Ramsdellite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Ramsdellite
Lewis S. Ramsdell
Formula:
Mn4+O2
Colour:
black, steel-grey
Lustre:
Sub-Metallic
Hardness:
3
Specific Gravity:
4.37
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Member of:
Name:
Named in honor of Lewis Stephen Ramsdell (4 June 1895, Clinton, Michigan, USA - 14 July 1975, Palo Alto, California, USA), Professor of Mineralogy at the University of Michigan, who first described the mineral.
Polymorph of:
Forms by inversion of pyrolusite or oxidative dehydrogenation of groutite.
The "groutellite" variety is sometimes (e.g., Bernardini et al., 2020) given as [(Mn4+0.5,Mn3+0.5)O1.5(OH)0.5].
Well-recognizable via vibrational (Raman) spectroscopy.
Laser-induced degradation of "groutellite" gives "true" ramsdellite, via the loss of H+ and oxidation of Mn(III) to Mn(IV), "already at a very low laser power". With further increase of the laser power hausmannite is formed due to reduction of Mn. Final product is groutite. These observations relate to discharge mechanism in cathodic battery materials.
The "groutellite" variety is sometimes (e.g., Bernardini et al., 2020) given as [(Mn4+0.5,Mn3+0.5)O1.5(OH)0.5].
Well-recognizable via vibrational (Raman) spectroscopy.
Laser-induced degradation of "groutellite" gives "true" ramsdellite, via the loss of H+ and oxidation of Mn(III) to Mn(IV), "already at a very low laser power". With further increase of the laser power hausmannite is formed due to reduction of Mn. Final product is groutite. These observations relate to discharge mechanism in cathodic battery materials.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3359
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3359:2
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
8bb7f930-0763-4076-b2c8-81064a0e84b4
IMA Classification of Ramsdellite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
MnO2
Classification of Ramsdellite
4.DB.15a
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
D : Metal: Oxygen = 1:2 and similar
B : With medium-sized cations; chains of edge-sharing octahedra
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
D : Metal: Oxygen = 1:2 and similar
B : With medium-sized cations; chains of edge-sharing octahedra
Dana 7th ed.:
4.4.7.1
4.4.7.1
4 : SIMPLE OXIDES
4 : AX2
4 : SIMPLE OXIDES
4 : AX2
7.18.4
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
18 : Oxides of Mn
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
18 : Oxides of Mn
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMAâCNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMAâCNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMAâCNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Rmd | IMAâCNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMAâCNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Rmd | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Ramsdellite
Sub-Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
black, steel-grey
Streak:
brownish black, black
Hardness:
3 on Mohs scale
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
Density:
4.37 g/cm3 (Measured) 4.79 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Ramsdellite
Anisotropism:
Strong; pale yellow.
Bireflectance:
Distinct.
Colour in reflected light:
Yellowish white.
Comments:
No published reflectivity data.
Chemistry of Ramsdellite
Mindat Formula:
Mn4+O2
Elements listed:
Crystallography of Ramsdellite
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) - Dipyramidal
Cell Parameters:
a = 4.53 Å, b = 9.27 Å, c = 2.86 Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.489 : 1 : 0.309
Unit Cell V:
120.43 Ă
Âł
Z:
4
Comment:
Non-standard space-group setting Pbnm.
Crystal Structure
Load
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
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CIF File Best | x | y | z | a | b | c
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0003565 | Ramsdellite | Post J E, Heaney P J (2004) Neutron and synchrotron X-ray diffraction study of the structures and dehydration behaviors of ramsdellite and "groutellite" American Mineralogist 89 969-975 |  | 2004 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0017793 | Ramsdellite | Kondrashev Y D, Zaslavskii A I (1951) The structure of the modifications of manganese oxide Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR 15 179-186 | 1951 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Image Loading
Radiation - Copper Kα
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 4.08 Ă | (10) |
| 2.53 Ă | (8) |
| 2.13 Ă | (5) |
| 1.88 Ă | (5) |
| 1.64 Ă | (6) |
| 1.60 Ă | (7) |
| 1.46 Ă | (5) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 25 : Evaporites (prebiotic) | |
| 28 : Photo-alteration, pre-biotic | |
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47e : [Vanadates, chromates, manganates] | |
| 47h : [Near-surface oxidized, dehydrated minerals] |
Geological Setting:
No designated type material.
