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Antandrokomby pegmatite, Manandona Valley, Sahatsiho Ambohimanjaka, Ambositra, Amoron'i Mania, Madagascar i
Regional Level Types
Antandrokomby pegmatite Pegmatite
Manandona Valley Valley
Sahatsiho Ambohimanjaka Commune
Ambositra District
Amoron'i Mania Region
Madagascar Country

Antandrokomby pegmatite, Manandona Valley, Sahatany Pegmatite Field (Mt Ibity area), Madagascar

Regional Level Types
Antandrokomby pegmatite	Pegmatite
Manandona Valley	Valley
Sahatsiho Ambohimanjaka	Commune
Ambositra	District
Amoron'i Mania	Region
Madagascar	Country

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Latitude & Longitude (WGS84):

20° 14' 24'' South , 47° 1' 19'' East

Latitude & Longitude (decimal):

G#: mh3ky52kj

Type:

Köppen climate type:

Cfb : Temperate oceanic climate

Nearest Settlements:

Place	Population	Distance
Fandriana	31,437 (2018)	37.7km
Ambositra	30,353 (2018)	39.6km
Ambatofinandrahana	25,997 (2018)	41.5km
Antsirabe	186,253 (2018)	41.6km
Soanindrariny	21,000 (2018)	43.8km

Mindat Locality ID:

2260

Long-form identifier:

mindat:1:2:2260:9

GUID (UUID V4):

288ab928-a8d4-4c56-b941-9ef2ee93dad8

Other/historical names associated with this locality:

Sahatany pegmatite field

Other Languages:

Malagasy:

Antandrokomby, Lohasahan'i Manandona, Kaominin'i Sahatsiho-Ambohimanjaka, Distrikan' Ambositra, Faritra Amoron'i Mania, Madagasikara

A complex type LCT pegmatite (https://www.mindat.org/min-56056.html) hosted in a metadolomite worked for gem tourmaline, spodumene, and beryl from the beginning of the 20th century.

Located near the village of Ambatolampy, about 35 kilometers south of Antsirabe, and in the Manandona Valley, south of the Ibity Massif (Mt. Ibity) in the central Highland of Madagascar.

It is one of the most famous pegmatites in the Sahatany pegmatite field, but administratively, the locality is located just outside the border of the Vakinankaratra Region and the Antananarivo Province (where the Sahatany Valley and most of the other localities in the pegmatite field are located).

The pegmatite is a steeply dipping dike which measures 350 m x 1,2 m.

Notes on the mineral list:

— Some londonite-rhodizite specimens from the Antsongombato gem mine were sold as coming from Antandrokomby.

— Nizamoff et al. (2000) and Webber et al. (2002) have shown that tourmalines from the miarolitic cavities at the Antandrokomby are members of the elbaite-schorl series with significant Mg and Ca content, and not liddicoatitic.

Select Mineral List Type

Standard Detailed Gallery Strunz Chemical Elements

Commodity List

This is a list of exploitable or exploited mineral commodities recorded at this locality.

ⓘ Gemstones

ⓘ Mineral specimens

Mineral List

31 valid minerals. 3 (TL) - type locality of valid minerals. 1 erroneous literature entry.

Rock Types Recorded

Note: data is currently VERY limited. Please bear with us while we work towards adding this information!

Select Rock List Type

Alphabetical List Tree Diagram

ⓘ 'Metadolomite'

ⓘ 'Pegmatite'

Detailed Mineral List:

ⓘ Albite

Formula: Na(AlSi₃O₈)

Habit: Crystals up to 2 cm; feltlike masses; saccharoidal

Colour: Colorless; pale-blue; greyish

Description: often as overgrowth on microcline

References:

Ranorosoa, Nadine, Fontan, Francois, Fransolet, André-Mathieu (1989) Rediscovery of manandonite in the Sahatany Valley, Madagascar. European Journal of Mineralogy, 1 (5) 633-638 doi:10.1127/ejm/1/5/0633

Larsen, Knut Edvard (2003) Mineralene i Sahatany pegmatittfelt, Madagaskar [The minerals of the Sahatany pegmatite field, Madagascar]. Norsk Bergverksmuseum Skrift, 25. 5-18

ⓘ Albite var. Cleavelandite

Formula: Na(AlSi₃O₈)

