Todorokite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Todorokite
Formula:
(Na,Ca,K,Ba,Sr)1-x(Mn,Mg,Al)6O12 · 3-4H2O
Also given as (Ca,K,Na,Mg,Ba,Mn)(Mn,Mg,Al)6O12.3H2O.
Colour:
Purplish gray, brown to black; brown in transmitted light
Lustre:
Sub-Vitreous, Resinous, Greasy, Sub-Metallic
Hardness:
1½
Specific Gravity:
3.67
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Name:
Named in 1934 by Toyofumi Yoshimura after its discovery locality, the Todoroki Mine, Hokkaido, Japan.
A relatively common Mn oxide that occurs in a variety of aggregate forms. Usually fibrous, either compact or isolated. Micaceous aggregates may be confused with ranciéite, fibrous forms with pyrolusite. Compare woodruffite.
As birnessite, it may be a product of mineralization of fungal (e.g., Penicillium spp., Mucor spp., Rhizopus spp.) hyphae; as such is found in cave deposits and waters (vide Burford et al., 2003).
As birnessite, it may be a product of mineralization of fungal (e.g., Penicillium spp., Mucor spp., Rhizopus spp.) hyphae; as such is found in cave deposits and waters (vide Burford et al., 2003).
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3988
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3988:4
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
e5b69aeb-8273-4d88-875b-0efebd764fc2
IMA Classification of Todorokite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
(Na,Ca,K,Ba,Sr)1-x(Mn,Mg,Al)6O12 · 3-4H2O
First published:
1934
Classification of Todorokite
4.DK.10
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
D : Metal: Oxygen = 1:2 and similar
K : With large (+- medium-sized) cations; tunnel structures
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
D : Metal: Oxygen = 1:2 and similar
K : With large (+- medium-sized) cations; tunnel structures
7.8.1.1
7 : MULTIPLE OXIDES
8 : AB3X7
7 : MULTIPLE OXIDES
8 : AB3X7
7.4.19
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
4 : Oxides of Be, Mg and the alkaline earths
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
4 : Oxides of Be, Mg and the alkaline earths
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Tdr | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Tdr | Warr (2020) | Warr, L.N. (2020) Recommended abbreviations for the names of clay minerals and associated phases. Clay Minerals, 55, 261–264 doi:10.1180/clm.2020.30 |
Physical Properties of Todorokite
Sub-Vitreous, Resinous, Greasy, Sub-Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Purplish gray, brown to black; brown in transmitted light
Streak:
Brown, black, lead-gray
Hardness:
1½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
{100} and {010} perfect.
{100} and {010} perfect.
Fracture:
Splintery
Density:
3.67 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.65 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Todorokite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 2.310 nβ = 2.350
Max Birefringence:
δ = 2.310
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Very High
Optical Extinction:
Y=b, Z>X
Pleochroism:
Visible
Comments:
Pleochroic in brown.
Chemistry of Todorokite
Mindat Formula:
(Na,Ca,K,Ba,Sr)1-x(Mn,Mg,Al)6O12 · 3-4H2O
Also given as (Ca,K,Na,Mg,Ba,Mn)(Mn,Mg,Al)6O12.3H2O.
Also given as (Ca,K,Na,Mg,Ba,Mn)(Mn,Mg,Al)6O12.3H2O.
Common Impurities:
Ba,K,Na
Crystallography of Todorokite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
P2/m
Cell Parameters:
a = 9.75 Å, b = 2.84 Å, c = 9.59 Å
β = 90°
β = 90°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 3.433 : 1 : 3.377
Unit Cell V:
265.55 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
1
Morphology:
Spongy banded and/or reniform aggregates composed of minute lathlike to fibrous crystals. Crystals flattened {010} and elongated [001] with terminal edges inclined about 60° and 70° to [001].
Twinning:
Contact twins with c ^ ć about 60°.
