Ubehebe Mining District, Cottonwood Mountains, Panamint Mts (Panamint Range), Inyo County, California, USAi
| Regional Level Types | |
|---|---|
| Ubehebe Mining District | Mining District |
| Cottonwood Mountains | Mountain Range |
| Panamint Mts (Panamint Range) | Mountain Range |
| Inyo County | County |
| California | State |
| USA | Country |
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Latitude & Longitude (WGS84):
36° 34' 59'' North , 117° 30' 2'' West
Latitude & Longitude (decimal):
Type:
KΓΆppen climate type:
Mindat Locality ID:
208824
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:2:208824:5
GUID (UUID V4):
53f836bd-5f00-499b-9d88-0e85c4bd3d3e
A W mining area located 10 miles W of Death Valley Scotty's Castle, in the Panamint Range, between the Nelson Range on the W and the Cottonwood Mountains on the East, on National Park Service wilderness land (Death Valley National Park/Death Valley Wilderness).
The initial claims of this area were first discovered in the summer of 1875 by W. I. and J. B. Hunter, Thomas McDonough, and J. L. Porter. The Ubehebe mineral district, about thirty-five miles northeast of Keeler, includes an area about eighteen miles long by thirteen miles wide, bounded on the west by Saline Valley, on the south by spurs of the Nelson Range extending east to Hunter Mountain, on the east by the Cottonwood Mountains, and on the north by the southern end of the Last Chance Range. Two smaller mountain systems span the area north to south, the Ubehebe Range on the west being separated from the Dutton Range on the east by a two-mile wide valley containing the dryed-up lake bed known as the Racetrack. The exact derivation of the name "Ubehebe" is unknown, although it is thought to. be Shoshonean, meaning "big basket." It has been variously translated as "basket in the rock" or "basket in the sand."
The principal find of the 1875 explorations in the area was an enormous eighty-foot-wide ledge of copper, referred to as the Piute Lode and showing ore assaying 15% to 67%. Immediately after its discovery on 2 July, Porter began experiments to determine the best method of ore reduction, ultimately concluding that it could be smelted profitably right on the grounds. The famous Cerro Gordo Mine near Keeler was in a very prosperous condition at this time, and probably encouraged by its success and the general air of prosperity in the area, M. W. Belshaw, operator of a smelter at Keeler, purchased at least a portion of Hunter and Porter's Ubehebe properties that year and proposed erection of a smelting furnace on the edge of Saline Valley before early spring. This goal was never achieved.
For many years thereafter little work was performed on the large and promising copper veins of the Ubehebe district, the problems characterizing all desert mining--lack of water and wood near the deposits, their isolation from rail centers and supply points, the difficulties of constructing and maintaining adequate roads through a hostile environment, the uneconomical methods of ore removal and transport--being present here in abundance. Reportedly the famous New York artist Albert Bierstadt became interested in the Ubehebe mines around 1886 and spent several days examining them. Although he made definite plans to purchase some property, for unknown reasons the deal was never consummated. Perhaps he too realized the many factors still militating against the success of mining ventures in the region.
Not until the late 1890s did activity surface again. In 1897 a W. J. Ryan of Denver, representing Mr. N. O. Moore, one of the country's leading mining experts, bonded the copper mines of A. F. Mairs and J. F. Welsh for $15,000, with the promise that active development would commence immediately. True to his word, by early March Ryan had departed for the mine with a load of provisions and supplies to sustain the eight-man crew he intended to set to work on a large vein that showed promising amounts of gold as well as of high-grade copper. [15] Undeterred by the area's remoteness, Moore was overly and prematurely optimistic in his assurances that a railroad would penetrate the area if the copper deposits proved as extensive as they appeared. The first serious mention of a railroad connection again concerned the Randsburg Railway, which at this time stretched from Kramer station on the Santa Fe and Pacific only as far north as Johannesburg. If the line was extended to Keeler via Ballarat, it had been suggested, it could service also the Wildrose and Lemoigne Mine areas. A thirty-mile wagon road constructed from the Cottonwood Mountains south to some agreed-upon point on the line would then open up the Ubehebe copper region and provide the necessary incentive for developing these mines whose ores were carrying from 20% to 60% copper and from $6 to $32 per ton in gold.
In addition to this suggestion for a possible railroad connection to the Ubehebe, a proposal was made two years later that residents of the Owens Valley region unite in construction of a road across the Inyo Mountains to the borax, copper, and gold deposits of " the Saline Valley and Ubehebe regions. Another possibility mentioned in 1899 was that the Carson and Colorado Railway would eventually be extended into the Panamint Valley and tap the Ubehebe region along 'the way. Despite the prevailing lack of transportation facilities, however, development was proceeding in the 1890s on the one big copper mine in the Ubehebe, whose workings already included a seventy-five-foot tunnel and a thirty-seven-foot-deep, shaft with crosscut. Water had to be piped in from a nearby spring and the ore transported to the railroad over a rough wagon road, probably west through Saline Valley.
b) Boston Capitalists Become Interested
Around the late 1890s and early 1900s many Boston capitalists became interested in the copper mines of the Ubehebe region and the adjacent Saline Valley, probably as a result of the record price for copper (19-1/4Β’/lb.) reached in 1899. In that year a representative of certain Salt Lake City parties, after a detailed preliminary examination of the Ubehebe area, reported to his employers that the copper deposits in the Saline Valley region--primarily the Ubehebe, Sanger Group, and Hunter and Spear properties--appeared to be of sizable value. One of these capitalists, a Mr. Scheu, came to the area to inspect the property firsthand and took options on a great number of locations in the district. Subsequently all parties from whom options had been acquired were summoned to meet with Scheu and an S. H. Mackay and transfer the subject properties. The syndicate purchasing them was reportedly capitalized for $75 million, and intended to hire miners and begin development at once to determine the depth and extent of the ore bodies. A railroad connection was deemed essential for the success of. the venture. A 1,000-ton-per-day-capacity reduction plant was even anticipated if water could be found; otherwise the ore would be shipped to smelters. An initial sum of $5,000 was paid toward purchase of the Sanger Group, with other transactions to follow. The ultimate outcome of the whole venture, however, was that Scheu and Mackay embezzled some of the money due the Eastern backers, disgusting the Boston group to such a degree that they washed their hands of the whole enterprise.
