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Ardeidae

Description

The herons are long-legged freshwater and coastal birds in the family Ardeidae, with 64 recognised species, some of which are referred to as egrets or bitterns rather than herons. Members of the genera Botaurus and Ixobrychus are referred to as bitterns, and, together with the zigzag heron, or zigzag bittern, in the monotypic genus Zebrilus, form a monophyletic group within the Ardeidae. Egrets are not a biologically distinct group from the herons, and tend to be named differently because they are mainly white or have decorative plumes in breeding plumage. Herons, by evolutionary adaptation, have long beaks.


Source Data
SourceIDLink
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)3685https://www.gbif.org/species/3685
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)39541https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=39541
Rankfamily
Taxonomy (GBIF,PBDB)Life : Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Pelecaniformes : Ardeidae
Taxonomic Status (GBIF)accepted
Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)
RankNameAuthor
-Eukaryota
-OpisthokontaCavalier-Smith 1987
kingdomAnimalia
-TriploblasticaLankester 1877
-NephrozoaJondelius et al. 2002
-DeuterostomiaGrobben 1908
phylumChordataHaeckel 1847
subphylumVertebrataLamarck 1801
superclassGnathostomataGegenbauer 1874
-Osteichthyes
-SarcopterygiiRomer 1955
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha
subclassTetrapodomorpha
-Tetrapoda
-ReptiliomorphaSäve-Söderbergh 1934
-AnthracosauriaSäve-Söderbergh 1934
-Batrachosauria
-Cotylosauria
-AmniotaHaeckel 1866
-SauropsidaHuxley 1864
classReptiliaLaurenti 1768
subclassEureptilia
-RomeriidaGauthier et al. 1988
-Diapsida
-Eosuchia
-NeodiapsidaBenton 1985
-SauriaGauthier 1984
-Archosauromorpha
-CrocopodaEzcurra 2016
-ArchosauriformesGauthier 1986
-EucrocopodaEzcurra 2016
-Archosauria
informalAvemetatarsaliaBenton 1999
-OrnithodiraGauthier 1986
-DinosauromorphaBenton 1985
-DinosauriformesNovas 1992
-Dinosauria
-Saurischia
-Theropoda
-NeotheropodaBakker 1986
-AverostraPaul 2002
-TetanuraeGauthier 1986
orderAvetheropodaPaul 1988
suborderCoelurosauriaHuene 1914
-ManiraptoraGauthier 1986
-ParavesSereno 1997
classAvesLinnaeus 1758
-PygostyliaChiappe 2002
-OrnithothoracesChiappe and Calvo 1994
-OrnithuromorphaChiappe et al. 1999
subclassOrnithuraeHaeckel 1866
subclassNeornithesGadow 1893
-Neognathae
-NeoavesSibley et al. 1988
-NatatoresBaird 1858
-SteganograllatoresLivezey and Zusi 2007
superorderPelecanimorphaeHuxley 1867
orderPelecaniformesSharpe 1891
familyArdeidaeLeach 1820
Common Nameheron
Scientific NameArdeidae
Opinions (PBDB)
NameRankOpinionEvidenceAuthor
Ardeidaefamilybelongs to Ardeoideastated without evidenceHay, 1902
Ardeidaefamilybelongs to Ardeaestated without evidenceLambrecht, 1933
Ardeidaefamilybelongs to Ciconiiformesstated without evidenceBrodkorb, 1955
Ardeidaefamilybelongs to Ardeaestated without evidenceBrunet, 1970
Ardeidaefamilybelongs to Ciconiiformesstated without evidenceAlvarez, 1977
Ardeidaefamilybelongs to GruiformesimpliedCarroll, 1988
Ardeidaefamilybelongs to Ciconiiformesstated without evidenceEmslie, 1992
Ardeidaefamilybelongs to Ardeiformesstated with evidenceLivezey and Zusi, 2007
Ardeidaefamilybelongs to Pelecaniformesstated without evidenceLouchart et al., 2008
Ardeidaefamilybelongs to Ciconiiformesstated without evidenceScofield et al., 2010
Ardeidaefamilybelongs to Aequornithesstated without evidenceMayr, 2011
Ardeidaefamilybelongs to Pelecaniformesstated without evidencedel Hoyo et al., 2014
Ardeidaefamilybelongs to Pelecaniformesstated with evidenceClements et al., 2017
Ardeidaefamilybelongs to Pelecaniformesstated without evidenceSteadman and Takano, 2019
Status (PBDB)extant
Taxon Size (PBDB)114
Extant Size (PBDB)69 (61%)
First Recorded Appearance56.8 - 55.8 Ma
Paleogene
Environmentterrestrial
Motilityactively mobile (based on Theropoda)
Dietpiscivore
Reproductionoviparous, dispersal=direct/internal,mobile (based on Theropoda)
Ontogenyaccretion,modification of parts (based on Theropoda)
Taphonomyhydroxylapatite,compact or dense (based on Theropoda)
Primary Reference (PBDB)R. L. Carroll. 1988. Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution
Common Name(s) Hegrefamilien, Herons, Hägrar, Reigers, サギ, Bitterns, Egrets, Herons, Bitterns, Hägrar Och Rördrommar
Wikipediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardeidae

External Images

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

NameStatusCommon Name(s)Fossil OccurrencesOldestYoungest
Ardeinae
subfamily
listed (PBDB)533.9 Ma
Oligocene
0 Ma
Extant
Botaurinae
subfamily
listed (PBDB)519.0 Ma
Miocene
0 Ma
Extant
Agamia
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
Agami Heron0 Ma
Extant
Ardea
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
Heron6838.0 Ma
Eocene
0 Ma
Extant
Ardeacites
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
Ardeagrandis
genus
doubtful (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
Ardeirallus
genus
accepted (GBIF)No associated record in PBDB
Ardeola
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
Pond Heron313.6 Ma
Miocene
0 Ma
Extant
Ardetta
genus
accepted (GBIF)No associated record in PBDB
Botaurites
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
Botaurus
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
114.90 Ma
Pliocene
0 Ma
Extant
Bubulcus
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
Cattle Egret0 Ma
Extant
Butorides
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
104.90 Ma
Pliocene
0 Ma
Extant
Calcardea
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
156.8 Ma
Paleocene
56.8 Ma
Paleocene
Cochlearius
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
0 Ma
Extant
Dupetor
genus
accepted (GBIF)No associated record in PBDB
Egretta
genus
accepted (GBIF)No associated record in PBDB
Egretta
genus
doubtful (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
Egret2913.6 Ma
Miocene
0 Ma
Extant
Eoceornis
genus
doubtful (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
148.6 Ma
Eocene
48.6 Ma
Eocene
Gnotornis
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
Gorsachius
genus
accepted (GBIF)No associated record in PBDB
Ixobrychus
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
Least Bittern44.90 Ma
Pliocene
0 Ma
Extant
Matuku
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
319.0 Ma
Miocene
19.0 Ma
Miocene
Nyctanassa
genus
doubtful (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
174.90 Ma
Pliocene
0 Ma
Extant
Nycticorax
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
Night Heron2533.9 Ma
Oligocene
0 Ma
Extant
Palaeophoyx
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
10.13 Ma
Pleistocene
0.13 Ma
Pleistocene
Pikaihao
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
119.0 Ma
Miocene
19.0 Ma
Miocene
Pilherodius
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
Capped Heron0 Ma
Extant
Proardea
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
133.9 Ma
Oligocene
33.9 Ma
Oligocene
Proardeola
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
116.0 Ma
Miocene
16.0 Ma
Miocene
Syrigma
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
Whistling Heron10.13 Ma
Pleistocene
0 Ma
Extant
Taphophoyx
genus
listed (PBDB)110.3 Ma
Miocene
10.3 Ma
Miocene
Tigriornis
genus
accepted (GBIF)No associated record in PBDB
Tigrisoma
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
42.59 Ma
Pleistocene
0 Ma
Extant
Zebrilus
genus
accepted (GBIF)No associated record in PBDB
Zeltornis
genus
doubtful (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
Zonerodius
genus
accepted (GBIF)No associated record in PBDB