Comment:
β may be variable; formerly given as orthorhombic or tetragonal
Crystal Structure
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Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0001188 | Todorokite | Post J E, Bish D L (1988) Rietveld refinement of the todorokite structure American Mineralogist 73 861-869 |  | 1988 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0001189 | Todorokite | Post J E, Bish D L (1988) Rietveld refinement of the todorokite structure American Mineralogist 73 861-869 | | 1988 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0001190 | Todorokite | Post J E, Bish D L (1988) Rietveld refinement of the todorokite structure American Mineralogist 73 861-869 | | 1988 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002955 | Todorokite | Post J E, Heaney P J, Hanson J C (2003) Synchrotron X-ray diffraction study of the structure and dehydration behavior of todorokite American Mineralogist 88 142-150 | | 2003 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 9.65 Å | (100) |
| 7.02 Å | (40) |
| 4.82 Å | (70) |
| 4.48 Å | (70) |
| 3.20 Å | (10) |
| 3.07 Å | (40) |
| 2.75 Å | (10) |
| 2.46 Å | (40) |
| 2.42 Å | (10) |
| 2.35 Å | (40) |
| 2.28 Å | (10) |
| 2.20 Å | (5) |
| 2.13 Å | (10) |
| 1.98 Å | (10) |
| 1.91 Å | (5) |
| 1.77 Å | (10) |
| 1.67 Å | (10) |
| 1.64 Å | (10) |
| 1.54 Å | (10) |
| 1.42 Å | (5) |
| 1.406 Å | (5) |
Comments:
JCPDS 18-1411 (Charco Redondo, Cuba). See also ICDD 19-83 and ICDD 21-553.
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics | <3.5-2.5 |
| 42 : Sea-floor Mn nodules | |
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47e : [Vanadates, chromates, manganates] | |
| 47h : [Near-surface oxidized, dehydrated minerals] | |
| Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
| 49 : Oxic cellular biomineralization (see also #44) | <0.54 |
Geological Setting:
Common in ocean floor manganese nodules; found in manganese oxide deposits; late stage coating in granite pegmatite
Type Occurrence of Todorokite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Very fine fibrous flakes, < 0.05 mm in length. The flakes are arranged in lamellar layers, in which the lamellae are vertical to the surface of the layer.
Reference:
Yoshimura, T. (1934) "Todorokite", a new manganese mineral from the Todoroki mine, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido Imperial University, Series IV, Geology and Mineralogy: 2: 289-297.
Synonyms of Todorokite
Other Language Names for Todorokite
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 55 photos of Todorokite associated with Birnessite | (Na,Ca)0.5(Mn4+,Mn3+)2O4 · 1.5H2O |
| 51 photos of Todorokite associated with Romanèchite | (Ba,H2O)2(Mn4+,Mn3+)5O10 |
| 42 photos of Todorokite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 21 photos of Todorokite associated with Colemanite | Ca[B3O4(OH)3] · H2O |
| 15 photos of Todorokite associated with Opal | SiO2 · nH2O |
| 13 photos of Todorokite associated with Aragonite | CaCO3 |
| 9 photos of Todorokite associated with Baryte | BaSO4 |
| 9 photos of Todorokite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 8 photos of Todorokite associated with Ranciéite | (Ca,Mn2+)0.2(Mn4+,Mn3+)O2 · 0.6H2O |
| 8 photos of Todorokite associated with Fluorapatite | Ca5(PO4)3F |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 4.DK. | Ferrihollandite | Ba(Mn4+6Fe3+2)O16 |
| 4.DK.K | Thalliomelane | Tl(Mn4+7.5Cu2+0.5)O16 |
| 4.DK.4.DK. | Ferricoronadite | Pb(Mn4+6Fe3+2)O16 |
| 4.DK.05 | Akaganeite | (Fe3+,Ni2+)8(OH,O)16Cl1.25 · nH2O |
| 4.DK.05a | Coronadite | Pb(Mn4+6Mn3+2)O16 |
| 4.DK.05a | Cryptomelane | K(Mn4+7Mn3+)O16 |
| 4.DK.05a | Hollandite | Ba(Mn4+6Mn3+2)O16 |
| 4.DK.05a | Manjiroite | Na(Mn4+7Mn3+)O16 |