In 1901 George McConnell and his associates bonded a group of mining claims at Ubehebe to a Boston syndicate for $125,000. About a half dozen groups of claims here, in fact, were under bond, for amounts varying from $25,000 to $50,000, when a financial panic of sorts enveloped the Boston commodities market, and the deals were never concluded. Copper prices reached rock bottom in 1902, when only 11Β’/lb. was offered. Due largely to this copper slump, in that year the approximately eighty copper, gold, and silver claims in the Ubehebe, located within a radius of about six miles of each other, were only touched by assessment work, though results were still encouraging.
A description of the Ubehebe area in 1903 again mentions its inaccessibility, despite which regular assessment work on all the main ledges and deposits had been regularly performed for the past several years. One pleasing aspect of mining in the district was that the mountainous terrain permitted mining by drift tunnels rather than shafts and hoisting methods, which was much more economical and a great deal less time consuming. The mineral-bearing zone was reached by only one wagon road, stretching from the Inyo Mountain Range across Saline Valley, its primary drawback being the extreme heat encountered along its course during the summer months. Properties in the north end of Ubehebe were at this time producing ore assaying $12 to $18 in gold, carrying some silver, and ranging from 5% to 20% in copper. Ore in the middle sections carried 4% or 80 lbs. pure metal to the ton, while the southern section was mostly idle. Railroad access was still necessary for realization of the region's full potential, and it was remarked at this time that if the Los Angeles, Daggett and Salt Lake Railroad was constructed, a forty- or forty-five-mile spur could open up the whole Ubehebe to the world market. As had been stressed often before during discussions of possible routes into the area, the best way to spark the interest of Eastern mining capitalists was to be able to offer better ingress and egress routes than the rough trails currently in use.
c) Rising Copper Prices Benefit Ubehebe
Starting about 1904 the price of copper and of shares of copper-producing companies began a slow but steady rise. By 1905 the Ubehebe copper district was industriously active, and several properties were producing: the Spear brothers and W. L. Hunter had made three ore shipments returning 26.24% copper, $8 in gold, and 3 ozs. of silver per ton from their Ulida property; R. G. Paddock and H.L. Wrinkle of Keeler were beginning development of thirty claims; and S. H. Reynolds owned a group of claims from which he was procuring a more than satisfactory showing. A new record price for copper of 19-3/4Β’/lb. was reached in 1906, and future prospects appeared bright indeed. Several factors were responsible for this dramatic change in the market: an increase in the amount of copper needed for electrical conduction purposes, the escalation in the building of trolley lines, the electrification of steam railroads, and the pressing need for copper in China and throughout the Far East for recoinage use after the Russo-Japanese War.
Finally consumption had overtaken production and created a strong demand both here and abroad for immediate delivery:
At the price copper is selling at the present time, it is no wonder that the mammoth copper properties of Saline valley and the Ubehebe districts are claiming the attention of mining men from all parts of America. These properties are reported as carrying a very high percentage in copper, and the only reason and drawback that keeps them from ranking as the foremost- copper properties of America, is their isolated position, lack of water, and being owned by people who have not sufficient means to enable them to build plants and furnish cheap transportation facilities. Men of capital are sending their agents here to investigate, and in every instance they seem to be much impressed by the magnitude and high values of the properties. If copper continues to hold to nearly the high figure it has attained, we feel confident that in the near future, the mines will be in charge of people who have ample means to bring the product of these properties in touch with the market.
One of the large mining transactions that took place at this time was the sale of the Sanger and Mairs copper-silver-gold properties to a New York businessman for a reported $200,000. Coincidental with the impetus to copper mining provided by the advance in prices was the rising enthusiasm for the metal among the desert community, and on the East Coast especially, generated by the discovery of rich lodes such as those at Greenwater that created a new town practically overnight. Some of that bonanza camp's most prominent backers, such as John Salsberry from Tonopah, Jack Gunn of Independence, and Arthur Kunze also sent prospectors into the Ubehebe area.
Almost instantaneously Ubehebe mining properties began to move. McConnell and associates again bonded some copper properties to a Salt Lake City firm; A. F. Mairs received a payment for his property adjacent to Saline Valley and also bonded seven claims to Goldfield people; a Salt Lake group was employing eight men on the Ulida Mine; a Mr. Whittier and associates discovered and filed on the Rio Pinto Group or Lost Spanish gold and silver mine north of Hunter's Ranch; the Guggenheim Smelter Company of the American Smelter Trust Company purchased forty of W. A. Sanger's claims, intending to erect a smelter twenty miles away in Deep Springs Valley; Goldfield people took a $100,000 option on a group of claims owned by John Miller, one of the pioneer locators in the area; and Senator Nixon and George Wingfield even acquired an interest in some area copper claims for $70,000. Except for six treacherous miles, a decent road now existed from Montana Station via Steininger's Ranch (later Scotty's Ranch near Grapevine Canyon), providing access to the region from Rhyolite and Greenwater.