References:

Ranorosoa, Nadine (1986) Thèse de doctorat de L'Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse. Étude minéralogique des pegmatites du champ de la Sahatany, Madagascar, 1-240

ⓘ Anatase

Formula: TiO₂

Colour: beige

References:

Ranorosoa, Nadine (1986) Thèse de doctorat de L'Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse. Étude minéralogique des pegmatites du champ de la Sahatany, Madagascar, 1-240

ⓘ 'Apatite'

Formula: Ca₅(PO₄)₃(Cl/F/OH)

Habit: microscopic crystals up to 100 microns in length (Nizamoff et al 200o)

References:

Nizamoff, J.W. et al.(2000): Recent mining at the Antandrokomby pegmatite, Madagascar. 26th Rochester Mineralogical Symposium. Rocks & Minerals, july 2000

ⓘ Arsenic

Formula: As

References:

Pezzotta, Federico (1999) Madagaskar. Das Paradies der Mineralien und Edelsteine. extraLapis 17. Christian Weise Verlag

ⓘ Autunite ?

Formula: Ca(UO₂)₂(PO₄)₂ · 10-12H₂O

Description: Perhaps a possible misidentification of clinobisvanite ?? (not analysed, just listed in Ranorosoa (1986))

References:

Ranorosoa, Nadine (1986) Thèse de doctorat de L'Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse. Étude minéralogique des pegmatites du champ de la Sahatany, Madagascar, 1-240

ⓘ Béhierite

Formula: (Ta⁵⁺,Nb⁵⁺)(BO₄)

References:

Falster, A.U. and Simmons, W.B.(2002): A second world location for behierite in Florence county, Wisconsin. Rocks & Minerals may-june 2002

ⓘ Beryl

Formula: Be₃Al₂(Si₆O₁₈)

Description: Cesium-rich variety

References:

Ranorosoa, Nadine (1986) Thèse de doctorat de L'Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse. Étude minéralogique des pegmatites du champ de la Sahatany, Madagascar, 1-240

ⓘ Bismuth

Formula: Bi

References:

Pezzotta, Federico (1999) Madagaskar. Das Paradies der Mineralien und Edelsteine. extraLapis 17. Christian Weise Verlag

ⓘ Brockite

Formula: (Ca,Th,Ce)PO₄ · H₂O

References:

Dr.Federico Pezzotta analysis

ⓘ Clinobisvanite

Formula: Bi(VO₄)

References:

Pezzotta, Federico (1999) Madagaskar. Das Paradies der Mineralien und Edelsteine. extraLapis 17. Christian Weise Verlagp.4

Larsen, Knut Edvard (2003) Mineralene i Sahatany pegmatittfelt, Madagaskar [The minerals of the Sahatany pegmatite field, Madagascar]. Norsk Bergverksmuseum Skrift, 25. 5-18

ⓘ 'Clinoptilolite Subgroup'

Formula: M_3-6(Si₃₀Al₆)O₇₂ · 20H₂O

Description: Earlier erronously labeled as heulandite (Lefevre & Thomas (1998).

References:

Pezzotta, Federico (1999) Madagaskar. Das Paradies der Mineralien und Edelsteine. extraLapis 17. Christian Weise Verlagas clinoptilolite

ⓘ Columbite-(Mn)

Formula: Mn²⁺Nb₂O₆

References:

Ranorosoa, Nadine (1986) Thèse de doctorat de L'Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse. Étude minéralogique des pegmatites du champ de la Sahatany, Madagascar, 1-240

ⓘ Danburite

Formula: CaB₂Si₂O₈

Habit: Crystals 1-2 cm in diameter (A.Lacroix 1912); masses

Colour: rose-yellow (A.Lacroix 1912)

References:

Pezzotta, Federico (1999) Madagaskar. Das Paradies der Mineralien und Edelsteine. extraLapis 17. Christian Weise Verlag

✪ Elbaite

Formula: Na(Li_1.5Al_1.5)Al₆(Si₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃(OH)₃(OH)

Colour: pink, green, brown

Description: See comments under tourmaline entry at Antandrokomby locality page. Ranorosoa (1986, 1989) analyzes pink,green and brownish colored tourmaline found in the contactzone and she find these to be elbaite, one an elbaite with 2,44wt% MnO. The brown colored gave this formula Na0,52Ca0,38)0,90(Li1,45Mn0,34Fe0,08Al1,77)3,64Al6,00(BO3)3,00Si6,00O18(OH3,63F0,09)3,72. Simmons et al (2001) states that tourmalines from Antandrokomby are members of the schorl-elbaite series with significant Mg and Ca contents.