| 4.DK.05b | Mannardite | Ba(Ti4+6V3+2)O16 |
| 4.DK.05b | Priderite | K(Ti4+7Fe3+)O16 |
| 4.DK.05b | Redledgeite | Ba(Ti4+6Cr3+2)O16 |
| 4.DK.05b | Henrymeyerite | Ba(Ti4+7Fe2+)O16 |
| 4.DK.05a | Strontiomelane | Sr(Mn4+6Mn3+2)O16 |
| 4.DK.10 | Romanèchite | (Ba,H2O)2(Mn4+,Mn3+)5O10 |
Fluorescence of Todorokite
Not fluorescent in ultraviolet
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Todorokite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3988.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Todorokite
Reference List:
Fleischer, Michael, Burns, Roger G., Cabri, Louis J., Chao, George Y., Hogarth, D. D., Pabst, Adolf (1979) New Mineral Names. American Mineralogist, 64 (11-12) 1329-1334
Post, Jeffrey E., Heaney, Peter J., Hanson, Jonathan (2003) Synchrotron X-ray diffraction study of the structure and dehydration behavior of todorokite. American Mineralogist, 88 (1) 142-150 doi:10.2138/am-2003-0117
Localities for Todorokite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| Colombo et al. (2011) |
| A Summary and Geological Comparison. ... +1 other reference |
| Trueman et al. (2020) |
Atlantic Ocean | |
| Kim (1982) +1 other reference | |
| Melekestseva |
| Milinovic +6 other references | |
Australia | |
| McQueen +2 other references |
| Vera Munro-Smith (2006) |
| Crocoite.com |
| England et al. (1988) |
| England (1996) | |
| England (2002) | |
| Keith F Compton collection |
| Gilligan et al. (1995) |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) |
| Ostwald (1981) +1 other reference |
| Con Constantinides collection |
| |
| Noble et al. (1983) |
| Jones et al. (2013) |
| www.tngltd.com.au (n.d.) |
| Bridge et al. (1978) |
| Le Gleuher M. (2008) |
Austria | |
| U. Kolitsch et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
| Götzinger et al. (2009) |
| G. Niedermayr: Carinthia II 187./107.:175 (1997) |
| European Journal of Mineralogy 17 (1) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| NHM Vienna collection | |
| G. Blass (2001) |
| Martin Rich collection |
| Pichler (2009) |
| |
| Taucher (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| matrixx 4 | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2012) |
| Exel (1993) |
| GOLDMANN et al. (2008) |
| Goldmann et al. (2008) | |
| Uwe Kolitsch (PXRD-analysis of small black-brown globular aggregates with a radiating internal structure) +1 other reference | |
| Löffler et al. (2019) |
| Löffler et al. (2011) |
| Erwin Löffler collection (PXRD-analysed by Uwe Kolitsch) | |
| Löffler et al. (2011) | |
| NIEDERMAYR et al. (1992a) |
| Ertl (2002) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2017) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2009) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Exel (1993) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Walter (2009) | |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2012) |
| Bojar (2006) |
| P. Tomazic et al. (2012) |
| G.Gesselbauer (2011) |
| Postl (1992) |
| Auer (2023) |
| Taucher et al. (1992) |
| C.Auer (2021) |
| Taucher (1993) |
| Taucher (1994) |
| Weninger (1976) +2 other references |
| Postl et al. (1996) |
| Postl et al. (1996) |
| Moser et al. (1986) +1 other reference |
| Taucher (1996) +1 other reference |
| BRANDSTÄTTER et al. (2015) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2017) |
| Kolitsch (2021) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2010) |
| 54 (in German) +1 other reference |
| WALLENTA (1985) |
Belgium | |
| Hatert et al. (2014) |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | |
| Bevandić et al. (2018) |
| Tankosić et al. (2018) |
Brazil | |
| acd.ufrj.br (2002) |
| Rezende et al. (2021) |
| Menezes (n.d.) |
Bulgaria | |
| Chavdarova et al. (2022) |
| Vassileva et al. (2007) |