Type Occurrence of Ramsdellite
Synonyms of Ramsdellite
Other Language Names for Ramsdellite
Relationship of Ramsdellite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
| Akhtenskite | Δ-Mn4+O2 | Hex. 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) : P63/mmc |
| Nsutite | (Mn4+,Mn2+)(O,OH)2 | Hex. |
| Paramontroseite | V4+O2 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 6 photos of Ramsdellite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 5 photos of Ramsdellite associated with Pyrolusite | Mn4+O2 |
| 4 photos of Ramsdellite associated with Groutite | Mn3+O(OH) |
| 4 photos of Ramsdellite associated with Petrified Wood | |
| 4 photos of Ramsdellite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 3 photos of Ramsdellite associated with Hematite | Fe2O3 |
| 2 photos of Ramsdellite associated with Flint | |
| 2 photos of Ramsdellite associated with Siderite | FeCO3 |
| 2 photos of Ramsdellite associated with Goethite | α-Fe3+O(OH) |
| 1 photo of Ramsdellite associated with Heulandite Subgroup | (Na/Ca/K)5-6[Al8-9 Si27-28 O72] · nH2O |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 4.DB. | Nioboheftetjernite | ScNbO4 |
| 4.DB. | Shakhdaraite-(Y) | ScYNb2O8 |
| 4.DB. | Nioboixiolite-(Mn2+) | (Nb0.67Mn2+0.33)O2 |
| 4.DB. | Nioboixiolite-([]) | (Nb0.8â»0.2)4+O2 |
| 4.DB.05 | Argutite | GeO2 |
| 4.DB.05 | Cassiterite | SnO2 |
| 4.DB.05 | Plattnerite | PbO2 |
| 4.DB.05 | Pyrolusite | Mn4+O2 |
| 4.DB.05 | Rutile | TiO2 |
| 4.DB.05 | Tripuhyite | Fe3+Sb5+O4 |
| 4.DB.05 | Tugarinovite | MoO2 |
| 4.DB.05 | Varlamoffite | (Sn,Fe)(O,OH)2 |
| 4.DB.10 | Byströmite | MgSb2O6 |
| 4.DB.10 | Tapiolite-(Fe) | Fe2+Ta2O6 |
| 4.DB.10 | Tapiolite-(Mn) | Mn2+Ta2O6 |
| 4.DB.10 | Ordoñezite | ZnSb2O6 |
| 4.DB.10 | Tredouxite | NiSb2O6 |
| 4.DB.15b | Akhtenskite | Δ-Mn4+O2 |
| 4.DB.15c | Nsutite | (Mn4+,Mn2+)(O,OH)2 |
| 4.DB.15a | Paramontroseite | V4+O2 |
| 4.DB.20 | Scrutinyite | α-PbO2 |
| 4.DB.25 | Ishikawaite | U4+Fe2+Nb2O8 |
| 4.DB.25 | Samarskite-(Y) | YFe3+Nb2O8 |
| 4.DB.25 | Srilankite | ZrTi2O6 |
| 4.DB.25 | Yttrocolumbite-(Y) | Y(U4+,Fe2+)Nb2O8 |
| 4.DB.25 | Calciosamarskite | (Ca,U4+)Fe3+(Nb,Ta,Ti)2O8 |
| 4.DB.25 | Samarskite-(Yb) | YbFe3+(Nb,Ta)2O8 |
| 4.DB.25 | Ixiolite-(Fe2+) | (Ta0.67Fe2+0.33)O2 |
| 4.DB.25 | Ixiolite-(Mn2+) | (Ta0.67Mn2+0.33)O2 |
| 4.DB.30 | Ferberite | FeWO4 |
| 4.DB.30 | HĂŒbnerite | MnWO4 |
| 4.DB.30 | Sanmartinite | (Zn,Fe)WO4 |
| 4.DB.30 | Krasnoselskite | CoWO4 |
| 4.DB.30 | Heftetjernite | ScTaO4 |
| 4.DB.30 | Huanzalaite | MgWO4 |
| 4.DB.30 va | Wolframite Group | |
| 4.DB.30 | Rossovskyite | (Fe3+,Ta)(Nb,Ti)O4 |
| 4.DB.35 | Columbite-(Fe) | Fe2+Nb2O6 |
| 4.DB.35 | Tantalite-(Fe) | Fe2+Ta2O6 |
| 4.DB.35 | Columbite-(Mn) | Mn2+Nb2O6 |
| 4.DB.35 | Tantalite-(Mn) | Mn2+Ta2O6 |
| 4.DB.35 | Columbite-(Mg) | (Mg,Fe,Mn)(Nb,Ta)2O6 |
| 4.DB.35 | Qitianlingite | (Fe,Mn)2(Nb,Ta)2WO10 |
| 4.DB.35 | Tantalite-(Mg) | (Mg,Fe2+)(Ta,Nb)2O6 |
| 4.DB.40 | Ferrowodginite | Fe2+Sn4+Ta2O8 |
| 4.DB.40 | Lithiotantite | LiTa3O8 |
| 4.DB.40 | Lithiowodginite | LiTa3O8 |
| 4.DB.40 | Titanowodginite | Mn2+TiTa2O8 |
| 4.DB.40 | Wodginite | Mn2+Sn4+Ta2O8 |
| 4.DB.40 | Ferrotitanowodginite | Fe2+TiTa2O8 |
| 4.DB.40 | Tantalowodginite | (Mn2+0.5â»0.5)TaTa2O8 |
| 4.DB.40 | Wolframowodginite | Mn(Mn,Sn,Fe,Ta)(W,Ta,Nb)2O8 |