References:

Ranorosoa, Nadine (1986) Thèse de doctorat de L'Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse. Étude minéralogique des pegmatites du champ de la Sahatany, Madagascar, 1-240

ⓘ 'Elbaite-Schorl Series'

References:

Nizamoff, J.W.

Falster, A.U.

Pezzota, F.

Simmons, W.B.

Hanson, S.L. and Webber, K.L. (2000): Recent mining at the Antandrokomby pegmatite, Madagascar. 26th Rochester Mineralogical Symposium. Rocks & Minerals, july 2000.

Simmons, W.B, Webber, K. L, Falster, A. U, Nizamoff, J. W (2001) Gem tourmaline chemistry and paragenesis. Australian Gemmologist, 21 (1) 24-29

ⓘ Fluor-liddicoatite ?

Formula: Ca(Li₂Al)Al₆(Si₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃(OH)₃F

Description: RRUFF Identification has only been confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (Red part of red and green prismatic xls) see http://rruff.info/liddicoatite/display=default/R060969

References:

RRUFF ID: R060969

ⓘ Hambergite

Formula: Be₂(BO₃)(OH)

Habit: small, prismatic crystals

Colour: white to colorless

References:

Pezzotta, Federico (1999) Madagaskar. Das Paradies der Mineralien und Edelsteine. extraLapis 17. Christian Weise Verlagp.54

Nizamoff, J.W. et al.(2000): Recent mining at the Antandrokomby pegmatite, Madagascar. 26th Rochester Mineralogical Symposium. Rocks & Minerals, july 2000

ⓘ '~~Heulandite Subgroup'~~

Formula: (Na/Ca/K)_5-6[Al_8-9 Si_27-28 O₇₂] · nH₂O

Description: Described by LeFevre & Thomas as heulandite but later showed to actually be clinoptilolite (Pezzotta 1999)

References:

Lefevre, Marc, Thomas, Laurent (1998) Les pegmatites de la vallée de la Sahatany Madagascar. Le Règne Minéral, 4 (19) Les Éditions du Piat. 15-28as heulandite

ⓘ Hübnerite

Formula: MnWO₄

References:

Pezzotta, Federico (1999) Madagaskar. Das Paradies der Mineralien und Edelsteine. extraLapis 17. Christian Weise Verlag

Biagioni, C., Meisser, N., Nestola, F., Pasero, M., Bobyr, M., Roth, P., Schnyder, C., Gieré, R. (2018): Hydrokenopyrochlore, (□,#)2Nb2O6·H2O, a new species of the pyrochlore supergroup from the Sahatany Pegmatite Field, Antananarivo Province, Madagascar. European Journal of Mineralogy, 30: 869-876

ⓘ Hydrokenopyrochlore (TL)

Formula: (◻,x)₂Nb₂O₆(H₂O,Cs)

Type Locality:

References:

Mineralogical Magazine, 81, 737–742

Hålenius, U., Hatert, F., Pasero, M., Mills, S. J. (2017) New minerals and nomenclature modifications approved in 2017, CNMNC Newsletter No 37. Mineralogical Magazine, 81 (3) 737-742 doi:10.1180/minmag.2017.081.039

Pezzotta, Federico, Preite, Domenico (2020) Idrokenopirocloro di Antandrokomby, Madagascar: una breve storia. Micro, 18. 46-49

ⓘ Hydroxykenomicrolite

Formula: (◻,Na,Sb³⁺)₂Ta₂O₆(OH)

References:

C. Stefano photo & Specimen -obtained from Al Falster

ⓘ 'Liddicoatite' ?

Formula: Ca(Li₂Al)Al₆(Si₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃(OH)₃(OH)

Colour: Red

Description: It is stated in Pezzotta et al (1997) without any further analysis that the red and green tourmaline at Antandrokomby are mainly liddicoatite. In Pezzotta (1999), p 53 (german version) there is a picture of red crystals with greenish core (from a miarolitic cavity), and the accompanying texts calls these "crystals of elbaite-liddicoatite"- this is not reflected in the book text though.