Burkina Faso | |
| Sattran et al. (2002) |
Canada | |
| Horvath et al. unpublished |
| Horváth et al. (1998) |
| Horváth et al. (1998) | |
Chile | |
| biblioserver.sernageomin.cl (n.d.) |
| XRD by Gerhard Möhn |
| samples analysed by Anthony Kampf +1 other reference |
China | |
| Bin Yu (2005) |
| Fengjun Ma (1986) |
| Guicheng Huang et al. (2001) +1 other reference |
| Dairong Yan et al. (2006) |
| Yinsheng Lang et al. (2007) |
| Su Haifeng et al. (2008) |
| Yinsheng Lang et al. (2007) |
| Yinsheng Lang et al. (2007) | |
| Guilin Institute of Metallurgical Geology et al. (1976) | |
| Yinsheng Lang et al. (2007) | |
| Yinsheng Lang et al. (2007) | |
| Jingqu Yao (1992) |
| Jingqu Yao (1992) | |
| Jingqu Yao (1992) |
| Wang Chen et al. (2006) |
| Zhongtang Yang et al. (2009) |
| Yeh et al. (1999) |
| Shaozhi Zhou (1999) |
| Qingrong Zheng et al. (2012) | |
| Li et al. (2022) |
| Zhaoxin Han et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| Yuchun Yang (1990) |
| Hanzhu Wang and Zengfu Xiao (1988) |
| Du +6 other references |
Costa Rica | |
| Micro Probe Volume VII Number 7 Spring ... +1 other reference |
Croatia | |
| Dolenec (2003) | |
| Lugović et al. (2008) |
Cuba | |
| Shen et al. (1992) |
| Acta Geológica Hispánica et al. (1-4) |
| www.minsocam.org 45:1174-1184 +1 other reference |
| Acta Geológica Hispánica et al. (1-4) | |
| Levinson (1960) | |
Cyprus | |
| Prüfer (2010) |
Czech Republic | |
| Matýsek D. (Outer Western Carpathians) |
| Matýsek D (2021) |
| Matýsek et al. (2021) | |
| Sejkora et al. (2007) |
| Pauliš P. Nejzajímavější ... |
| Jirásek J. et al. (2018) |
| Jirásek J. et al. (2018) |
Egypt | |
| Salama et al. (2012) |
| Afify et al. (2022) |
France | |
| Wittern et al. (Cologne) |
| Perseil (1975) | |
| Perseil (1975) | |
| Coureau et al. (2024) |
| U. Kolitsch (1997) |
| Wittern et al. (Cologne) |
| Berger +1 other reference |
| Bull. Soc. Franç. Minéralo. ... |
| Bull. Soc. Franç. Minéralo. ... |
| Inventaire minéralogique de la France ... |
| Le Règne Minéral 47: 5-21 |
| De Ascenção Guedes et al. (2002) |
| Berbain et al. (2005) |
| Kampf et al. 2011 +1 other reference |
| "Les minéralisations associées au volcanisme andésitique de Biot-Villeneuve Loubet (Alpes Maritimes) |
Germany | |
| |
| Walenta (1992) |
| 70. +1 other reference |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| 54. +1 other reference |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Aufschluss 50 (1999) |
| Lorenz (1991) |
| 54. +1 other reference |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Schmeltzer | |
| Nickel et al. (1985) |
| |
| Legner et al. (2022) |
| Blaß et al. (2010) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1988) | |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1991) |
| Lapis (1) |
| |
| Schnorrer et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| Schnorrer (1995) +1 other reference |
| Neutkens et al. (2008) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Henrich et al. (2019) |
| Der Aufschluss 2000 (2) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Heinrich et al. (2011) |
| Kleser (2006) |
| O Dziallas collection |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) |
| SEM-EDS and XRD by Joy Desor and ... |
| Witzke et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| Paul (1995) |
| WITZKE (2018) | |
| Wittern (2001) |
| collection H.J. Haas |
| Marcus Voigt Collection |
Ghana | |
| Mineralium Deposita Volume 34 Issue 3 (1999) |
Greece | |
| Vourlakos (1992) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2014) |
| Schusser et al. (2022) |
| Möckel (2000) |
| Stouraiti et al. (2022) +1 other reference |
| Miltiadis Nimfopoulos (1988) |
| Andrew P. Fornadel et al. (2011) |
| Φωτιάδης (2010) |
| Φωτιάδης (2010) |