Obsolete Names

NameSourceTaxon RankTaxonomy
Cochleariidae GBIFfamilyAnimalia : Chordata : Aves : Pelecaniformes : Cochleariidae

Synonymy List

YearName and Author
1820Ardeidae Leach
1902Ardeidae Hay p. 531
1933Ardeidae Lambrecht p. 310
1955Ardeidae Brodkorb p. 15
1970Ardeidae Brunet p. 16
1977Ardeidae Alvarez p. 214
1987Ardeidae Rasmussen et al. p. 13
1988Ardeidae Carroll
1992Ardeidae Emslie p. 252
YearName and Author
1992Ardeidae Guthrie p. 321
2001Ardeidae Olson and Rasmussen p. 295
2007Ardeidae Livezey and Zusi p. 91
2008Ardeidae Louchart et al. p. 156
2010Ardeidae Scofield et al.
2011Ardeidae Mayr p. 73 figs. Figure 5
2014Ardeidae del Hoyo et al.
2017Ardeidae Clements et al.
2019Ardeidae Steadman and Takano

References

Carroll R. L. (1988) , Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution, 1-698
Hay O. P. (1902) , Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 179, 1-868
Lambrecht K. (1933) Handbuch der Palaeornithologie, 1-1024
Brodkorb P. (1955) The avifauna of the Bone Valley Formation, Florida Geological Survey Report of Investigations 14, 1-57
Brunet J. (1970) Oiseaux de l'Éocène supérieur du bassin de Paris, Annales de Paléontologie. Vertébrés 56, 3-57
Alvarez R. (1977) A Pleistocene avifauna from Jalisco, Mexico, Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, The University of Michigan 24 19, 205-220
Rasmussen D. T., Olson S. L., et al (1987) Fossil Birds from the Oligocene Jebel Qatrani Formation, Fayum Province, Egypt, Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 62, 1-20
Emslie S. D. (1992) Two new late Blancan avifaunas from Florida and the extinction of wetland birds in the Plio-Pleistocene, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Science Series 36, 249-269
Guthrie D. A. (1992) A late Pleistocene avifauna from San Miguel Island, California, Science Series (Los Angeles) 36, 319-327
Olson S. L., Rasmussen P. C. (2001) Miocene and Pliocene birds from the Lee Creek Mine, North Carolina, Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 90, 233-365
Livezey B. C., Zusi R. L. (2007) Higher-order phylogeny of modern birds (Theropoda, Aves: Neornithes) based on comparative anatomy. II. Analysis and discussion, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149 1, 1-95
Louchart A., Haile-Selassie Y., et al (2008) Fossil birds from the Late Miocene of Chad and Ethiopia and zooge- ographical implications, Oryctos 7, 147-167
Scofield R. P., Worthy T. H., et al (2010) A Heron (Aves: Ardeidae) from the Early Miocene St Bathans Fauna of Southern New Zealand, Records of the Australian Museum 62, 89-104
del Hoyo J., Collar N. J., et al (2014) HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines, 1-904
Clements J. F., Schulenberg T. S., et al (2017) , The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2017
Steadman D. W., Takano O. M. (2019) A new genus and species of heron (Aves: Ardeidae) from the late Miocene of Florida, Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History 55 9, 174-186
Benton, M.J. (ed). (1993). The Fossil Record 2. Chapman & Hall, London, 845 pp. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
Parker, S.P. (ed). (1982). Synopsis and Classification of Living Organisms. McGraw-Hill, New York. 2 volumes. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
Parker, S.P. (Ed.) (1982). Synopsis and classification of living organisms. McGraw Hill Book Company: New York, NY (USA). ISBN 0-07-079031-0. 1166, 1232 pp. - via World Register of Marine Species
Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, A. L. Gardner, and W. C. Starnes, 2003: null. Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)
Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, and A. L. Gardner, 1987: Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada. Resource Publication, no. 166. 79. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)
McKilligan,N. G. (1996) Field experiments on the effect of ticks on breeding success and chick health of cattle egrets - via Phthiraptera.info
Larsson, L., Ekström, G., Larsson, E. & Gandemo, M. (2007) Birds of the World, 2:a uppl. - via Dyntaxa. Svensk taxonomisk databas
Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!
 
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