d) Townsites are Discussed and a Mining District Formed
The spring of 1907 saw the systematic continuance of development in the Ubehebe area. Although as many as two townsites had been proposed, so far the only population centers were the small camps and groups of prospectors scattered here and there one-quarter to four miles apart from each other. Jack Salsberry, in the meantime, had bought Sanger's group of claims and was in the throes of trying to create a decent auto road from Montana Station to the site he had chosen for a town directly northwest of the Racetrack playa near the entrance to his mine property. This action probably contributed more than any other single factor to the influx of influential people into the area, not only from the neighboring towns of Salt Lake City and Rhyolite and Goldfield, but eventually from as far away as Boston and Philadelphia. Suddenly the desirable mining locations in the Ubehebe were accessible to all. "Mr. Lockhard says that you would almost think, from the people that are met in Ubehebe, that you were in the Bullfrog district," remarked one newspaper article. The sixty-two-mile trail from Rhyolite was well traveled, and several large teams constantly moved over Salsberry's road to Bonnie Claire. A corps of surveyors from the Tonopah and Goldfield Railroad were busy determining the most feasible route to the area, and four engineering outfits were already in the region surveying properties. Two townsites, Ubehebe and Saline (Salina) City, were reportedly being platted eight miles apart to house the population of fifty or so miners. Already a warehouse and corral had been erected at the latter site, and water would be piped in as soon as possible. The desire of the people in the area to form their own mining region separate from the Big Pine District was voiced in the spring at a meeting held in the Saline Valley salt works that culminated in formation of the Ubehebe Mining District. Boundaries of the district, whose recorder's office was established at Saline City, were delineated thusly:
Commencing at Waucoba Peak, thence southerly along the summit of the Inyo range past Cerro Gordo Peak to Hunter Ranch trail, thence along Cottonwood creek to Lost Valley, thence northerly along the trail to Surveyors' Wells, thence northeasterly along Death Valley dry wash to northeast corner township 10 south, range 41 east, thence westerly on north line township 10 to Waucoba Peak.
e) Ubehebe Copper Mines and Smelter Company Determines to Construct Railroad into Area
Several large properties were now operating in the Ubehebe: the Meyers; the Los Angeles Group; the Spears Group and Ulida; the Paddocks, Rooney, Wooden, and McConnell holdings; the Lakeview Group owned by Rhyolite people; the Joseph Cook (Crook) possessions, including the Wedding Stake; and the Valentine Group of fourteen claims. The newly-organized Ubehebe Mining Company, capitalized at one million shares, had bought the six Rio Pinto (Lost Spanish Mine) claims about ten miles from the new Saline City, plus the water right to Hunter's Springs. The Sanger and Mairs properties, options on which were held by the Fitting Company, were some of the most notable claims in the district. Water was available several miles from the mines and was hauled in by wagon at $1 per barrel.
The largest and best-known mine in the Ubehebe area, as well as the most highly developed, was Jack Salsberry's property, operated by his newly-formed Ubehebe Copper Mines and Smelter Company, which opened offices in Baltimore to promote company stock in the large Eastern commercial centers. The mine was actively supported by a variety of Eastern capitalists who made several inspection tours to the area over Salsberry's recently completed road to Bonnie Claire. After one such jaunt the following comment was noted:
To many readers, Ubehebe is an unheard of camp, yet it is like many other sections in the state that are wonderfully rich in minerals but have not been brought especially to the attention of the people simply from the fact that those owning the properties are not looking for notoriety or endeavoring to boom their district. They are there to develop and mine their properties and secure substantial results to those interested in common with them and not for the purpose of advertising.
Encouraged by the optimism and generosity of their supporters, Salsberry and Ray T. Baker, the two principals in the new company, conceived a plan of constructing a railroad to their mine from Bonnie Claire and of erecting a smelter there to reduce the ore before shipment. Persuading the prestigious banking and brokerage firm of Peard, Hill & Company of Baltimore, Maryland, to underwrite the bond issue for the project, work on a permanent survey of the proposed route was started with Salsberry receiving assurances that all bonds would be placed before 15 November and grading commenced shortly thereafter. The bonds were to be sold largely in Europe. It was planned that the forty-eight-mile-long standard-gauge track would head down Grapevine Canyon past the present site of Scotty's Castle, wind around Ubehebe Crater, and eventually reach Salsberry's mine near the 'northwest corner of the Ubehebe valley. The one million dollars worth of railroad bonds would be floated as a separate company to comply with the law, but in reality would belong to the Ubehebe Copper Mines and Smelter Company, thus greatly increasing its assets. The railroad would also haul ore for other mines in the area and thus hopefully soon become a regular dividend payer. Cost of the project was estimated at $800,000. In anticipation of the line's arrival, a well had already been sunk on Salsberry's new townsite to a depth of 155 feet, and as soon as water was reached, the site would be platted and the selling of lots would commence.
Suggestions for opening up the area in another manner and from another direction included a proposed change in the Keeler-Skidoo wagon road route, bringing it through the Panamints further north at Townsend Pass and thus closer to northern mining properties. By fall 1907 the Kimball Bros.' Bullfrog Stage & Transfer Company started a regular weekly service to Ubehebe City, running the twenty-two miles to Grapevine the first day and the next forty miles on the second day. Corrals and buildings for the stage company were in process of erection at Bonnie Claire and Ubehebe, and stations were being established along the route. The stage leaving Ubehebe on Wednesday would arrive at Bonnie Claire in time to meet the Clark trains from Bullfrog and Goldfield. Four horses were to be used on the road, whose condition was described as "very bad." Two survey crews were busy preparing townsite maps. Twenty tents were already on the ground, as were two saloons and a grocery store. Application for a post office was forwarded to Washington. Having failed in the well project, plans were being made to pipe water in from nearby springs. Meanwhile Salsberry was sinking wells at various points along the Ubehebe wagon road for use by the big freight teams passing back and forth between Bonnie Claire and Ubehebe. He was also. buying coal lands in southern Utah and taking options on others to provide coke for the smelter he proposed. to erect near his Ubehebe Mine.
f) Work Continues Despite Panic of 1907
The influx of Eastern and European visitors and investors to the area continued over the next several months, despite the hard times and depression leading up to the Panic of 1907. Although copper mining was still very strong in spite of the slump, a prophetic opinion was voiced at this time by a certain veteran desert prospector, Jim Titus, who ventured the observation that
It is the prevailing opinion that the predominant metal in the district is copper, and while some fine copper ore has been discovered on the surface, I think it will be found with deeper exploration, that gold, silver and lead will be the leading values.
