Wavellite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Wavellite
Formula:
Al3(PO4)2(OH,F)3 Β· 5H2O
Colour:
Green to yellowish-green and yellow, greenish white, yellowish-brown, brown, brownish-black, blue, white and colourless; colourless in transmitted light.
Lustre:
Vitreous, Greasy, Pearly
Hardness:
3½ - 4
Specific Gravity:
2.36
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Member of:
Name:
Named by William Babington in 1805 in honor of Dr. William Wavell [20 December 1750 England - 15 May 1829 Barnstaple, England, England], a physician, botanist, historian, and naturalist in Harwood Parish, Devonshire, England, who discovered the mineral. Non-contemporary accounts suggest that Dr. Wavell discovered phosphate in the mineral, a constituent that was previously missed in analyses of hydrargilite. Dr. Wavell was educated in Edinburgh and was in medical partnership with Dr. William Curtis [b. 1746 Alton, Hampshire, England, UK - c1825 Branstaple, Devonshire, UK] - on Gracechurch Street, Barnstaple. Dr. Curtis was also an energetic botanist and also a correspondent with many naturalists (Curtis and Hooker, 1827).
A secondary mineral found most often in aluminous, low-grade metamorphic rocks. Usually found as radiating "starburst" clusters of green to yellow-green fibrous crystals on fracture surfaces in the matrix, these may grade into globular aggregates; more rarely in chalcedony-like or opaline masses, or stalactic; very rare as good distinct crystals.
The OH analogue of fluorwavellite.
Note: Allanpringite is a monoclinic-pseudoorthorhombic Fe3+-analogue of wavellite.
The OH analogue of fluorwavellite.
Note: Allanpringite is a monoclinic-pseudoorthorhombic Fe3+-analogue of wavellite.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Wavellite.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
4250
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:4250:1
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
3502621e-70f2-4099-b630-0edf9fb007d9
IMA Classification of Wavellite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Al3(PO4)2(OH)3 Β· 5H2O
Classification of Wavellite
8.DC.50
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
D : Phosphates, etc. with additional anions, with H2O
C : With only medium-sized cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 = 1:1 and < 2:1
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
D : Phosphates, etc. with additional anions, with H2O
C : With only medium-sized cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 = 1:1 and < 2:1
Dana 7th ed.:
42.7.4.1
42.10.2.1
42 : HYDRATED PHOSPHATES, ETC.CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
10 : A3(XO4)2Zq·xH2O
42 : HYDRATED PHOSPHATES, ETC.CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
10 : A3(XO4)2Zq·xH2O
19.7.8
19 : Phosphates
7 : Phosphates of Al alone
19 : Phosphates
7 : Phosphates of Al alone
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMAβCNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMAβCNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMAβCNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Symbol | Source | Reference |
---|---|---|
Wav | IMAβCNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMAβCNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Wav | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185β187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
Physical Properties of Wavellite
Vitreous, Greasy, Pearly
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
Green to yellowish-green and yellow, greenish white, yellowish-brown, brown, brownish-black, blue, white and colourless; colourless in transmitted light.
Comment:
Colouration may be zoned.
Streak:
White.
Hardness:
3½ - 4 on Mohs scale
Hardness Data:
Measured
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
Perfect on {110}, good on {101}, distinct on {010}.
Perfect on {110}, good on {101}, distinct on {010}.
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Sub-Conchoidal
Density:
2.36 g/cm3 (Measured) 2.37 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Wavellite
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.518 - 1.535 nβ = 1.524 - 1.543 nγ = 1.544 - 1.561
2V:
Measured: 60° to 72°, Calculated: 60° to 70°
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.026
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Low
Dispersion:
r > v weak
Pleochroism:
Weak
Comments:
X= Greenish
Z= Yellowish
Z= Yellowish
Chemistry of Wavellite
Mindat Formula:
Al3(PO4)2(OH,F)3 Β· 5H2O
Common Impurities:
F,Fe
Crystallography of Wavellite
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) - Dipyramidal
Cell Parameters:
a = 9.621 Å, b = 17.363 Å, c = 6.994 Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.554 : 1 : 0.403
Unit Cell V:
1,168.34 Γ
Β³ (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Crystals rare, stout to long prismatic parallel to [001], with {110} striated parallel to [001]. Found as hemispherical or globular aggregates with an internal radial or stellate structure of fibrous crystals; as crusts and stalactic; more rarely in chalcedony-like opaline masses.