| Kilias +7 other references |
| Altherr et al. (2013) |
Greenland | |
| McDonald et al. (2001) +1 other reference |
| Sørensen (2001) +1 other reference | |
Hungary | |
| Mineral Species of Hungary |
| Sándor Szakáll +1 other reference |
| Zajzon N et al. (20014) |
| Szakáll-Gatter-Szendrei: Mineral ... |
| Szakáll & Jánosi (1996) |
| Koch: Minerals of Hungary |
| Szakáll-Gatter-Szendrei: Mineral ... | |
India | |
| Analysis by Dr. George Rossman of the ... |
| Rao +1 other reference |
Indian Ocean | |
| Bibhuranjan Nayak et al. (2011) | |
| Herzig et al. (1988) | |
Indonesia | |
| Econ Geol (1990) |
| Milési et al. (1999) |
Iran | |
| Lotfi et al. (2017) |
Italy | |
| Bernardini et al. (2021) |
| • Barresi et al. (2005) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Sinisi et al. (2018) |
| doi.org (n.d.) +2 other references |
| Bartoli et al. (2008) |
| Bartoli et al. (2008) | |
| Adorni (1993) |
| Orlandi et al. (1988) +1 other reference | |
| Adorni et al. (2010) |
| Adorni et al. (2010) |
| Adorni et al. (2010) |
| Adorni F. et al. (2005) |
| I minerali di varie ofioliti attorno a Villa Minozzo (RE) |
| Antofilli |
| Joan Rosell - RosellMinerals |
| Pipino (1984) |
| Bracco et al. (2003) |
| Pezzotta et al. (1999) |
| Guastoni et al. (2004) |
| P. Mattias- M. Guerra (2008) |
| Boni et al. (1977) |
| Boni et al. (1977) |
| Boni et al. (1977) |
| Boni et al. (1977) |
| Boni et al. (1976) +1 other reference |
| Armellino et al. (2019: Primo ritrovamento in Italia di arsenogoyazite nelle discariche dell'ex miniera di manganese di Montaldo di Mondovì. Micro, 17, 28-33 ) |
| Simone Ferrero collection +2 other references |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Ferraris (1971) +2 other references |
| Barresi et al. (2) |
| Giovanni Scapin Collection |
| Brizio et al. (2010) |
| Ambrino et al. (2010) |
| Ambrino et al. (2022) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Deidda et al. (2012) |
| Grill (1935) |
| Orlandi et al. (1988) | |
| Orlandi et al. (1988) +1 other reference |
| Ara D. et al. (2013) |
| Baldoni et al. (2013) +1 other reference |
| Guerin H. (1982) |
| Samples collected by Luigi Chiappino ... +1 other reference |
| Bortolozzi et al. (2013) |
| Bardi et al. (2017) |
| Orlandi et al. (1988) |
| Orlandi P. & Albertini C. (1988) | |
| Ciampalini et al. (2010) +1 other reference |
| P. Roegner - (raggi X, EDS) |
| Luigi Matei photo |
| Biagioni C. (Alpi Apuane, Lucca) | |
| Biagioni (2004) | |
| Orlandi et al. (1988) +1 other reference |
| Orlandi et al. (1988) |
| Orlandi et al. (2009) |
| Orlandi et al. (2009) | |
| Orlandi et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| Orlandi et al. (2009) | |
| Orlandi et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| Pedroni (1995) +1 other reference |
| Libvrna N°6 - october 2022 |
| Eckhardt et al. (1997) |
| Rossi et al. (1980) | |
| Eckhardt et al. (1997) | |
| Boscardin (2014) |
| Pegoraro S. (2014) |
Japan | |
| Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) | |
| Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| M. Nakagawa et al. (2009) |
| Yamada (2005) |
| Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| Introduction to Japanese Minerals (Geological Survey of Japan, 1970) |
| Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) | |
| Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) | |
| Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) | |
| Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) | |
| Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) | |
| Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| H. Momoi (1964) |
| Dr. Matsuo Nambu ore collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| Petrov (n.d.) |