Properties in the area were being worked despite the tight money situation, with a force of about twenty-five men hoping to hold on until the financial situation across the country eased. In November Salsberry was reportedly working seventeen men on his company's claims, and expected to increase the force upon the arrival of new machinery. Several other companies in the area also were employing good-sized forces on annual assessment work. The townsite, meanwhile, was undergoing a construction spurt; water was being hauled in barrels from springs six miles away. Salsberry and some Rhyolite associates were also operating the Ubehebe Lead Mining Company, Ubehebe Sunset Copper Company, and the Ubehebe Contact Company, comprising a total of forty claims in the district. An Inyo Copper Company also existed.
The bubbling optimism centering around the proposed Bonnie Claire & Ubehebe Railroad continued, although initial construction was still in abeyance until all bonds were sold. Despite the money-market depression that had delayed the start of development, it was promised that the route would be in operation before mid-summer of 1908. Arrangements were still reportedly being made to erect a fine hotel and several residences and business houses at the terminus of the line at Saline City. Salsberry never saw fulfillment of his dream, however, for the closing of banks and consequent termination of a ready money supply scuttled the project entirely. Although a camp of Saline evidently did exist for a short while, it never became the prosperous railhead and mining center envisioned by its founder.
g) Mining in Ubehebe Hampered by Isolation and Transportation Problems
A 1908 report on California's copper resources lists several claims as still active in the area (note that the western boundary of the Ubehebe Mining District was somewhat nebulous, extending west across the Saline Valley toward the east slope of the Inyo Mountains).Greene, 1981
Local rocks include Mesozoic granitic rocks, unit 3 (Sierra Nevada, Death Valley area, Northern Mojave Desert and Transverse Ranges).
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Standard Detailed Gallery Strunz Chemical ElementsCommodity List
This is a list of exploitable or exploited mineral commodities recorded from this region.Mineral List
Mineral list contains entries from the region specified including sub-localities50 valid minerals. 1 (TL) - type locality of valid minerals.
Rock Types Recorded
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Rock list contains entries from the region specified including sub-localities
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Alphabetical List Tree DiagramDetailed Mineral List:
Gallery:
List of minerals arranged by Strunz 10th Edition classification
| Group 1 - Elements | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| β | Gold | 1.AA.05 | Au |
| β | Copper | 1.AA.05 | Cu |
| β | Silver | 1.AA.05 | Ag |
| Group 2 - Sulphides and Sulfosalts | |||
| β | Chalcocite | 2.BA.05 | Cu2S |
| β | Bornite | 2.BA.15 | Cu5FeS4 |
| β | Covellite | 2.CA.05a | CuS |
| β | Sphalerite | 2.CB.05a | ZnS |
| β | Chalcopyrite | 2.CB.10a | CuFeS2 |
| β | Galena | 2.CD.10 | PbS |
| β | Molybdenite | 2.EA.30 | MoS2 |
| β | Bournonite | 2.GA.50 | PbCuSbS3 |
| β | 'Tetrahedrite Subgroup var. Mercury-bearing Tetrahedrite' | 2.GB.05 | Cu6[Cu4(Zn,Fe,Hg)2]Sb4S13 |
| β | '' | 2.GB.05 | Cu6(Cu4C2+2)Sb4S12S |
| Group 3 - Halides | |||
| β | Fluorite | 3.AB.25 | CaF2 |
| Group 4 - Oxides and Hydroxides | |||
| β | Cuprite | 4.AA.10 | Cu2O |
| β | Quartz | 4.DA.05 | SiO2 |
| β | var. Chalcedony | 4.DA.05 | SiO2 |
| β | HΓΌbnerite | 4.DB.30 | MnWO4 |
| β | Ferberite ? | 4.DB.30 | FeWO4 |
| Group 5 - Nitrates and Carbonates | |||
| β | Calcite | 5.AB.05 | CaCO3 |
| β | Smithsonite | 5.AB.05 | ZnCO3 |
| β | Dolomite | 5.AB.10 | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| β | Aragonite | 5.AB.15 | CaCO3 |
| β | Cerussite | 5.AB.15 | PbCO3 |
| β | Azurite | 5.BA.05 | Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| β | Malachite | 5.BA.10 | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| β | Aurichalcite | 5.BA.15 | (Zn,Cu)5(CO3)2(OH)6 |
| β | Hydrozincite | 5.BA.15 | Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6 |
| Group 7 - Sulphates, Chromates, Molybdates and Tungstates | |||
| β | Anglesite | 7.AD.35 | PbSO4 |
| β | Baryte | 7.AD.35 | BaSO4 |
| β | Jarosite | 7.BC.10 | KFe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| β | Caledonite | 7.BC.50 | Pb5Cu2(SO4)3(CO3)(OH)6 |