Twinning:
None reported
Comment:
Space Group: Pcmn (non-standard setting).
Crystallographic forms of Wavellite
Crystal Atlas:
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0010659 | Wavellite | Araki T, Zoltai T (1968) The crystal structure of wavellite Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 127 21-33 | 1968 | Montgomery County, Arkansas, USA | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
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Radiation - Copper Kα
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
8.67 Γ | (100) |
8.42 Γ | (100) |
5.65 Γ | (50) |
4.81 Γ | (30) |
3.42 Γ | (40) |
3.22 Γ | (60) |
2.57 Γ | (30) |
2.11 Γ | (20) |
Geological Environment
Geological Setting:
A secondary mineral of aluminous low-grade metamorphic rocks, in phosphate and limonitic deposits; more rarely as a late-forming hydrothermal vein mineral.
Type Occurrence of Wavellite
Synonyms of Wavellite
Other Language Names for Wavellite
Dutch:Wavelliet
French:Wavellite
Alumine phosphatΓ©e
Alumine phosphatΓ©e
Italian:Wavellite
Japanese:ιζη³
Polish:Wavellit
Russian:ΠΠ°Π²Π΅Π»Π»ΠΈΡ
Simplified Chinese:ιΆζη³
Slovak:Wavellit
Traditional Chinese:ιζη³
Ukrainian:ΠΠ°Π²Π΅Π»ΡΡ
Varieties of Wavellite
Gelfischerite | A gel-like form of fischerite (= wavellite). |
Relationship of Wavellite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
Allanpringite | Fe3+3(PO4)2(OH)3 Β· 5H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
Fluorwavellite | Al3(PO4)2(OH)2F Β· 5H2O | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
405 photos of Wavellite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
178 photos of Wavellite associated with Variscite | AlPO4 Β· 2H2O |
112 photos of Wavellite associated with Turquoise | CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8 Β· 4H2O |
78 photos of Wavellite associated with Vauxite | Fe2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2 Β· 6H2O |
67 photos of Wavellite associated with Cacoxenite | Fe3+24AlO6(PO4)17(OH)12 Β· 75H2O |
64 photos of Wavellite associated with Paravauxite | Fe2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2 Β· 8H2O |
46 photos of Wavellite associated with Strengite | FePO4 Β· 2H2O |
40 photos of Wavellite associated with Sigloite | Fe3+Al2(PO4)2(OH)3 Β· 7H2O |
37 photos of Wavellite associated with Fluellite | Al2(PO4)F2(OH) Β· 7H2O |
30 photos of Wavellite associated with Metavauxite | Fe2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2 Β· 8H2O |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
8.DC. | Ianbruceite | Zn2(AsO4)(OH) Β· 3H2O |
8.DC. | CΓ©sarferreiraite | Fe2+ Fe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 Β· 8H2O |
8.DC. | Ferrivauxite | Fe3+Al2(PO4)2(OH)3 Β· 5H2O |
8.DC.05 | Nissonite | Cu2Mg2(PO4)2(OH)2 Β· 5H2O |
8.DC.07 | Euchroite | Cu2(AsO4)(OH) Β· 3H2O |
8.DC.10 | Legrandite | Zn2(AsO4)(OH) Β· H2O |
8.DC.12 | Strashimirite | Cu8(AsO4)4(OH)4 Β· 5H2O |
8.DC.15 | Arthurite | CuFe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 Β· 4H2O |