References:

Pezzotta, Federico, Falster, A. U., Simmons, W. B., Webber, K. L. (1997) Rhodizite from Madagascar, new localities and new chemical data. First International Workshop on Petrology, Milan, Italy, September 11 to 13, 1997, Mus. Storia Nat. Sc. Nat.

ⓘ Londonite (TL)

Formula: (Cs,K,Rb)Al₄Be₄(B,Be)₁₂O₂₈

Type Locality:

Habit: Dodecahedron {110}, tristetrahedron {211}, tetrahedron{111} and cube {100} (the last form is rare}

Colour: Milky to pale yellow crystals up to 1 cm

Description: Occurs in saccharoidal albite or in cavities. Many crystals contain patchy zones of londonite and rhodizite that are only visible by back-scattered electron imaging.

References:

Simmons, W. B., Pezzotta, F., Falster, A. U., Webber, K. L. (2001) Londonite, a new mineral species: the Cs-dominant analogue of rhodizite from the Antandrokomby granitic pegmatite, Madagascar. The Canadian Mineralogist, 39 (3) 747-755 doi:10.2113/gscanmin.39.3.747

ⓘ 'Londonite-Rhodizite Series'

References:

Knut Edvard Larsen (2023) Collection.

ⓘ Manandonite (TL)

Formula: Li₂Al₄(Si₂AlB)O₁₀(OH)₈

Type Locality:

Habit: Flakes (sometimes with hexagonal contours)in fanlike globular aggregates

Colour: white

Description: white flakes with pearly lustre on the (001) cleavage.

References:

Lacroix, Alfred (1912) Sur une nouvelle espèce minérale (manandonite) des pegmatites de Madagascar. Bulletin de Minéralogie, 35 (4) 223-226 doi:10.3406/bulmi.1912.3519

ⓘ Microcline

Formula: K(AlSi₃O₈)

Habit: crude crystals up to 6 cm

Colour: pale grey

References:

[MinRec 33:165]/ Nizamoff, J.W. et al.(2000): Recent mining at the Antandrokomby pegmatite, Madagascar. 26th Rochester Mineralogical Symposium. Rocks & Minerals, july 2000

ⓘ 'Microlite Group'

Formula: A_2-mTa₂X_6-wZ_-n

Habit: rounded crystals

Colour: bright yellow

Description: uraniferous

References:

Nizamoff, J.W. et al.(2000): Recent mining at the Antandrokomby pegmatite, Madagascar. 26th Rochester Mineralogical Symposium. Rocks & Minerals, july 2000

ⓘ Monazite-(Ce)

Formula: Ce(PO₄)

References:

Ranorosoa, Nadine (1986) Thèse de doctorat de L'Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse. Étude minéralogique des pegmatites du champ de la Sahatany, Madagascar, 1-240

ⓘ Opal

Formula: SiO₂ · nH₂O

References:

Ranorosoa, Nadine (1986) Thèse de doctorat de L'Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse. Étude minéralogique des pegmatites du champ de la Sahatany, Madagascar, 1-240

ⓘ Orthoclase

Formula: K(AlSi₃O₈)

References:

ⓘ Quartz

Formula: SiO₂

References:

ⓘ Rhodizite

Formula: (K,Cs)Al₄Be₄(B,Be)₁₂O₂₈

Habit: Well-formed crystals from a few mm to 1,5 cm

Colour: colorless, white to pale greenish-yellow

References:

Lacroix, Alfred (1922) Minéralogie de Madagascar, Tome I. Géologie-Minéralogie descriptive. Augustin Challamel, Paris. p.1-624.