| β | Linarite | 7.BC.65 | PbCu(SO4)(OH)2 |
| β | Fornacite | 7.FC.10 | Pb2Cu(CrO4)(AsO4)(OH) |
| β | Wulfenite | 7.GA.05 | Pb(MoO4) |
| β | Scheelite | 7.GA.05 | Ca(WO4) |
| β | Powellite | 7.GA.05 | Ca(MoO4) |
| β | Cuprotungstite | 7.GB.15 | Cu2(WO4)(OH)2 |
| Group 8 - Phosphates, Arsenates and Vanadates | |||
| β | Duftite | 8.BH.35 | PbCu(AsO4)(OH) |
| β | Vanadinite | 8.BN.05 | Pb5(VO4)3Cl |
| β | Mimetite | 8.BN.05 | Pb5(AsO4)3Cl |
| β | Vanadinite var. Arsenic-bearing Vanadinite | 8.BN.05 | Pb5[(V,As)O4]3Cl |
| Group 9 - Silicates | |||
| β | Andradite var. Melanite | 9.AD.25 | Ca3(Fe3+,Ti)2(SiO4)3 |
| β | 9.AD.25 | Ca3Fe3+2(SiO4)3 | |
| β | Gehlenite | 9.BB.10 | Ca2Al[AlSiO7] |
| β | Hemimorphite | 9.BD.10 | Zn4Si2O7(OH)2 Β· H2O |
| β | Epidote | 9.BG.05a | (CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| β | Zoisite | 9.BG.10 | (CaCa)(AlAlAl)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| β | var. Thulite | 9.BG.10 | {Ca2}{Al,Mn3+3}(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH) |
| β | Vesuvianite | 9.BG.35 | Ca19Fe3+Al4(Al6Mg2)(β»4)β»[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)10]O(OH)9 |
| β | Tremolite | 9.DE.10 | β»Ca2Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| β | Wollastonite | 9.DG.05 | Ca3(Si3O9) |
| β | Ferrisurite (TL) | 9.EC.75 | (Pb,Ca)2.4Fe3+2(Si4O10)(CO3)1.7(OH)3 Β· nH2O |
| β | Chrysocolla | 9.ED.20 | Cu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 Β· nH2O, x < 1 |
| β | Orthoclase | 9.FA.30 | K(AlSi3O8) |
| β | Marialite | 9.FB.15 | Na4Al3Si9O24Cl |
| Unclassified | |||
| β | 'Iddingsite' | - | MgO Β· Fe2O3 Β· 3SiO2 Β· 4H2O |
| β | 'Stilbite Subgroup' | - | M6-7[Al8-9Si27-28O72] Β· nH2O |
| β | 'Limonite' | - | |
| β | 'Fayalite-Forsterite Series' | - | |
| β | 'Scapolite' | - | |
| β | 'Hornblende Root Name Group' | - | β»Ca2(Z2+4Z3+)(AlSi7O22)(OH,F,Cl)2 |
| β | 'Garnet Group' | - | X3Z2(SiO4)3 |
| β | 'Silica' | - | |
| β | 'Axinite Group' | - | |
| β | 'Allanite Group' | - | (A12+REE3+)(M13+M23+M32+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
List of minerals for each chemical element
| H | Hydrogen | |
|---|---|---|
| H | β Aurichalcite | (Zn,Cu)5(CO3)2(OH)6 |
| H | β Azurite | Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| H | β Caledonite | Pb5Cu2(SO4)3(CO3)(OH)6 |
| H | β Chrysocolla | Cu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1 |
| H | β Cuprotungstite | Cu2(WO4)(OH)2 |
| H | β Duftite | PbCu(AsO4)(OH) |
| H | β Epidote | (CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| H | β Ferrisurite | (Pb,Ca)2.4Fe23+(Si4O10)(CO3)1.7(OH)3 · nH2O |
| H | β Fornacite | Pb2Cu(CrO4)(AsO4)(OH) |
| H | β Hemimorphite | Zn4Si2O7(OH)2 · H2O |
| H | β Hydrozincite | Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6 |
| H | β Jarosite | KFe33+(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| H | β Linarite | PbCu(SO4)(OH)2 |
| H | β Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| H | β Stilbite Subgroup | M6-7[Al8-9Si27-28O72] · nH2O |
| H | β Zoisite var. Thulite | {Ca2}{Al,Mn33+}(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH) |
| H | β Tremolite | ◻Ca2Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| H | β Vesuvianite | Ca19Fe3+Al4(Al6Mg2)(◻4)◻[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)10]O(OH)9 |
| H | β Zoisite | (CaCa)(AlAlAl)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| H | β Iddingsite | MgO · Fe2O3 · 3SiO2 · 4H2O |
| H | β Hornblende Root Name Group | ◻Ca2(Z42+Z3+)(AlSi7O22)(OH,F,Cl)2 |
| H | β Allanite Group | (A12+REE3+)(M13+M23+M32+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| C | Carbon | |
| C | β Aragonite | CaCO3 |
| C | β Aurichalcite | (Zn,Cu)5(CO3)2(OH)6 |
| C | β Azurite | Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| C | β Calcite | CaCO3 |
| C | β Caledonite | Pb5Cu2(SO4)3(CO3)(OH)6 |
| C | β Cerussite | PbCO3 |
| C | β Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| C | β Ferrisurite | (Pb,Ca)2.4Fe23+(Si4O10)(CO3)1.7(OH)3 · nH2O |
| C | β Hydrozincite | Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6 |
| C | β Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| C | β Smithsonite | ZnCO3 |
| O | Oxygen | |
| O | β Andradite | Ca3Fe23+(SiO4)3 |
| O | β Anglesite | PbSO4 |
| O | β Aragonite | CaCO3 |
| O | β Aurichalcite | (Zn,Cu)5(CO3)2(OH)6 |
| O | β Azurite | Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| O | β Baryte | BaSO4 |
| O | β Calcite | CaCO3 |
| O | β Caledonite | Pb5Cu2(SO4)3(CO3)(OH)6 |
| O | β Cerussite | PbCO3 |
| O | β Quartz var. Chalcedony | SiO2 |