8.DC.15 | Earlshannonite | Mn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 Β· 4H2O |
8.DC.15 | Ojuelaite | ZnFe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 Β· 4H2O |
8.DC.15 | Whitmoreite | Fe2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 Β· 4H2O |
8.DC.15 | Cobaltarthurite | (Co,Mg)Fe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 Β· 4H2O |
8.DC.15 | Bendadaite | Fe2+Fe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 Β· 4H2O |
8.DC.15 | Kunatite | CuFe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 Β· 4H2O |
8.DC.15 | UM2006-27-PO:FeHZn | ZnFe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 Β· 4H2O |
8.DC.15 | UKI-2006-(PO:AlCuFeH) | Fe2+Al3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 Β· 4H2O |
8.DC.17 | Kleemanite | ZnAl2(PO4)2(OH)2 Β· 3H2O |
8.DC.20 | Bermanite | Mn2+Mn3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 Β· 4H2O |
8.DC.20 | Coralloite | Mn2+Mn3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 Β· 4H2O |
8.DC.20 | Magnesiobermanite | MgMn3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 Β· 4H2O |
8.DC.22 | Kovdorskite | Mg2(PO4)(OH) Β· 3H2O |
8.DC.25 | Ferristrunzite | Fe3+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)3 Β· 5H2O |
8.DC.25 | Ferrostrunzite | Fe2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 Β· 6H2O |
8.DC.25 | Metavauxite | Fe2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2 Β· 8H2O |
8.DC.25 | Metavivianite | Fe2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 Β· 6H2O |
8.DC.25 | Strunzite | Mn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 Β· 6H2O |
8.DC.25 | Zincostrunzite | ZnFe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 Β· 6.5H2O |
8.DC.27 | Beraunite | Fe3+6(PO4)4O(OH)4 Β· 6H2O |
8.DC.27 | TvrdΓ½ite | Fe2+Fe3+2 Al3(PO4)4(OH)5(H2O)4 Β· 2H2O |
8.DC.27 | Zincoberaunite | ZnFe3+5(PO4)4(OH)5 Β· 6H2O |
8.DC.30 | Gordonite | MgAl2(PO4)2(OH)2 Β· 8H2O |
8.DC.30 | Laueite | Mn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 Β· 8H2O |
8.DC.30 | Mangangordonite | Mn2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2 Β· 8H2O |
8.DC.30 | Paravauxite | Fe2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2 Β· 8H2O |
8.DC.30 | Pseudolaueite | Mn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 Β· 8H2O |
8.DC.30 | Sigloite | Fe3+Al2(PO4)2(OH)3 Β· 7H2O |
8.DC.30 | Stewartite | Mn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 Β· 8H2O |
8.DC.30 | Ushkovite | MgFe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 Β· 8H2O |
8.DC.30 | Ferrolaueite | Fe2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 Β· 8H2O |
8.DC.30 | Kastningite | (Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)Al2(PO4)2(OH)2 Β· 8H2O |
8.DC.30 | Maghrebite | MgAl2(AsO4)2(OH)2 Β· 8H2O |
8.DC.30 | Nordgauite | MnAl2(PO4)2(F,OH)2 Β· 5H2O |
8.DC.30 | Kayrobertsonite | [MnAl2(PO4)2(OH)2(H2O)4] Β· 2H2O |
8.DC.30 | Kummerite | Mn2+Fe3+Al(PO4)2(OH)2 Β· 8H2O |
8.DC.32 | Tinticite | Fe3+3(PO4)2(OH)3 Β· 3H2O |
8.DC.32 | Kamarizaite | Fe3+3(AsO4)2(OH)3 Β· 3H2O |
