |
| [Polybasite-Tac] Walenta (1992) |
| [Polybasite-Tac] Walenta (1992) |
| WeiΓ (1990) |
| WeiΓ (1990) |
| Rank (1985) |
| WeiΓ (1990) |
| WeiΓ (1990) |
| WeiΓ (1990) |
| |
| |
| |
| WeiΓ (1990) |
| WeiΓ (1990) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| [Polybasite-Tac] Schnorrer-KΓΆhler (1991) |
| Baumann et al. (2000) |
| |
| Lapis (4) |
Baumann et al. (2000) | |
| Wittern (2001) |
Wittern (2001) | |
| Hajek (2010) |
| Lapis 30 (7/8) |
Lapis 30 (7/8) | |
| Lapis 30 (7/8) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Haake et al. (1994) |
| Lapis 30 (7/8) |
| Baumann et al. (2000) |
| |
| P Haas collection |
| Baumann et al. (1997) |
Witzke et al. (2019) | |
| Wittern (2001) |
| L. Baumann et al. (Stuttgart) |
| J.C. Freiesleben (1847) |
| Baumann et al. (2000) |
| Frenzel |
| |
Greece | |
| Rieck et al. (1999) |
| Panagiotis Voudouris & Paul Spry (2008) +1 other reference |
| Periferakis et al. (2017, April) |
| Papavasiliou et al. (2016) |
| Tombros (2008) |
Greenland | |
| Pedersen (1980) |
| Petersen (2001) |
Honduras | |
| D E Russell (personal communication, 2004) |
| Specimen in the Robal Ontario Museum |
Hungary | |
| Topographia Mineralogica Hungariae II. ... |
SaΜndor SzakaΜll +1 other reference | |
SzakΓ‘ll & Weiszburg: Topographia ... | |
| SzakΓ‘ll: Minerals of RudabΓ‘nya |
India | |
| Ramakrishna et al. (1995) |
| Holler et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
| Mukherjee et al. (1998) |
Indonesia | |
| Yuningsih et al. (2014) |
| Marcoux et al. (1993) +2 other references |
| Econ Geol (1997) |
| Davies (2008) |
| Nur et al. (2012) |
| [Polybasite-Tac] Syafrizal +3 other references |
Iran | |
| Mehrabi et al. (2016) |
Ireland | |
| de Haller +3 other references |
Italy | |
| Maida (2002) |
| Maida (2002) |
| [Polybasite-Tac] Digennaro et al. (1974) +1 other reference |
Pelloux (1909) +2 other references | |
De Michele (1974) | |
| Preite et al. (2007) |
| D. Preite Collection - I. Campostrini analysis (M.E. Ciriotti, 2007) |
| Stara et al. (1993) |
| AA. VV. |
[Polybasite-Tac] AA. VV. | |
| Krismer et al. (2011) +1 other reference |
| Bianchini +6 other references |
| Exel (1987) |
| De Michele (1974) |
Japan | |
| Natural History Museum Vienna collection (specimen E 6202, SEM-EDS-analysed) |
| www.mineralmundi.com/japan.htm (USGS) |
| Alfredo Petrov collection +1 other reference |
| ... |
| Dr. Matsuo Nambu ore collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| Kotaro Watanabe collection |
Yamada (2004) | |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) |
| Hariya +2 other references |
Ishiyama et al. (1989) | |
| Yamada (2004) +3 other references |
Shimizu et al. (1998) +1 other reference | |
| η’ε³Άζ·³ε (1979) |
ε³ΆεεΊθ³ et al. (2015) | |
| Sugaki et al (1982) |
| Sterling (2023) |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) |
| Imai et al. (1975) |
| Imai et al. (1975) |
| www.mineralmundi.com/japan.htm +1 other reference |
| Dr. Kameki Kinoshita collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| Galena et al. (216) +3 other references |
Tindell et al. (2018) | |
| Urabe (1977) |
| Dr. Kameki Kinoshita collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| [Polybasite-Tac] Tharalson +5 other references |
| Naotatsu Shikazono & Masaaki Shimizu (1988) |
| Akasaka (2007) |
Akasaka et al. (2007, August) +1 other reference | |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) |
| [Polybasite-Tac] Yamada (2004) |
Kazakhstan | |
| ΠΠ»ΠΎΠ±Π° Π.Π. ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΠ°Π½ΠΊΠ° - Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ Π³Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ-ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΈΠΏ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ°. // ΠΠ·Π². ΠΠΠ Π Π et al. (403) |