| O | β Chrysocolla | Cu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1 |
| O | β Cuprite | Cu2O |
| O | β Cuprotungstite | Cu2(WO4)(OH)2 |
| O | β Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| O | β Duftite | PbCu(AsO4)(OH) |
| O | β Vanadinite var. Arsenic-bearing Vanadinite | Pb5[(V,As)O4]3Cl |
| O | β Epidote | (CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| O | β Ferberite | FeWO4 |
| O | β Ferrisurite | (Pb,Ca)2.4Fe23+(Si4O10)(CO3)1.7(OH)3 · nH2O |
| O | β Fornacite | Pb2Cu(CrO4)(AsO4)(OH) |
| O | β Gehlenite | Ca2Al[AlSiO7] |
| O | β Hemimorphite | Zn4Si2O7(OH)2 · H2O |
| O | β HΓΌbnerite | MnWO4 |
| O | β Hydrozincite | Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6 |
| O | β Jarosite | KFe33+(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| O | β Linarite | PbCu(SO4)(OH)2 |
| O | β Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| O | β Marialite | Na4Al3Si9O24Cl |
| O | β Mimetite | Pb5(AsO4)3Cl |
| O | β Orthoclase | K(AlSi3O8) |
| O | β Powellite | Ca(MoO4) |
| O | β Quartz | SiO2 |
| O | β Scheelite | Ca(WO4) |
| O | β Smithsonite | ZnCO3 |
| O | β Stilbite Subgroup | M6-7[Al8-9Si27-28O72] · nH2O |
| O | β Zoisite var. Thulite | {Ca2}{Al,Mn33+}(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH) |
| O | β Tremolite | ◻Ca2Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| O | β Vanadinite | Pb5(VO4)3Cl |
| O | β Vesuvianite | Ca19Fe3+Al4(Al6Mg2)(◻4)◻[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)10]O(OH)9 |
| O | β Wulfenite | Pb(MoO4) |
| O | β Wollastonite | Ca3(Si3O9) |
| O | β Zoisite | (CaCa)(AlAlAl)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| O | β Iddingsite | MgO · Fe2O3 · 3SiO2 · 4H2O |
| O | β Andradite var. Melanite | Ca3(Fe3+,Ti)2(SiO4)3 |
| O | β Hornblende Root Name Group | ◻Ca2(Z42+Z3+)(AlSi7O22)(OH,F,Cl)2 |
| O | β Garnet Group | X3Z2(SiO4)3 |
| O | β Allanite Group | (A12+REE3+)(M13+M23+M32+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| F | Fluorine | |
| F | β Fluorite | CaF2 |
| F | β Hornblende Root Name Group | ◻Ca2(Z42+Z3+)(AlSi7O22)(OH,F,Cl)2 |
| Na | Sodium | |
| Na | β Marialite | Na4Al3Si9O24Cl |
| Mg | Magnesium | |
| Mg | β Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| Mg | β Tremolite | ◻Ca2Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| Mg | β Vesuvianite | Ca19Fe3+Al4(Al6Mg2)(◻4)◻[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)10]O(OH)9 |
| Mg | β Iddingsite | MgO · Fe2O3 · 3SiO2 · 4H2O |
| Al | Aluminium | |
| Al | β Chrysocolla | Cu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1 |
| Al | β Epidote | (CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| Al | β Gehlenite | Ca2Al[AlSiO7] |
| Al | β Marialite | Na4Al3Si9O24Cl |
| Al | β Orthoclase | K(AlSi3O8) |
| Al | β Stilbite Subgroup | M6-7[Al8-9Si27-28O72] · nH2O |
| Al | β Zoisite var. Thulite | {Ca2}{Al,Mn33+}(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH) |
| Al | β Vesuvianite | Ca19Fe3+Al4(Al6Mg2)(◻4)◻[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)10]O(OH)9 |
| Al | β Zoisite | (CaCa)(AlAlAl)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| Al | β Hornblende Root Name Group | ◻Ca2(Z42+Z3+)(AlSi7O22)(OH,F,Cl)2 |
| Si | Silicon | |
| Si | β Andradite | Ca3Fe23+(SiO4)3 |
| Si | β Quartz var. Chalcedony | SiO2 |
| Si | β Chrysocolla | Cu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1 |
| Si | β Epidote | (CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| Si | β Ferrisurite | (Pb,Ca)2.4Fe23+(Si4O10)(CO3)1.7(OH)3 · nH2O |
| Si | β Gehlenite | Ca2Al[AlSiO7] |
| Si | β Hemimorphite | Zn4Si2O7(OH)2 · H2O |
| Si | β Marialite | Na4Al3Si9O24Cl |
| Si | β Orthoclase | K(AlSi3O8) |
| Si | β Quartz | SiO2 |
| Si | β Stilbite Subgroup | M6-7[Al8-9Si27-28O72] · nH2O |
| Si | β Zoisite var. Thulite | {Ca2}{Al,Mn33+}(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH) |
| Si | β Tremolite | ◻Ca2Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| Si | β Vesuvianite | Ca19Fe3+Al4(Al6Mg2)(◻4)◻[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)10]O(OH)9 |
| Si | β Wollastonite | Ca3(Si3O9) |
| Si | β Zoisite | (CaCa)(AlAlAl)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| Si | β Iddingsite | MgO · Fe2O3 · 3SiO2 · 4H2O |
| Si | β Andradite var. Melanite | Ca3(Fe3+,Ti)2(SiO4)3 |
| Si | β Hornblende Root Name Group | ◻Ca2(Z42+Z3+)(AlSi7O22)(OH,F,Cl)2 |
| Si | β Garnet Group | X3Z2(SiO4)3 |
| Si | β Allanite Group | (A12+REE3+)(M13+M23+M32+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| S | Sulfur | |
| S | β Anglesite | PbSO4 |