8.DC.35 | Vauxite | Fe2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2 Β· 6H2O |
8.DC.37 | Vantasselite | Al4(PO4)3(OH)3 Β· 9H2O |
8.DC.40 | Cacoxenite | Fe3+24AlO6(PO4)17(OH)12 Β· 75H2O |
8.DC.45 | Gormanite | (Fe2+,Mg)3(Al,Fe3+)4(PO4)4(OH)6 Β· 2H2O |
8.DC.45 | Souzalite | (Mg,Fe2+)3(Al,Fe3+)4(PO4)4(OH)6 Β· 2H2O |
8.DC.47 | Kingite | Al3(PO4)2F2(OH) Β· 7H2O |
8.DC.50 | Allanpringite | Fe3+3(PO4)2(OH)3 Β· 5H2O |
8.DC.50 | Fluorwavellite | Al3(PO4)2(OH)2F Β· 5H2O |
8.DC.52 | Kribergite | Al5(PO4)3(SO4)(OH)4 Β· 4H2O |
8.DC.55 | Mapimite | Zn2Fe3+3(AsO4)3(OH)4 Β· 10H2O |
8.DC.57 | Ogdensburgite | Ca2Fe3+4(Zn,Mn2+)(AsO4)4(OH)6 Β· 6H2O |
8.DC.60 | Nevadaite | (Cu2+,Al,V3+)6Al8(PO4)8F8(OH)2 Β· 22H2O |
8.DC.60 | Cloncurryite | Cu0.5(VO)0.5Al2(PO4)2F2 Β· 5H2O |
8.DC.62 | Kenngottite | Mn2+3Fe3+4(PO4)4(OH)6(H2O)2 |
8.DC.67 | Molinelloite | Cu(H2O)(OH)V4+O(V5+O4) |
8.DC.70 | Whitecapsite | H16Fe2+5Fe3+14Sb3+6(AsO4)18O16 Β· 120H2O |
8.DC.75 | Heimite | PbCu2(AsO4)(OH)3 Β· 2H2O |
8.DC.80 | Lednevite | Cu[PO3(OH)] Β· H2O |
Other Information
Notes:
Readily soluble in acids.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Wavellite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-4250.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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References for Wavellite
Reference List:
Davy, Humphrey (1805) VII. An account of some analytical experiments on a mineral production from Devonshire, consisting principally of alumine and water. Philosophical Transactions Of The Royal Society Of London, 95. 155-162 doi:10.1098/rstl.1805.0009
Gregor, W. (1805) XXIII. Experiments on a mineral substance formerly supposed to be zeolite; with some remarks on two species of uran-glimmer. Philosophical Transactions Of The Royal Society Of London, 95. 331-348 doi:10.1098/rstl.1805.0025
Carnot, Adolphe (1894) Sur la composition chimique des wavellites et des turquoises. Comptes rendus de lβAcadΓ©mie des sciences de Paris, 118 (14-26) 995-998
Ungemach, Henri (1912) Sur la wavellite. Bulletin de MinΓ©ralogie, 35 (6) 536-538 doi:10.3406/bulmi.1912.3533
Wherry, Edgar T. (1918) Notes on mimetite, thaumasite, and wavellite. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 54 (2240) 373-381 doi:10.5479/si.00963801.54-2240.373
Shannon, Earl V. (1923) Mineralogic notes on pucherite, pyrite, trichalcite, and wavellite. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 62 (2455) 1-10 doi:10.5479/si.00963801.62-2455.1
Buttenbach (1929) SociΓ©tΓ© gΓ©ologique de Belgique, Ann., Publ. Congo Belge: 51: C117 (as Bialite).
Foster, Margaret D., Schaller, Waldemar T. (1966) Cause of colors in wavellite from Dug Hill, Arkansas. American Mineralogist, 51 (3-4) 422-428
Araki, Takaharu, Zoltai, Tibor (1968) The crystal structure of wavellite. Zeitschrift fΓΌr Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials, 127 (1) 21-33 doi:10.1524/zkri.1968.127.1-4.21
Localities for Wavellite
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
β - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality.
Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| R. FernΓ‘ndez (1987) |
Australia | |
Trueman (1965) | |
| Maggie Wilson |
| McIlveen (1975) |
| Hosking (1995) |
| Day et al. (1996) |
| Murray (1973) |
| Francis (2010) |
| Pilkington et al. (1979) |
| Brian Beyer via John Toma (IDs at SA Museum?) |
| Harrowfield et al. (1981) +1 other reference |
Francis et al. (self published) | |
| SA Geodata Database - Mineral Deposit ... |
Pilkington et al. (1982) +1 other reference | |
| Peter Elliott |
| Francis et al. (self published) |
| SA Geodata Database - Mineral Deposit ... |
| Hosking (1995) |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
Bottrill & Baker | |
| M Latham colln |
| M Latham colln |
Bottrill et al. (2008) | |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
James Melville's Collection | |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Bottrill +1 other reference |
| GHF Ulrich (1870) |
| |
W.D.Birch & D.A.Henry 1993. Phosphate ... | |
| |
| Birch et al. (1993) |
| Birch et al. (1993) |
| Birch et al. (1993) |
| Museum Victoria Mineralogy Collection +1 other reference |
| Henry et al. (1988) +1 other reference |
| |
Belgium | |
| Malaise (1913) +1 other reference |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Dejonghe et al. (1993) +1 other reference |
MΓ©lon et al. (1976) | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
Hatert et al. (2002) | |
| Dumont (1832) +1 other reference |
| CesΓ ro (1898) +2 other references |
Hatert et al. (2002) | |
Corin (1927) +1 other reference | |
| Blondieau (2005) |
Hatert et al. (2002) | |
Dejonghe et al. (1993) | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
Michel Blondieau. +1 other reference | |
Daltry et al. (1994) +1 other reference | |
de Rauw (1910) +1 other reference | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
Michot (1953) +3 other references | |
Blondieau (2005) | |
| Fournier (1897) +2 other references |
Van Tassel (1985) +1 other reference | |
Bolivia | |
| Mineralogical Record: 32: 476. +1 other reference |
Alfredo Petrov | |
| Mineralogical Record: 32: 472. +2 other references |
| Salomon Rivas y Federico Ahlfeld (1998) |
Salomon Rivas y Federico Ahlfeld (1998) | |
| Salomon Rivas y Federico Ahlfeld (1998) |
| Salomon Rivas y Federico Ahlfeld (1998) |
| Mineralogical Record: 32: 474. Kampf et ... +1 other reference |
| Herzenberg collection |
Wilson (2001) | |
| Smith et al. (2001) |
| Salomon Rivas and Federico Ahlfeld: Los Minerales de Bolivia y sus Parajes (Santa Cruz, 1998) |
Brazil | |
| Sioeira et al. (1982) |
| Sergio Varvello collection |
| Frost et al. (2013) |
| 531 p +6 other references |
| Rev. Esc. Minas vol.57 no.4 Ouro Preto ... |
| Walter et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
Bulgaria | |
| Kunov et al. (2001) +1 other reference |
Burundi | |
| Fransolet et al. (1990) |
China | |
| Huatian Wang et al. (1990) |
Liu et al. (2022) | |
| Huatian Wang et al. (1990) |
Huatian Wang et al. (1990) | |
| Baogui Zhang et al. (1990) |
| Damao Wu and Yansong Tan (1981) |
| Huatian Wang et al. (1990) |
| Rengui Wu and Dagan Yu (2000) |
Czech Republic | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
PauliΕ‘ +5 other references | |
| VtΔlenskΓ½ J. (1959) |
ΔernΓ½ et al. (2018) | |
| ΔernΓ½ P. et al. (2015) |
VtΔlenskΓ½ J. (1959) | |
| VtΔlenskΓ½ J. (1959) |
| |
| Petr PauliΕ‘ (2000) +1 other reference |
| Sejkora +1 other reference |
| PauliΕ‘ +1 other reference |
| KruΕ₯a et al. (SbornΓk PΕΓrodovΔdeckΓ© spoleΔnosti v OstravΔ) |
| JanouΕ‘ +4 other references |
Label by Augustus Krantz in Berlin (1837-50) | |
| Sejkora J. et al. (ΔeskΓ‘ republika) |
| Houzar S.: PΕehled minerΓ‘lΕ― z ... |
| Roman GrambliΔka collection |
| Roman GrambliΔka collection |