| Evseev (1995) +1 other reference |
Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) | |
Kosovo | |
| Joana KoΓ Odziejczyk et al. ( 2012) +2 other references |
Kyrgyzstan | |
| Filippov et al. (2013) |
Madagascar | |
| Behier (1960) +1 other reference |
Mexico | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Megaw (2023) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Wilson et al. (1986) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Gonzalez-Reyna 1956 +1 other reference |
Panczner (1987) | |
| Querol +1 other reference |
| PAnczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
Panczner (1987) | |
Panczner (1987) | |
Natural History Museum Vienna collection (catalogued in 1909) | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
Econ Geol (1992) | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Part I et al. (8) +1 other reference |
Panczner (1987) | |
Panczner (1987) | |
| [Polybasite-Tac] Amer.Min. (1963) |
Dr. Walter S. Bowser Collection | |
Panczner (1987) | |
Panczner (1987) | |
Panczner (1987) | |
Panczner (1987) | |
Panczner (1987) | |
Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) |
Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) |
Dana 6: 1045. | |
Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
Panczner (1987) | |
Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) |
Panczner (1987) | |
| Dana 7:I:360. |
| Panczner (1987) |
Panczner (1987) | |
| Bull. MinΓ©ral. |
Camprubi | |
| Bull. MinΓ©ral. |
| Panczner (1987) |
Panczner (1987) | |
Panczner (1987) | |
Can Mineral June 1965 v. 8 no. 2 p. ... | |
Panczner (1987) | |
Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) |
Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) |
Panczner (1987) | |
Panczner (1987) | |
| Natural History Museum Vienna collection (catalogued in 1834) |
| Cano et al. (2024) |
Cano et al. (2024) | |
Cano et al. (2024) | |
| www.almadenminerals.com (2018) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
Panczner (1987) | |
Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
[Polybasite-Tac] Amer.Min. (1963) | |
| Dana 7:I:360 +2 other references |
[Polybasite-Tac] Amer.Min. (1963) | |
| Panczner (1987) |
Panczner (1987) | |
| Dr. Walter S. Bowser Collection +2 other references |
Richard Dale Collection +2 other references | |
Dilley (1993) | |
[Polybasite-Tac] Part I et al. (8) +1 other reference | |
| s21.q4cdn.com (2021) |
Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) |
Panczner (1987) | |
Panczner (1987) | |
Panczner (1987) | |
Panczner (1987) | |
Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) |
Panczner (1987) | |
Panczner (1987) | |
Mongolia | |
| H. Gantumur et al. (2005) |
Morocco | |
| S. WeiΓ: Lapis 31 (7/8) |
| Abia et al. (2003) |
| Georges Favreau collection +2 other references |
[Polybasite-Tac] Burniaux et al. (2006) | |
| Favreau et al. (2007) |
| El Arbaoui et al. (2015) |
Namibia | |
| Kampunzu et al. (2009) |
New Zealand | |
| Boyle (1979) |
January 2010 An assessment of the value ... | |
Econ Geol (1997) | |
| Fyfe (2014) |
Fyfe (2014) | |
| Simmons et al 2000 |
| Simpson et al. (2011) |
North Macedonia | |
| Boev et al. (1993) |
Norway | |
| Kullerud et al. (2018) |
Kullerud et al. (2016) | |
Kullerud et al. (2018) | |
| Neumann (1944) |
Nordrum (1995) | |
Lietz (1939) +1 other reference | |
Pacific Ocean | |
| Choi et al. (2023) |
Peru | |
| Econ Geol (1985) |
| Econ Geol (1984) |
Gibson (1992) | |
CHAUVET (2019) | |
GreffiΓ© et al. (2002) +1 other reference | |
| www.sec.gov (n.d.) |
| Gamarra-Urrunaga et al. (2013) |
| Chauvet et al. (2006) |
| Cosme R. PΓ©rez-Puig (2008) +1 other reference |
| B. Duval |
| Min.Rec. 28 (1997) |
Lewis Jr (1964) | |
Lewis Jr (1964) +2 other references | |
Min Rec 39:95-99 +1 other reference | |