Larsen, Knut Edvard (2003) Mineralene i Sahatany pegmatittfelt, Madagaskar [The minerals of the Sahatany pegmatite field, Madagascar]. Norsk Bergverksmuseum Skrift, 25. 5-18

Frost, Ray L., López, Andrés, Xi, Yunfei, Scholz, Ricardo, Souza, Larissa, Lana, Cristiano (2014) The molecular structure of the borate mineral rhodizite (K,Cs)Al₄Be₄(B,Be)₁₂O₂₈ – A vibrational spectroscopic study. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 128. 291-294 doi:10.1016/j.saa.2014.02.036

ⓘ Scheelite

Formula: Ca(WO₄)

References:

Pezzotta, Federico (1999) Madagaskar. Das Paradies der Mineralien und Edelsteine. extraLapis 17. Christian Weise Verlag

Nizamoff, J.W. et al.(2000): Recent mining at the Antandrokomby pegmatite, Madagascar. 26th Rochester Mineralogical Symposium. Rocks & Minerals, july 2000

ⓘ Schorl

Formula: NaFe²⁺₃Al₆(Si₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃(OH)₃(OH)

Description: Tourmalines from Antandrokomby are members of the schorl-elbaite series with significant Mg and Ca contents.

References:

Australian Gemmologist, Vol 21 (2001) nr 1

ⓘ Spessartine

Formula: Mn²⁺₃Al₂(SiO₄)₃

References:

Ranorosoa, Nadine (1986) Thèse de doctorat de L'Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse. Étude minéralogique des pegmatites du champ de la Sahatany, Madagascar, 1-240

ⓘ Spodumene

Formula: LiAlSi₂O₆

Habit: masses to 10 cm

Colour: pink to pale green

References:

Lacroix, Alfred (1922) Minéralogie de Madagascar, Tome I. Géologie-Minéralogie descriptive. Augustin Challamel, Paris. p.1-624.

Palache, Charles, Berman, Harry, Frondel, Clifford (1951) The System of Mineralogy (7th ed.) Vol. 2 - Halides, Nitrates, Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Arsenates, Tungstates, Molybdates, Ect. John Wiley and Sons, New York.

ⓘ Stibiotantalite

Formula: Sb(Ta,Nb)O₄

References:

ⓘ 'Tantalite'

Formula: (Mn,Fe)(Ta,Nb)₂O₆

Description: Probably Tantalite-(Mn) ?

References:

Pezzotta, Federico (1999) Madagaskar. Das Paradies der Mineralien und Edelsteine. extraLapis 17. Christian Weise Verlag

ⓘ 'Tourmaline'

Formula: AD₃G₆ (T₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃X₃Z

Colour: red, pale rose, green; reddish-purple; dark-olive brown

Description: Nizamoff et al (2000) describes 3 types of tourmalines found at Antandrokomby : Type I: prismatic zonated crystals up to 30 cm with dark-olive-brown core and thin dark-red rim. These were found mostly in the massive pegmatite (and which rarely protruded into the pockets). Type II: stubby, zoned, reddish-purple up to 4 cm with dark-olive brown cores and dark red rims (found in miarolitic pockets) Type III: Vibrant pink unzoned crystals less than 2 mm which forms masses of fibrous crystals. Nizamoff et al. (2000) further states that the types I and II from Antandrokomby have dark brown cores that are schorlitic in composition. Weber et al (2002) further states: " Electron microprobe analyses reveal that the tourmalines are not liddicoatite, but principally schorl to elbaite in composition". Ranorosoa (1986) analyzes pink, green and brownish tourmaline found at the pegmatite contactzone (equal to Nizamoff et al.'s type I) and find it to be elbaite in composition (Look under elbaite for further info)

References:

Nizamoff, J.W.

Falster, A.U.

Pezzota, F.

Simmons, W.B.

Hanson, S.L. and Webber, K.L. (2000): Recent mining at the Antandrokomby pegmatite, Madagascar. 26th Rochester Mineralogical Symposium. Rocks & Minerals, july 2000

ⓘ 'Tourmaline var. Rubellite'

Formula: A(D₃)G₆(T₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃X₃Z

Colour: red

References:

Behier, Jean (1963) Carte minéralogique de Madagascar. Archive Service Géologique de Madagascar A.1871

ⓘ 'Uranmicrolite (of Hogarth 1977)'

Formula: (Ca,U,Na)_2-x(Ta,Nb)₂(O,OH)₇

Description: Spelled as uranomikrolith in Pezzotta (1999)

References:

Pezzotta, Federico (1999) Madagaskar. Das Paradies der Mineralien und Edelsteine. extraLapis 17. Christian Weise Verlag

ⓘ Xenotime-(Y)

Formula: Y(PO₄)

Habit: tiny grains

References:

Nizamoff, J.W. et al.(2000): Recent mining at the Antandrokomby pegmatite, Madagascar. 26th Rochester Mineralogical Symposium. Rocks & Minerals, july 2000