| Roman GrambliΔka collection |
DR Congo | |
| Collection Arliguie M (old label) +1 other reference |
| Nasraoui et al. (1999) |
| Mills et al. (2010) |
Egypt | |
| USGS Open-File Report 02β156βA |
Finland | |
| MΓ€kelΓ€ |
France | |
| NICOLAS et al. (1963) |
G. Aubert : "Les coupoles granitiques de Montebras et d'Echassières (Massif Central Français) | |
| NICOLAS et al. (1963) |
Y. Vessely collection | |
| Gert SchΓΆneborn collection (Uwe Kolitsch SXRD-analysis) |
Aubert (1969) | |
| Le Roch (2009) |
| Pierre Le Roch |
| Germain et al. (1985) +1 other reference |
| Pirard et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
| Pascale & Daniel Journet |
| Jean-Marie LAURENT collection |
| GAYRAUD (2010) |
| Lukas (1978) +2 other references |
| Ref: Boisson J.M. |
Germany | |
| WeiΓ (1990) |
| 58. +1 other reference |
| Leon Hupperichs collection |
| F. MΓΌller: "Bayerns steinreiche Ecke" et al. (Hof) |
| Dana 7:II:772 |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (n.d.) |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
Palache et al. (1951) | |
von Voith (1836) | |
| Dill et al. (2009) |
DILL et al. (2008) +1 other reference | |
| Dill (2009) +1 other reference |
Dill H.G.: "Mineralogical and chemical ... | |
www.berthold-weber.de (2001) +1 other reference | |
Wittern (2001) +1 other reference | |
| PΓΆllmann et al. (2005) |
| Meier (2005) |
| WeiΓ (1990) |
WeiΓ (1990) | |
| in the collection of Christof SchΓ€fer |
| WeiΓ (1990) |
| WeiΓ (1990) |
WeiΓ (1990) | |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| WeiΓ (1990) |
| in the collection of Joachim Esche |
| MΓΌller et al. (2012) |
| BlaΓ (2002) |
| WeiΓ (1990) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
Wittern (2001) | |
WeiΓ (1990) | |
| D. Pawlowski: "Mineralfundstellen im Sauerland" (Munich) |
| D. Pawlowski: "Mineralfundstellen im Sauerland" (Munich) +1 other reference |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (2016) |
| WeiΓ (1990) |
| Wittern (2001) |
Wittern (2001) | |
| GrΓΆbner et al. (2011) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| M Adelt collection +1 other reference |
Wittern (2001) | |
| M Adelt collection |
| Witzke et al. (2013) |
| 86. +2 other references |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Wittern: "Mineralfundorte in ... |
| Min Rec 39 pp355-367 |
GrΓΆbner J. et al. (2006) | |
| |
VollstΓ€dt +2 other references | |
| T. Witzke & F. RΓΌger: Lapis 1998 (7/8) |
| Wittern (2001) |
T. Witzke & F. RΓΌger: Lapis 1998 (7/8) | |
| Lapis (12) |
Guinea | |
| Feret et al. (1997) |
Hungary | |
| Koch: Minerals of Hungary |
| SzakΓ‘ll et al. (1996) |
| SzakΓ‘ll: 100 Hungarian Mineral Loc. |
Ireland | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Green et al. (2007) |
| Moreton et al. (1995) |
| F. Rutley: "Elements of Mineralogy" (1900) |
Moreton et al. (2005) | |
F. Rutley: "Elements of Mineralogy" (1900) | |
| Ryback et al. (1988) |
| Greg et al. (1858) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
Italy | |
| I minerali del Museo Archeominerario ... +1 other reference |
Di Domenico et al. (1993) +2 other references | |
Zambonini (1902) +1 other reference | |
| Olmi F. |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Luigi Chiappino data +1 other reference |
| I. Campostrini personal comunication |
| Ciriotti et al. (2011) |
Japan | |
| Kojiro (2001) |
| Ito (1975) |
| Matsubara (1988) |
| Dr. Kameki Kinoshita collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| Takashi Yamada et al. (1999) |
| Okamoto collection (curated at the Geological Survey museum, Japan) |
Kazakhstan | |
| According Trest KazGeologiya reports |
| Ankinovich et al. (1997) |
Liberia | |
| a reconnaissance report. USGS Bulletin ... +1 other reference |