| - (unpublished species lists maintained by local collectors) +1 other reference |
| Akira Kato (undated manuscript) |
| Y. Okayama: Hydrothermal manganese oxides from southwest region of Aogashima island. Mining Geology (3) |
Jordan | |
| Qatar Univ. Sci. J. 21:101-117. |
Kazakhstan | |
| Evseev (1995) |
| Frank Dzubeck |
Luxembourg | |
| Philippo et al. (2007) |
Mexico | |
| Canet et al. (2005) +1 other reference |
| Del Rio Salas (2011) |
| Andrew G. Conly et al. (2011) |
| Cross (2006) |
| Megaw |
| Querol +1 other reference |
| Ref.: Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas et al. (2000) |
| J. Arturo Gomez-Caballero et al. (2010) |
Mongolia | |
| Kuleshov (2003) |
Morocco | |
| FAVREAU G. & DIETRICH J.E. (2006) |
Namibia | |
| E. Schnaitmann et al. (2008) |
| Uwe Kolitsch (single-crystal X-ray diffraction) +2 other references |
| Gerhard Niedermayr: Mesopotamia 504 - ... |
Nazca Plate | |
| Zawadzki et al. (2022) | |
New Zealand | |
| Thornton (Ed.) |
| Read et al. (1971) |
| Ko Jansen |
North Macedonia | |
| Djordjevic et al. (2021) |
Norway | |
| Larsen et al. (2010) |
| Åsheim +3 other references | |
Pacific Ocean | |
| Uspenskaya et al. (1987) | |
| Mee Burns et al. (1978) |
| Skowronek et al. (2021) | |
| Fan et al. (2024) | |
| Xu et al. (2024) | |
| Deng et al. (2022) | |
| Fengyou Chu et al. (2006) |
| Volokhina et al. (2020) +3 other references |
| Hein et al. (2010) |
| Hein et al. (2010) | |
| Hein et al. (2010) | |
| Hein et al. (2010) | |
| Hein et al. (2010) | |
| Hein et al. (2010) | |
Papua New Guinea | |
| Zhigang Zeng et al. (12) |
Poland | |
| DOI: 10.1515/mipo-2016-0002 +2 other references |
| Jach et al. (2005) |
| Pieczka et al. (2001) |
Portugal | |
| Pedro Alves collection and analytical ... |
Red Sea | |
| Sediment-Hosted Mineral Deposits: ... | |
Romania | |
| Onac et al. (1997) |
| Tudor Tamas et al. (2017) |
| Szakáll |
| Szakáll et al. (2010) | |
| minerals-of-the-carpathians.eu (2008) |
| Onac et al. (2002) |
Russia | |
| webmineral.ru (2020) +1 other reference |
| Anthony et al. (1997) |
| Palchik et al. (2014) |
| Chukhrov et al. (1978) |
| Glasby et al. (2006) |
| Silyanov et al. (2021) |
| Filimonova et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| ... |
| ... | |
| Semenov E.I. (1972) |
| Semenov E.I. (1972) | |
| Sharkov (2009) |
| Talovina et al. (2003) |
| Glasby et al. (2006) |
| Glasby et al. (2006) | |
| Kasatkin et al. (2021) |
Slovakia | |
| Haber M. et al. (Terézia Vein, Banskà Stiavnica deposit, Slovak Republic) |
| Jeleň et al. (2006) | |
| Martin Števku-unpublished |
| Šoltés S. et al. (Malé Karpáty Mts.) |
| Šoltés S. et al. (Malé Karpáty Mts.) |
| Šoltés S. et al. (Malé Karpáty Mts.) |
| Šoltés S. et al. (Malé Karpáty Mts.) | |
| Rojkovič (2001) |
| Rojkovič (2001) |
| Rojkovič I. |
| Rokovič I. |
| Rokovič I. |
| Rokovič I. |
| Rokovič I. |
| Rokovič I. | |
| Rokovič I. et al. (2003) |
South Africa | |
| NSUTITE (BATTERY GRADE MANGANESE DIOXIDE) +1 other reference |
| Martini (1997) |
| upetd.up.ac.za (2006) |
| Martini (1978) |
| Von Bezing (1991) +1 other reference |
| Von Bezing (1991) +2 other references | |
| Von Bezing (1991) +1 other reference |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) +2 other references | |
| Von Bezing (1991) +1 other reference | |
| |
| Von Bezing (1991) +1 other reference | |
| Vafeas et al. (2018) | |
| Von Bezing (1991) +1 other reference | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
South China Sea | |
| Zhou et al. (2022) |
South Korea | |
| Choi et al. (2005) |
Spain | |
| Calvo (2009) |
| Jorge (2000) |
| Colectivo Arrayanes et al. (2008) |
| Mata-Perelló (1979) |
| Calvo (2008) |
| Calvo (2008) |
| Onac et al. (2014) +1 other reference |
| Marino et al. (2019) |
| Strasser et al. (2006) |