| 4.DB.45 | Tivanite | V3+TiO3(OH) |
| 4.DB.50 | Carmichaelite | (Ti,Cr,Fe)[O2-x(OH)x] |
| 4.DB.55 | Alumotantite | AlTaO4 |
| 4.DB.60 | Biehlite | ((Sb,As)O)2[MoO4] |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Ramsdellite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3359.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
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External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Ramsdellite
Reference List:
Ramsdell, Lewis S. (1932) An X-ray study of psilomelane and wad. American Mineralogist, 17 (4) 143-149
Fleischer, Michael, Richmond, Wallace Everett (1943) The manganese oxide minerals, a preliminary report. Economic Geology, 38 (4) 269-286 doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.38.4.269
Byström, Ann Marie, Lund, E. Wang, Lund, L. Koren, Hakala, Maire (1949) The Crystal Structure of Ramsdellite, an Orthorhombic Modification of MnO2. Acta Chemica Scandinavica, 3. 163-173 doi:10.3891/acta.chem.scand.03-0163
Klingsberg, Cyrus, Roy, Rustum (1957) Ramsdellite: newly observed in Minnesota. Economic Geology, 52 (5) 574-577 doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.52.5.574
Mukherjee, Bibhuti (1959) An X-ray study of manganese minerals. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 32 (247) 332-339 doi:10.1180/minmag.1959.032.247.06
Fleischer, Michael, Richmond, W. E., Evans, Howard T. (1962) Studies of the manganese oxides. V. Ramsdellite, MnO2, an orthorhombic dimorph of pyrolusite. American Mineralogist, 47 (1-2) 47-58
Majmundar, H. H. (1969) Ramsdellite and groutite from Nova Scotia. The Canadian Mineralogist, 9 (5) 718-720
Potter, Russell M., Rossman, George R (1979) The tetravalent manganese oxides: identification, hydration, and structural relationships by infrared spectroscopy. American Mineralogist, 64 (11-12) 1199-1218
Fong, C., Kennedy, B. J., Elcombe, M. M. (1994) A powder neutron diffraction study of λ and Îł manganese dioxide and of LiMn2O4. Zeitschrift fĂŒr Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials, 209 (12) 941-945 doi:10.1524/zkri.1994.209.12.941
Kohler, Thomas, Armbruster, Thomas, Libowitzky, Eugen (1997) Hydrogen Bonding and JahnâTeller Distortion in Groutite,α-MnOOH, and Manganite,Îł-MnOOH, and Their Relations to the Manganese Dioxides Ramsdellite and Pyrolusite. Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 133. 486-500 doi:10.1006/jssc.1997.7516
Post, Jeffrey E., Heaney, Peter J. (2004) Neutron and synchrotron X-ray diffraction study of the structures and dehydration behaviors of ramsdellite and âgroutelliteâ. American Mineralogist, 89 (7) 969-975 doi:10.2138/am-2004-0706
Localities for Ramsdellite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
â - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| Trueman et al. (2020) |
Australia | |
| Worner et al. (et al) |
| |
Azerbaijan | |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
Bulgaria | |
| I. Kostov et al. (1964) |
Burkina Faso | |
| HĂ©nocque et al. (1998) |
Canada | |
| Boyle (1972) |
| Majmundar (1969) |
| Fleischer et al. (1962) |
Chile | |
| Maurizio Dini - analysed material by ... |
Czech Republic | |
| Bufka |
Finland | |
| Ilkka Mikkola collection EDS+XRD ... |
France | |
| Wittern et al. (Cologne) |
| Perseil (1975) | |
| Perseil (1975) | |