Madagascar | |
| Behier (1963) |
| Morteani et al. (2006) |
Mali | |
| Gineste (2012) |
Mexico | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Observed at the mine geology office by ... |
New Zealand | |
| Hector et al. (1865) |
Norway | |
| LjΓΈstad et al. (2023) |
| Natural History Museum +1 other reference |
Philippines | |
| PXRD by John Attard |
Poland | |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| SzeΕΔg (2007) |
| Eligiusz SzeΕΔg collection |
| Siuda (2014) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Personally collected by ZajΔ c Piotr in ... |
J. Witkowski | |
Portugal | |
| Pedro Alves collection and analytical ... |
| |
| Pedro Alves |
Pedro Alves collection | |
| Pedro Alves collection and analytical ... |
| Pedro Alves collection and analytical ... |
| Pedro Alves analytical data and ... |
| |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data +1 other reference |
| Schnorrer-KΓΆhler (1991) |
Pedro Alves collection | |
| Ko Jansen collection |
| Identified in RebentΓ£o Mine |
| |
Romania | |
| Onac et al. (1995) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| RΔdulescu Dan |
| Fischer (1955) +1 other reference |
Russia | |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| |
Rwanda | |
| F. Hatert et al. (PO4) +1 other reference |
| Bertossa (1968) +1 other reference |
Senegal | |
| Keegan et al. (1979) +1 other reference |
| www.uoguelph.ca (2003) |
| rruff.geo.arizona.edu (n.d.) |
Slovakia | |
| OzdΓn D. & Bukovina J. (PO4) |
OzdΓn D. & Bukovina J. (PO4) | |
| Grecula +1 other reference |
| KodΔra (1986) |
South Africa | |
| Econ Geol (1989) |
South Kordofan Sudan | |
Abdelmajid et al. (2014) | |
Spain | |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) |
| www.foro-minerales.com (n.d.) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) |
| Bareche (2005) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) |
Sri Lanka | |
| Hapuarachichi +3 other references |
Sweden | |
| BjΓ€llerud (1989) |
Uganda | |
| Oleg von Knorring (1979) |
UK | |
| Weiss et al. (2007) |
| Day (1999) |
| Hey M H et al. (1938) +1 other reference |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Hall (1868) |
| Phillips (1823) +4 other references |
| Hall (1868) |
| Hall (1868) +1 other reference |
| Mineralogical Magazine 1996 60 : ... |
Barstow (1982) +1 other reference | |
| Young (1988) +1 other reference |
Mason (1976) | |
| Alysson Rowan collection |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| P D Trebilcock collection +1 other reference |
| Day (1999) |
| |
USA | |
| Rocks & Min 70:5 pp 320-333 +1 other reference |
Rocks & Min.: 58:57-62. +1 other reference | |
| Henry Barwood |
Min.Rec.:20 (5) | |
| Barwood et al. (1978) |
| Rocks & Min 70:5 pp 320-333 +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Min 70:5 pp 320-333 +1 other reference |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
Cook et al. (1982) | |
Cook et al. (1982) | |
| Rob Bowell |
Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Georges Favreau collection |
| Peterson (1947) +4 other references |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Wilkinson et al. (1980) +1 other reference |
Mason (1976) | |
| Am Min 51:222-228: +1 other reference |
Rocks & Min.:63:107. +1 other reference | |
Arthur E. Smith (2008) | |
Arthur E. Smith (2008) | |
| Arthur E. Smith (2008) |
Rocks and Minerals (1988) | |
| Howard +1 other reference |
R&M 70:3 pp 154-170 | |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
Howard (2007) | |
| Rocks and Minerals (1988) |
| Rocks & Min.: 56:190. |
Rocks & Min.: 64:298. | |
Collection of Alex Earl | |
Erroneous photos | |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:113 +2 other references |