| Mineralogical Record (1997) |
| Georges Favreau collection |
| |
| Min.Rec. 28 (1997) |
Poland | |
| Mederski et al. (2020) |
| Siuda (2012) |
Lis et al. (1986) | |
Mochnacka et al. (2012) | |
| Pieczka et al. (1988) |
| Mederski et al. (2020) |
| Mederski et al. (2020) |
Mederski et al. (2020) | |
| MΓΌller W. 1856 - Γber die ErzgΓ€nge ... +1 other reference |
Portugal | |
| A.M.R. Neiva (2015) |
| Mateus et al. (2005) |
Romania | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| www.gl.rhbnc.ac.uk (2003) |
| SΔbΔu et al. (2016) |
| Bailly et al. (1998) |
| Marias Francisc |
| 1-RΔdulescu Dan +8 other references |
| Clain et al. (2006) |
Russia | |
| Khomich V. G. and N. G. Vlasov (2001) |
| Chugaev et al. (2017) |
| Damdinov et al. (2018) |
| Plotinskaya et al. (2015) |
| Plotinskaya et al. (2014) |
| Savva et al. (2012) |
K. A. Novoselov (2010) +1 other reference | |
| Baksheev et al. (2018) |
| Kolova et al. (2021) |
Gregory Levitan (2008) | |
ΠΠ»ΡΡ ΠΎΠ² et al. (2021) +1 other reference | |
| Takahashi +3 other references |
Okrugin et al. (an Example of Mutnovsky Geothermal Area, Southern Kamchatka) | |
[Polybasite-Tac] Tolstykh et al. (2022) | |
| ΠΠ°ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ² et al. (Π‘ΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠ ΠΠ ΠΠΠ₯ΠΠ’Π¬Π) +1 other reference |
Kravtsova et al. (2003) | |
Fatsβyanov et al. (2010, November) | |
| Sidorov et al. (1994) +1 other reference |
| Savva et al. (2021) |
Seltmann et al. (2010) +1 other reference | |
| Savva et al. (2019) |
Kravtsova et al. (2017) +1 other reference | |
Volkov et al. (2018) | |
| Savva et al. (2022) |
Tauson et al. (2017) | |
| Vasilenko (2001) |
| Simanenko et al. (2015) |
Grant et al. (2001) | |
| Ivin et al. (2021) |
| Rogulina +3 other references |
| [[1]]Kondratieva et al. (2023) |
N. Rudashevsky | |
| Bortnikov et al. (1998) |
| Pavlova et al. (2009) |
Pavlova et al. (2009) | |
| Econ Geol (1997) |
| Kasatkin et al. (2020) |
| Kiseleva et al. (2008) |
Saudi Arabia | |
| Nehlig et al. (1999) |
| Al-Shanti (1995) |
| USGS Open File Report 1976-0865 +1 other reference |
Slovakia | |
| Berkh et al. (2014) |
KodΔra (1986) | |
JeleΕ et al. (2006) | |
| KodΔra (1986) |
| P Haas collection +1 other reference |
OnaΔila D. (1992) | |
KodΔra (1986) | |
OnaΔila D. et al. (in Slovak) | |
OnaΔila D. et al. (1993) | |
OnaΔila D. et al. (in Slovak) | |
Majzlan (2009) +1 other reference | |
MaΕ₯o Δ½. et al. (in Slovak with English abstract) | |
KodΔra (1986) | |
Berkh et al. (2014) | |
OnaΔila D. et al. (in Slovak) | |
| KodΔra (1986) +1 other reference |
| KodΔra (1986) |
| Ε tevko M. et al. (Kremnitz) |
| PauliΕ‘ +1 other reference |
| [Polybasite-Tac] Duda et. all. |
ΔuΔa R. (2001) | |
| MikuΕ‘ M. |
Slovenia | |
| Ε½orΕΎ et al. (2002) |
South Korea | |
| Econ Geol (1992) |
Econ Geol (1992) | |
Choi et al. (2005) | |
Sugaki et al. (1986) +1 other reference | |
Yoo et al. (2011) | |
| Chil-Sup So et al. (2005) |
| Yun et al. (1999) |
| Choi et al. (2005) |
Choi et al. (2005) | |
| Choi et al. (2005) |
| Choi et al. (2002) |
Spain | |
| Informes de metalogenia del Instituto GeolΓ³gico y Minero de EspaΓ±a (IGME) |
| Mineralogical Record (3) |
Jordi Fabre +1 other reference | |
| Fanlo et al. (2010) |
| [Polybasite-Tac] Revista de minerales (Mars) |
[Polybasite-Tac] Pascua et al. (1997) | |
| C. Canet et al. |
Sweden | |
| GFF (1984) |
| |
| Nysten |
Nysten | |
Switzerland | |
| Raber (2013) |
Tajikistan | |
| Badalov et al. (1975) |
Badalov et al. (1975) | |
Badalov et al. (1975) | |
| Badalov et al. (1975) |
Turlychkin et al. (1972) +2 other references | |
Turkey | |
| Blanks et al. (2014) |
| Kines (1969) |
UK | |
| [Polybasite-Tac] |
Ukraine | |
| Biruk et al. (2012) |
O.K.Babynin et al. (2006) | |
USA | |