Gallery:

M_3-6(Si₃₀Al₆)O₇₂ · 20H₂Oⓘ 'Clinoptilolite Subgroup'

ⓘ 'Elbaite-Schorl Series'

(◻,x)₂Nb₂O₆(H₂O,Cs)ⓘ Hydrokenopyrochlore (TL)

(Cs,K,Rb)Al₄Be₄(B,Be)₁₂O₂₈ⓘ Londonite (TL)

ⓘ 'Londonite-Rhodizite Series'

Li₂Al₄(Si₂AlB)O₁₀(OH)₈ⓘ Manandonite (TL)

(K,Cs)Al₄Be₄(B,Be)₁₂O₂₈ⓘ Rhodizite

AD₃G₆ (T₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃X₃Zⓘ 'Tourmaline'

A(D₃)G₆(T₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃X₃Zⓘ 'Tourmaline var. Rubellite'

List of minerals arranged by Strunz 10th Edition classification

Group 1 - Elements
ⓘ	Arsenic	1.CA.05	As
ⓘ	Bismuth	1.CA.05	Bi
Group 4 - Oxides and Hydroxides
ⓘ	'Microlite Group'	4.00.	A_2-mTa₂X_6-wZ_-n
ⓘ	Quartz	4.DA.05	SiO₂
ⓘ	Opal	4.DA.10	SiO₂ · nH₂O
ⓘ	Hübnerite	4.DB.30	MnWO₄
ⓘ	Columbite-(Mn)	4.DB.35	Mn²⁺Nb₂O₆
ⓘ	Anatase	4.DD.05	TiO₂
ⓘ	Stibiotantalite	4.DE.30	Sb(Ta,Nb)O₄
ⓘ	Hydroxykenomicrolite	4.DH.	(◻,Na,Sb³⁺)₂Ta₂O₆(OH)
ⓘ	Hydrokenopyrochlore (TL)	4.DH.15	(◻,x)₂Nb₂O₆(H₂O,Cs)
Group 6 - Borates
ⓘ	Hambergite	6.AB.05	Be₂(BO₃)(OH)
ⓘ	Béhierite	6.AC.15	(Ta⁵⁺,Nb⁵⁺)(BO₄)
ⓘ	Londonite (TL)	6.GC.05	(Cs,K,Rb)Al₄Be₄(B,Be)₁₂O₂₈
ⓘ	Rhodizite	6.GC.05	(K,Cs)Al₄Be₄(B,Be)₁₂O₂₈
Group 7 - Sulphates, Chromates, Molybdates and Tungstates
ⓘ	Scheelite	7.GA.05	Ca(WO₄)
Group 8 - Phosphates, Arsenates and Vanadates
ⓘ	Xenotime-(Y)	8.AD.35	Y(PO₄)
ⓘ	Monazite-(Ce)	8.AD.50	Ce(PO₄)
ⓘ	Clinobisvanite	8.AD.65	Bi(VO₄)
ⓘ	Brockite	8.CJ.45	(Ca,Th,Ce)PO₄ · H₂O
ⓘ	Autunite ?	8.EB.05	Ca(UO₂)₂(PO₄)₂ · 10-12H₂O
Group 9 - Silicates
ⓘ	Spessartine	9.AD.25	Mn²⁺₃Al₂(SiO₄)₃
ⓘ	Beryl	9.CJ.05	Be₃Al₂(Si₆O₁₈)
ⓘ	Elbaite	9.CK.05	Na(Li_1.5Al_1.5)Al₆(Si₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃(OH)₃(OH)
ⓘ	Fluor-liddicoatite ?	9.CK.05	Ca(Li₂Al)Al₆(Si₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃(OH)₃F
ⓘ	Schorl	9.CK.05	NaFe²⁺₃Al₆(Si₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃(OH)₃(OH)
ⓘ	'Liddicoatite' ?	9.CK.05	Ca(Li₂Al)Al₆(Si₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃(OH)₃(OH)
ⓘ	Spodumene	9.DA.30	LiAlSi₂O₆
ⓘ	Manandonite (TL)	9.ED.15	Li₂Al₄(Si₂AlB)O₁₀(OH)₈
ⓘ	Microcline	9.FA.30	K(AlSi₃O₈)
ⓘ	Orthoclase	9.FA.30	K(AlSi₃O₈)
ⓘ	Albite	9.FA.35	Na(AlSi₃O₈)
ⓘ	var. Cleavelandite	9.FA.35	Na(AlSi₃O₈)
ⓘ	Danburite	9.FA.65	CaB₂Si₂O₈
Unclassified
ⓘ	'Apatite'	-	Ca₅(PO₄)₃(Cl/F/OH)
ⓘ	'Heulandite Subgroup' ?	-	(Na/Ca/K)_5-6[Al_8-9 Si_27-28 O₇₂] · nH₂O
ⓘ	'Londonite-Rhodizite Series'	-
ⓘ	'Tourmaline var. Rubellite'	-	A(D₃)G₆(T₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃X₃Z
ⓘ	'Elbaite-Schorl Series'	-
ⓘ	'Uranmicrolite (of Hogarth 1977)'	-	(Ca,U,Na)_2-x(Ta,Nb)₂(O,OH)₇
ⓘ	'Tourmaline'	-	AD₃G₆ (T₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃X₃Z
ⓘ	'Tantalite'	-	(Mn,Fe)(Ta,Nb)₂O₆
ⓘ	'Clinoptilolite Subgroup'	-	M_3-6(Si₃₀Al₆)O₇₂ · 20H₂O