| S | β Baryte | BaSO4 |
| S | β Bornite | Cu5FeS4 |
| S | β Bournonite | PbCuSbS3 |
| S | β Caledonite | Pb5Cu2(SO4)3(CO3)(OH)6 |
| S | β Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
| S | β Chalcocite | Cu2S |
| S | β Covellite | CuS |
| S | β Galena | PbS |
| S | β Jarosite | KFe33+(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| S | β Linarite | PbCu(SO4)(OH)2 |
| S | β Molybdenite | MoS2 |
| S | β Sphalerite | ZnS |
| S | β Tetrahedrite Subgroup | Cu6(Cu4C22+)Sb4S12S |
| S | β Tetrahedrite Subgroup var. Mercury-bearing Tetrahedrite | Cu6[Cu4(Zn,Fe,Hg)2]Sb4S13 |
| Cl | Chlorine | |
| Cl | β Vanadinite var. Arsenic-bearing Vanadinite | Pb5[(V,As)O4]3Cl |
| Cl | β Marialite | Na4Al3Si9O24Cl |
| Cl | β Mimetite | Pb5(AsO4)3Cl |
| Cl | β Vanadinite | Pb5(VO4)3Cl |
| Cl | β Hornblende Root Name Group | ◻Ca2(Z42+Z3+)(AlSi7O22)(OH,F,Cl)2 |
| K | Potassium | |
| K | β Jarosite | KFe33+(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| K | β Orthoclase | K(AlSi3O8) |
| Ca | Calcium | |
| Ca | β Andradite | Ca3Fe23+(SiO4)3 |
| Ca | β Aragonite | CaCO3 |
| Ca | β Calcite | CaCO3 |
| Ca | β Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| Ca | β Epidote | (CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| Ca | β Ferrisurite | (Pb,Ca)2.4Fe23+(Si4O10)(CO3)1.7(OH)3 · nH2O |
| Ca | β Fluorite | CaF2 |
| Ca | β Gehlenite | Ca2Al[AlSiO7] |
| Ca | β Powellite | Ca(MoO4) |
| Ca | β Scheelite | Ca(WO4) |
| Ca | β Zoisite var. Thulite | {Ca2}{Al,Mn33+}(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH) |
| Ca | β Tremolite | ◻Ca2Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| Ca | β Vesuvianite | Ca19Fe3+Al4(Al6Mg2)(◻4)◻[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)10]O(OH)9 |
| Ca | β Wollastonite | Ca3(Si3O9) |
| Ca | β Zoisite | (CaCa)(AlAlAl)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| Ca | β Andradite var. Melanite | Ca3(Fe3+,Ti)2(SiO4)3 |
| Ca | β Hornblende Root Name Group | ◻Ca2(Z42+Z3+)(AlSi7O22)(OH,F,Cl)2 |
| Ti | Titanium | |
| Ti | β Andradite var. Melanite | Ca3(Fe3+,Ti)2(SiO4)3 |
| V | Vanadium | |
| V | β Vanadinite var. Arsenic-bearing Vanadinite | Pb5[(V,As)O4]3Cl |
| V | β Vanadinite | Pb5(VO4)3Cl |
| Cr | Chromium | |
| Cr | β Fornacite | Pb2Cu(CrO4)(AsO4)(OH) |
| Mn | Manganese | |
| Mn | β HΓΌbnerite | MnWO4 |
| Mn | β Zoisite var. Thulite | {Ca2}{Al,Mn33+}(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH) |
| Fe | Iron | |
| Fe | β Andradite | Ca3Fe23+(SiO4)3 |
| Fe | β Bornite | Cu5FeS4 |
| Fe | β Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
| Fe | β Epidote | (CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| Fe | β Ferberite | FeWO4 |
| Fe | β Ferrisurite | (Pb,Ca)2.4Fe23+(Si4O10)(CO3)1.7(OH)3 · nH2O |
| Fe | β Jarosite | KFe33+(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| Fe | β Vesuvianite | Ca19Fe3+Al4(Al6Mg2)(◻4)◻[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)10]O(OH)9 |
| Fe | β Iddingsite | MgO · Fe2O3 · 3SiO2 · 4H2O |
| Fe | β Andradite var. Melanite | Ca3(Fe3+,Ti)2(SiO4)3 |
| Fe | β Tetrahedrite Subgroup var. Mercury-bearing Tetrahedrite | Cu6[Cu4(Zn,Fe,Hg)2]Sb4S13 |
| Cu | Copper | |
| Cu | β Aurichalcite | (Zn,Cu)5(CO3)2(OH)6 |
| Cu | β Azurite | Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| Cu | β Bornite | Cu5FeS4 |
| Cu | β Bournonite | PbCuSbS3 |
| Cu | β Caledonite | Pb5Cu2(SO4)3(CO3)(OH)6 |
| Cu | β Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
| Cu | β Chalcocite | Cu2S |
| Cu | β Chrysocolla | Cu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1 |
| Cu | β Covellite | CuS |
| Cu | β Cuprite | Cu2O |
| Cu | β Cuprotungstite | Cu2(WO4)(OH)2 |
| Cu | β Copper | Cu |
| Cu | β Duftite | PbCu(AsO4)(OH) |
| Cu | β Fornacite | Pb2Cu(CrO4)(AsO4)(OH) |
| Cu | β Linarite | PbCu(SO4)(OH)2 |
| Cu | β Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| Cu | β Tetrahedrite Subgroup | Cu6(Cu4C22+)Sb4S12S |
| Cu | β Tetrahedrite Subgroup var. Mercury-bearing Tetrahedrite | Cu6[Cu4(Zn,Fe,Hg)2]Sb4S13 |
| Zn | Zinc | |
| Zn | β Aurichalcite | (Zn,Cu)5(CO3)2(OH)6 |
| Zn | β Hemimorphite | Zn4Si2O7(OH)2 · H2O |
| Zn | β Hydrozincite | Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6 |
| Zn | β Smithsonite | ZnCO3 |
| Zn | β Sphalerite | ZnS |
| Zn | β Tetrahedrite Subgroup var. Mercury-bearing Tetrahedrite | Cu6[Cu4(Zn,Fe,Hg)2]Sb4S13 |
| As | Arsenic | |
| As | β Duftite | PbCu(AsO4)(OH) |
| As | β Vanadinite var. Arsenic-bearing Vanadinite | Pb5[(V,As)O4]3Cl |
| As | β Fornacite | Pb2Cu(CrO4)(AsO4)(OH) |
| As | β Mimetite | Pb5(AsO4)3Cl |
| Mo | Molybdenum | |