| USGS OFR 2004-1200 (Hawley,2004) |
| - (2008) |
- (2008) | |
- (2008) | |
- (2008) | |
| [Polybasite-Tac] Taylor |
| Econ Geol (1986) |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
- (2008) | |
| Graeme (1993) |
| Bastin (1925) +2 other references |
Thomas (1949) +1 other reference | |
| Econ Geol (1988) |
| MRDS database Dep. ID file #10039562 |
| The History of Arizona +7 other references |
| Engineering & Mining Jour. (1912) +1 other reference |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Lindgren (1926) +3 other references |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
MRDS database Dep. ID #10048080 | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Murdoch (1966) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 138 +3 other references |
Hanks (1884) +3 other references | |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 138 +5 other references |
| Murdoch (1966) |
| |
Emmons et al. (1885) | |
| Mayo (1972) |
| Tucker (1940) +3 other references |
| Foord et al. (1989) +1 other reference |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| U.S. Geological Survey Professional ... |
U.S. Geological Survey Professional ... | |
[Polybasite-Tac] Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Lovering et al. (1950) |
Professional Paper 63: 253. +1 other reference | |
Lovering et al. (1950) +1 other reference | |
Lovering et al. (1950) +1 other reference | |
| Lovering et al. (1950) |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
Lovering et al. (1950) +1 other reference | |
Lovering et al. (1950) | |
| USGS Circular 213 |
| Lovering et al. (1950) |
Lovering et al. (1950) | |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
Lovering et al. (1950) +1 other reference | |
| Lovering et al. (1950) |
Lovering et al. (1950) | |
| USGS OFR 66-87 (Moench,1966) |
| U.S. Geological Survey Professional ... |
U.S. Geological Survey Professional ... | |
U.S. Geological Survey Professional ... | |
U.S. Geological Survey Professional ... | |
Lovering et al. (1950) | |
| Dana 6:1089. |
U.S. Geological Survey Professional ... +1 other reference | |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
MINES AND PROSPECTS et al. (1967) | |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
Moench et al. (1966) | |
Lovering et al. (1950) | |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) +1 other reference | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
| American Mineralogist: 53: 1530-1542 +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
- (2005) | |
| Mineralogical Record:16 (3) |
| Mineralogical Record:16 (3) |
Mineralogical Record:16 (3) | |
Mineralogical Record:16 (3) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Econ Geol (1980) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
USGS Bull 1434 | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Economic Geology +6 other references |
collected by and in the collection of ... | |
Foley +4 other references | |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| U.S. Geological Survey Professional ... |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
Rocks & Minerals 70:180-187 | |
| U.S. Geological Survey Professional ... |
U.S. Geological Survey Professional ... | |
U.S. Geological Survey Professional ... | |
| Rocks & Min.:64:142-143. +1 other reference |
Dana 6: 1045. | |
| Raabe et al. (1984) +1 other reference |
| Dana 7:I:352 & 355. |
Dana 7:I:352. +1 other reference | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
Lovering et al. (1950) +1 other reference | |
Foord et al. (1989) +1 other reference | |
USGS PP 223 (Lovering,1950) | |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Rocks & Minerals 75:338 |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
| Ream (2004) |
Ream (2004) | |
| - (2005) |