| Wittern et al. (Cologne) |
| Berger +1 other reference |
| Patureau et al. (2011) |
| Perseil (1967) |
| Le RÚgne Minéral 47: 5-21 |
| De Ascenção Guedes et al. (2002) |
| Melle André & Meisser Nicolas +1 other reference |
Gabon | |
| Lheur (2001) |
Germany | |
| Wittern (1995) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| WeiĂ (1990) |
| Schnorrer et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| WeiĂ (1990) |
| Johannes Markus Henrich +2 other references |
| Th. LĂŒhr collection |
| Wittern (2001) |
Ghana | |
| MĂŒcke et al. (1999) |
Greece | |
| |
| Hanke (1996) |
| Hein +10 other references |
Hungary | |
| Koch: Minerals of Hungary |
| GEODA |
| SzakĂĄll & JĂĄnosi (1996) |
| SzakĂĄll & Gatter |
India | |
| Econ Geol (1980) |
| Econ Geol (1980) | |
| Rao et al. (1979) |
| Mallick et al. (2005, March) |
| Rao +1 other reference |
Italy | |
| Palenzona (1991) |
| Vergani et al. (2021) |
| Matteo Giai et al. (2023) +1 other reference |
| Parola et al. (2023) +1 other reference |
| Fernando Caboni et al. (2024) |
| Fernando Caboni et al. (2024) | |
| Probed by Prof. Giuseppetti +1 other reference |
| Boscardin M. et al. (Vicenza) |
Japan | |
| Dr. Matsuo Nambu ore collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| Miura +4 other references |
| Nambu et al. (1961) |
| Watanabe (1959) |
| University of Tokyo collection |
| Alfredo Petrov specimens |
Luxembourg | |
| MnhnL collection |
Mexico | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| [MinRec 14:110 | |
| Panzcer (1987) | |
| Panzcer | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Finkleman et al. (1974) |
| Cross (2006) |
| Megaw |
| Rocks & Min.: 56:247. |
| Panczner (1987) | |
Norway | |
| Breivik (2018) |
| Neumann (1985) +1 other reference |
| Neumann (1959) |
| Rune S. Selbekk (2010) |
Portugal | |
| Pedro Alves collection and analytical ... |
| e-rocks.com (n.d.) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1991) |
| Martins da Pedra collection |
Romania | |
| minerals-of-the-carpathians.eu (2008) |
| HĂźrtopanu (1997) +1 other reference |
Russia | |
| Kasatkin et al. (2021) |
South Africa | |
| Gutzmer (1996) |
| Wilson et al. (1978) +1 other reference |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
Spain | |
| Dill et al. (2023) |
Sweden | |
| Gatedal (n.d.) |
Switzerland | |
| Ansermet (2012) |
Turkey | |
| Oksuz (2018) |
UK | |
| T.F. Cotterell |
USA | |
| Hewett (1964) +1 other reference |
| Mouat (1962) +1 other reference |
| Anthony et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Mouat (1962) +1 other reference | |
| Bideaux et al. (1960) +2 other references |
| Thomssen (1983) +1 other reference | |
| Bideaux et al. (1960) +2 other references | |
| Bideaux (1980) +1 other reference |
| Wilkinson et al. (1983) +1 other reference |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 164. +4 other references |
| Rocks & Minerals (July-August, 2002) |
| Klingsberg et al. (1957) +1 other reference |
| Geology and Ore Deposits of the ... +1 other reference |
| The mineralogy of the butte district +1 other reference |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Van Rythoven et al. (2020) |
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Mistake Mine, Sam Powell Peak, Box Canyon Mining District, Yavapai County, Arizona, USA