| Lapis 2001 et al. (reference via Ferdinando Giovine) +1 other reference |
| Van Opstal (2021) | |
| Marino et al. (2019) | |
| Abad +3 other references |
| A. Crespo & R. Lunar (1997) |
| Calvo (2009) |
| Mineralogistes de Catalunya |
| Joan Rosell - rosellminerals.com |
| gr-mulhacen.foroactivo.com (2020) |
| mti-minas-valencia.blogspot.com (2012) |
| Mata Perelló |
Sweden | |
| Swedish Nat.Musuem |
| Strand et al. (2015) |
| Strand et al. (2015) | |
| Strand et al. (2015) | |
| |
| Nysten (2004) |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Perseil E.A. Untersuchungen über die Anwesenheit von Strontium in den Manganvererzungen von Falotta und Parsettens (GR) | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Le Cristallier Suisse (7) | |
| Vanini F. et al. (1998) | |
| Cuchet et al. (2019) |
| Ansermet (2012) |
| Ansermet (2012) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
Tonga | |
| Stackelberg et al. (1990) |
Turkey | |
| TEKER et al. (2006) |
| USGS Prof Paper 550C ppC158-C161 |
| USGS Prof Paper 550C ppC158-C161 | |
UK | |
| Wolfe et al. (2008) |
| Calvert et al. (1970) |
Ukraine | |
| Geologiya SSSR (The geology of USSR) +1 other reference |
| Alexander I. Tischenko (1996) |
USA | |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Merritt Stephen Enders (2000) |
| Wilson (1984) +1 other reference |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Bob Massey micromount collection |
| Bob Massey micromount collection | |
| |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 168. +2 other references | |
| Morgan et al. (1969) +1 other reference |
| Potter et al. (1979) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 169. +2 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 169. +2 other references |
| Petrov (n.d.) |
| Dunning et al. (2005) |
| Foord (1977) |
| minerals.gps.caltech.edu (1997) |
| Foord et al. (1989) |
| Rob Lavinsky (ex. Chuck Houser specimen) | |
| Steve Pullman |
| Huebner +3 other references |
| DeVito (1991) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Schooner (circa 1980s) |
| Reiner Mielke | |
| King et al. (1994) |
| King et al. (1994) +1 other reference |
| Gene Bearss |
| King +1 other reference |
| King (n.d.) |
| Maine Pegmatite Workshop 2004 |
| Kink | |
| Mineral News (1994) +1 other reference |
| King et al. (1994) |
| King et al. (1994) +1 other reference |
| King et al. (1994) +1 other reference | |
| King et al. (1994) | |
| Found and id'ed during ongoing study of ... +1 other reference |
| Dionne et al. (2014) |
| King (n.d.) |
| King (n.d.) | |
| King et al. (1994) |
| www.irocks.com (2020) |
| Mr. Fred Parker |
| Travis Olds collection |
| - (2005) |
| Gobla (2012) |
| Geology and Ore Deposits of the ... +1 other reference |
| AmMin 47:59 +1 other reference | |
| H.A. Barrett and M.P.S. Krekeler (2011) | |
| Gobla (2012) | |
| American Mineralogist 47:59-66 |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| NBMG Bull 99B Geology and Mineral ... |
| CONF-910435-37 +3 other references | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Segeler et al. (1981) |
| Maertens (2007) |
| Dunn (1995) |
| Baum (2) |
| Frondel et al. (1960) +2 other references | |
| NMGS 37th Field Conference |
| Northrop et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| NMBMMR Memoir 15 Geology and Technology ... |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| King (n.d.) |
| Rudy Tschernich Zeolite Collection |
| Michael W. Kieron collection |
| Campbell et al. (1985) |
| Moore et al. (1974) |
| Smith et al. (2000) |
| Seaman (1976) |
| SEM-EDS analyzed by Travis Olds |
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Punta del Aguila, Playa Blanca, Yaiza, Lanzarote, Las Palmas Province, Canary Islands, Spain