List of minerals for each chemical element

H	Hydrogen
H	ⓘ Autunite	Ca(UO₂)₂(PO₄)₂ · 10-12H₂O
H	ⓘ Brockite	(Ca,Th,Ce)PO₄ · H₂O
H	ⓘ Clinoptilolite Subgroup	M_3-6(Si₃₀Al₆)O₇₂ · 20H₂O
H	ⓘ Elbaite	Na(Li_1.5Al_1.5)Al₆(Si₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃(OH)₃(OH)
H	ⓘ Hambergite	Be₂(BO₃)(OH)
H	ⓘ Heulandite Subgroup	(Na/Ca/K)_5-6[Al_8-9 Si_27-28 O₇₂] · nH₂O
H	ⓘ Liddicoatite	Ca(Li₂Al)Al₆(Si₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃(OH)₃(OH)
H	ⓘ Manandonite	Li₂Al₄(Si₂AlB)O₁₀(OH)₈
H	ⓘ Opal	SiO₂ · nH₂O
H	ⓘ Schorl	NaFe₃²⁺Al₆(Si₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃(OH)₃(OH)
H	ⓘ Uranmicrolite (of Hogarth 1977)	(Ca,U,Na)_2-x(Ta,Nb)₂(O,OH)₇
H	ⓘ Apatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃(Cl/F/OH)
H	ⓘ Hydroxykenomicrolite	(◻,Na,Sb³⁺)₂Ta₂O₆(OH)
H	ⓘ Fluor-liddicoatite	Ca(Li₂Al)Al₆(Si₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃(OH)₃F
H	ⓘ Hydrokenopyrochlore	(◻,x)₂Nb₂O₆(H₂O,Cs)
Li	Lithium
Li	ⓘ Elbaite	Na(Li_1.5Al_1.5)Al₆(Si₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃(OH)₃(OH)
Li	ⓘ Liddicoatite	Ca(Li₂Al)Al₆(Si₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃(OH)₃(OH)
Li	ⓘ Manandonite	Li₂Al₄(Si₂AlB)O₁₀(OH)₈
Li	ⓘ Spodumene	LiAlSi₂O₆
Li	ⓘ Fluor-liddicoatite	Ca(Li₂Al)Al₆(Si₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃(OH)₃F
Be	Beryllium
Be	ⓘ Beryl	Be₃Al₂(Si₆O₁₈)
Be	ⓘ Hambergite	Be₂(BO₃)(OH)
Be	ⓘ Rhodizite	(K,Cs)Al₄Be₄(B,Be)₁₂O₂₈
Be	ⓘ Londonite	(Cs,K,Rb)Al₄Be₄(B,Be)₁₂O₂₈
B	Boron
B	ⓘ Béhierite	(Ta⁵⁺,Nb⁵⁺)(BO₄)
B	ⓘ Danburite	CaB₂Si₂O₈
B	ⓘ Elbaite	Na(Li_1.5Al_1.5)Al₆(Si₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃(OH)₃(OH)
B	ⓘ Hambergite	Be₂(BO₃)(OH)
B	ⓘ Liddicoatite	Ca(Li₂Al)Al₆(Si₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃(OH)₃(OH)
B	ⓘ Manandonite	Li₂Al₄(Si₂AlB)O₁₀(OH)₈
B	ⓘ Rhodizite	(K,Cs)Al₄Be₄(B,Be)₁₂O₂₈
B	ⓘ Tourmaline var. Rubellite	A(D₃)G₆(T₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃X₃Z