| Mo | β Molybdenite | MoS2 |
| Mo | β Powellite | Ca(MoO4) |
| Mo | β Wulfenite | Pb(MoO4) |
| Ag | Silver | |
| Ag | β Silver | Ag |
| Sb | Antimony | |
| Sb | β Bournonite | PbCuSbS3 |
| Sb | β Tetrahedrite Subgroup | Cu6(Cu4C22+)Sb4S12S |
| Sb | β Tetrahedrite Subgroup var. Mercury-bearing Tetrahedrite | Cu6[Cu4(Zn,Fe,Hg)2]Sb4S13 |
| Ba | Barium | |
| Ba | β Baryte | BaSO4 |
| W | Tungsten | |
| W | β Cuprotungstite | Cu2(WO4)(OH)2 |
| W | β Ferberite | FeWO4 |
| W | β HΓΌbnerite | MnWO4 |
| W | β Scheelite | Ca(WO4) |
| Au | Gold | |
| Au | β Gold | Au |
| Hg | Mercury | |
| Hg | β Tetrahedrite Subgroup var. Mercury-bearing Tetrahedrite | Cu6[Cu4(Zn,Fe,Hg)2]Sb4S13 |
| Pb | Lead | |
| Pb | β Anglesite | PbSO4 |
| Pb | β Bournonite | PbCuSbS3 |
| Pb | β Caledonite | Pb5Cu2(SO4)3(CO3)(OH)6 |
| Pb | β Cerussite | PbCO3 |
| Pb | β Duftite | PbCu(AsO4)(OH) |
| Pb | β Vanadinite var. Arsenic-bearing Vanadinite | Pb5[(V,As)O4]3Cl |
| Pb | β Ferrisurite | (Pb,Ca)2.4Fe23+(Si4O10)(CO3)1.7(OH)3 · nH2O |
| Pb | β Fornacite | Pb2Cu(CrO4)(AsO4)(OH) |
| Pb | β Galena | PbS |
| Pb | β Linarite | PbCu(SO4)(OH)2 |
| Pb | β Mimetite | Pb5(AsO4)3Cl |
| Pb | β Vanadinite | Pb5(VO4)3Cl |
| Pb | β Wulfenite | Pb(MoO4) |
Other Databases
| Link to USGS MRDS: | 60000009 |
|---|
Localities in this Region
- California
- Inyo County
- Panamint Mts (Panamint Range)
- Cottonwood Mountains
- Ubehebe Mining District
- Big Dodd Spring
- Alvord Mine
- Anton and Pobst claims (Anton and Pabst claims; Inyo)
- Cuprotungstite claim (Right of Way; Cuprotungtite; Birthday Gift)
- Dodd's Spring occurrence
- Eureka Quartzite occurrence
- Green Light prospect (Greenlight)
- Hidden Ledge prospect
- J. O. Mine
- Lead King Mine (Lippincott Lead Mine; Lippincott Mine; Lippencott Mine; Confidence Nos 1 & 2 claims; Lead King Nos. 3 & 5-8 claims; Southern Lead Mine)
- Palmer prospect (Palmer deposit)
- Sal group
- Scott group
- Shamrock claim
- Shirley Ann group
- Sunshine prospect
- Trail claim
- Ulida Mine (Morning Star Mine; Sardine Mine; Maryland Mine; Virginia Mine; Walker Mine; Ulida Mine; Hunter Mine; H. M. Stanley; Sorbia Mine; Vlida Mine; Kabba Riga Mine)
- Unnamed Ag occurrence [10] (Unnamed Skarn prospect)
- Unnamed Baryte occurrence [1]
- Unnamed Hornblende occurrence [1]
- Unnamed Mn prospect [3]
- Unnamed Mo occurrence [4]
- Unnamed Vesuvianite occurrence [4]
- Unnamed Wollastonite occurrence [2]
- Unnamed Zeolite occurrence [2]
- Unspecified Cu occurrence [2]
- Unspecified Cu occurrence [3]
- Unspecified Marialite occurrence [2]
- Windy Hill prospect
- Big Gun Mine
- Big Rock Mine
- Blue Boy group
- Copper Giant No. 3 Mine
- Copper Queen No. 1 Mine
- Copper Queen No. 2 Mine
- Emerald group
- Good Luck group
- Homestake claim
- Hourglass Mine
- Hunter Mountain
- Lake View group
- Little Dodd Spring
- Big Dodd Spring
- Ubehebe Mining District
- Cottonwood Mountains
- Panamint Mts (Panamint Range)
- Inyo County
- California
- Inyo County
- Panamint Mts (Panamint Range)
- Cottonwood Mountains
- Ubehebe Mining District
- Little Dodd Spring
- Lost Burro Spring
- Navajo Chief claim
- Prince group
- Racetrack Valley (Racetrack Playa; The Racetrack)
- Randolph Mine
- Raven Mine
- Red Bear claim
- Red Bell group
- Red Bird claim
- Roberts & Derat claim
- Teakettle Junction
- Ubehebe Peak
- Blue Jay Mine (Bluejay claim; Apex; Jarosite claim group; Jarosite lode group)
- Bonanza prospect (Bonanza claim; Hessen Clipper Nos. 1 and 2 claims)
- Copper Queen claim
- Inyo Copper Mines and Smelter Co. property
- Mary V. prospect
- Sally Ann prospect (Copper Knife)
- Shorty Harris Mine (Shorty Harris prospect)
- Unnamed Axinite occurrence [2]
- Unnamed Mercurian Tetrahedrite occurrence [1]
- Unnamed Thulite occurrence [1]
- Unnamed Vesuvianite occurrence [3]
- Ulida Flat
- Valentine group
- Watterson-Smith Mine
- Wedding Stake claim
- Woodin & McConnell claim
- Ubehebe Mining District
- Cottonwood Mountains
- Panamint Mts (Panamint Range)
- Inyo County
Other Regions, Features and Areas containing this locality
North America PlateTectonic Plate
- Antler Foreland BasinBasin
- Basin and Range BasinsBasin
- Mojave DomainDomain
USA
- Death Valley National ParkNational Park
- Sierra NevadaMountain Range
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References
Aubury, Lewis E. (1905) The Copper Resources of California. Bulletin 23. California State Mining Bureau p.245
(1908, September) The Copper Resources of California. Bulletin 50. California State Mining Bureaup.302
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