| Ream (1995) |
Ream (1995) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Ream (2004) |
Allen (1990) | |
| - (2005) |
Ream (1995) | |
- (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
Ream (1995) | |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
Rocks & Min. 70:255 | |
- (2005) | |
Ream (1995) | |
- (2005) +2 other references | |
| Collins (2012) |
| - (2005) |
MRDS 10241626 | |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
| Krueger |
| [Polybasite-Tac] Hagni (1984) +2 other references |
| - (2005) |
| Gobla (2012) |
Dana 7:I:353. | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
| www.excaliburmineral.com (2001) |
| Bindi et al (2006) |
Gobla (2012) | |
| King (n.d.) |
Gobla (2012) | |
William C. van Laer | |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| Dana 7:I:352 |
| Szarkowski (2019) |
| - (2005) |
| Chris Tucker |
| - (2005) |
| Mineralogical Record 33:1 |
Guilbert and Zeihen 1964. From tables ... +1 other reference | |
Winchell (1914) | |
Rocks & Min.: 16: 246. | |
| Tiffany Ostenburg (2022) |
| NBMG Bull 83 Geology and Mineral ... |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
| LaPointe et al. (199) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Rocks & Minerals |
NBMG Open File Report 79-3 +1 other reference | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Silver Coin Mine. Compact Disc. Paul ... |
Paul M. Adams (2016) | |
| U. S. Geological Survey Open-File ... +1 other reference |
| Ranta (1967) +2 other references |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
Rocks & Minerals | |
Castor et al. (2004) +1 other reference | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
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- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
| |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
| NBMG Bull 99B Geology and Mineral ... |
| NBMG Bull 99B Geology and Mineral ... |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
Castor et al. (2004) +1 other reference | |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Kyle Beucke |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
- (2005) | |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
- (2005) | |
Econ Geol (1981) | |
| - (2005) |
| R&M 74:6 p380-390 |
- (2005) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
Econ Geol (1997) +1 other reference | |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
Bastin (1922) | |
- (2005) | |
Econ Geol (1989) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| NBMG Bull 14 +1 other reference |
| [Rocks & Minerals Vol 68 March/April ... |
David Von Bargen et al. (1993) | |
| Minerals of the Ground Hog Mine Grant ... +1 other reference |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
Henry L. Jicha (1954) +1 other reference | |
Henry L. Jicha (1954) +1 other reference | |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
- (2005) | |
| NMBMMR OFR 165 +1 other reference |
| Koschmann et al. (1968) |
| Smith et al. (2000) |
| Rocks & Min.:60:111-112. |
| Roberts et al. (1997) |
| Collection of Rick Dalrymple |
| USGS Professional Paper 614-A +1 other reference |
| U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL ... +1 other reference |
| Bullock (1981) |
USGS Prof Paper 1024 +2 other references | |
| [Polybasite-Tac] Lasmanis (1995) |
| Valentine et al. (1960) +2 other references |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Fritz E. Wolff et al. (2004) |
| Lambe et al. (1987) |
| - (2005) |
| Adams (1996) |
| W. Dan Hausel (1994) +1 other reference |
Uzbekistan | |
| Koneev et al. (2005) |
| Koneev et al. (2005) |
Koneev et al. (2005) |
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Double Rainbow Mine, Galena, Galena Mining District, Lawrence County, South Dakota, USA