Mr. Charles Calkins per dealer label. | |
| Rocks & Min.:63:118. |
Rocks and Minerals (1988) | |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:120. |
| Rocks and Minerals (1988) |
Rob Lavinsky +1 other reference | |
| Cook (2011) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 304 +3 other references |
| Rocks & Min.: 17:204. |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Carnein et al. (2005) |
Carnein et al. (2005) | |
Carnein et al. (2005) | |
Carnein et al. (2005) | |
... | |
| Am Min 57:3 pp 473-484 |
| rruff.geo.arizona.edu (n.d.) +1 other reference |
Altschuler et al. (1956) +1 other reference | |
Marc V. Hurst (2012) | |
| Marc V. Hurst (2012) |
Am Min 53:2096-2101 | |
| Rocks & Min.: 64:187. |
| Cook (1978) |
Cook (1978) | |
| Cook (1978) |
| Cook (1978) |
| Cook (1978) |
| Graves Mountain and Magruder Mine +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Min.: 21:347 +1 other reference |
| Cook (1978) |
| Kampf et al. (2013) |
| USGS National Geochemical Database ... |
| Weed (1912) |
The Mineralogy of The Butte District +1 other reference | |
Rick Dalrymple Collection | |
| - (2005) +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| The Canadian Mineralogist: 42 (3) +1 other reference |
| NBMG Bull 64 Geology and Mineral ... |
| Castor et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| Mineralogical Record 26:467 |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Dr. William S. Wise presentation to ... |
| Rocks & Minerals |
| Walstrom (n.d.) |
| collected by and in the collection of ... +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Collection of Kelly Starnes 1990 |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Howard et al. (2000) +4 other references |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Smith (2005) |
| personal collection/from Ron Gibb |
Jerry Cone Collection | |
| Jahns et al. (1977) |
| NY State Museum spec. no. 5088 |
| Jason B. Smith collection |
| Dana 6:843. +1 other reference |
| www.mindat.org/mesg-11-168140.html |
| - (1977) |
| R&M 72:4 pp 252-264 |
Mason (1976) | |
| Gordon: Mineralogy of Pennsylvania |
| Personal Observation |
| U.S. Geological Survey/ U.s. Department ... |
| Genth (1875) +2 other references |
| Mineralogical Record: 11: 311. +2 other references |
| |
| The Mineralogy of Pennsylvania +1 other reference |
Mark R. Heintzelman Reference collection | |
| Steve Stuart collection- Don Smoley ID |
| Mineralogical Record: 11 (Sep-Oct 1980) +1 other reference |
| Gordon |
| Min. Col. PA +2 other references |
| K. Cabaniss & L.E. Kearns (2011) |
| Genth (1875) |
| Miller |
| Rocks & Minerals 54:4 pp173-175 |
| Travis A. Paris (2011) |
| Paris (2011) |
| Specimen from William A. Henderson |
R&M 72:4 pp 268-270 | |
| Paris (2011) |
| Travis A. Paris (2011) |
| Travis A. Paris (2011) |
| Smith (1991) |
Rocks & Min. | |
| |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Liferovich et al. (1998) |
| Rocks & Min. Vol. 71 (1996) |
Morrill & Chaffee | |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
Dietrich (1990) | |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Rocks & Min.:60:167. |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
Dietrich (1990) | |
Dietrich (1990) | |
Dietrich (1990) | |
| Kearns +1 other reference |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Rocks & Min.: 20:6 +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Min.: 57: 20-22 & 60: 168. |
| Chris Tucker Collection |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Klemic et al. (1972) +1 other reference |
Uzbekistan | |
| Mineraly Uzbekistana (Minerals of the Uzbekistan) |
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Beauvoir quarry, ΓchassiΓ¨res, Vichy, Allier, Auvergne-RhΓ΄ne-Alpes, France