B	ⓘ Schorl	NaFe₃²⁺Al₆(Si₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃(OH)₃(OH)
B	ⓘ Tourmaline	AD₃G₆ (T₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃X₃Z
B	ⓘ Londonite	(Cs,K,Rb)Al₄Be₄(B,Be)₁₂O₂₈
B	ⓘ Fluor-liddicoatite	Ca(Li₂Al)Al₆(Si₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃(OH)₃F
O	Oxygen
O	ⓘ Albite	Na(AlSi₃O₈)
O	ⓘ Anatase	TiO₂
O	ⓘ Autunite	Ca(UO₂)₂(PO₄)₂ · 10-12H₂O
O	ⓘ Béhierite	(Ta⁵⁺,Nb⁵⁺)(BO₄)
O	ⓘ Brockite	(Ca,Th,Ce)PO₄ · H₂O
O	ⓘ Beryl	Be₃Al₂(Si₆O₁₈)
O	ⓘ Clinobisvanite	Bi(VO₄)
O	ⓘ Clinoptilolite Subgroup	M_3-6(Si₃₀Al₆)O₇₂ · 20H₂O
O	ⓘ Danburite	CaB₂Si₂O₈
O	ⓘ Elbaite	Na(Li_1.5Al_1.5)Al₆(Si₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃(OH)₃(OH)
O	ⓘ Hambergite	Be₂(BO₃)(OH)
O	ⓘ Heulandite Subgroup	(Na/Ca/K)_5-6[Al_8-9 Si_27-28 O₇₂] · nH₂O
O	ⓘ Hübnerite	MnWO₄
O	ⓘ Liddicoatite	Ca(Li₂Al)Al₆(Si₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃(OH)₃(OH)
O	ⓘ Columbite-(Mn)	Mn²⁺Nb₂O₆
O	ⓘ Manandonite	Li₂Al₄(Si₂AlB)O₁₀(OH)₈
O	ⓘ Microcline	K(AlSi₃O₈)
O	ⓘ Monazite-(Ce)	Ce(PO₄)
O	ⓘ Opal	SiO₂ · nH₂O
O	ⓘ Orthoclase	K(AlSi₃O₈)
O	ⓘ Quartz	SiO₂
O	ⓘ Rhodizite	(K,Cs)Al₄Be₄(B,Be)₁₂O₂₈
O	ⓘ Tourmaline var. Rubellite	A(D₃)G₆(T₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃X₃Z
O	ⓘ Scheelite	Ca(WO₄)
O	ⓘ Schorl	NaFe₃²⁺Al₆(Si₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃(OH)₃(OH)
O	ⓘ Spessartine	Mn₃²⁺Al₂(SiO₄)₃
O	ⓘ Spodumene	LiAlSi₂O₆
O	ⓘ Stibiotantalite	Sb(Ta,Nb)O₄
O	ⓘ Tantalite	(Mn,Fe)(Ta,Nb)₂O₆
O	ⓘ Tourmaline	AD₃G₆ (T₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃X₃Z
O	ⓘ Uranmicrolite (of Hogarth 1977)	(Ca,U,Na)_2-x(Ta,Nb)₂(O,OH)₇
O	ⓘ Xenotime-(Y)	Y(PO₄)
O	ⓘ Londonite	(Cs,K,Rb)Al₄Be₄(B,Be)₁₂O₂₈
O	ⓘ Albite var. Cleavelandite	Na(AlSi₃O₈)
O	ⓘ Apatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃(Cl/F/OH)
O	ⓘ Hydroxykenomicrolite	(◻,Na,Sb³⁺)₂Ta₂O₆(OH)
O	ⓘ Fluor-liddicoatite	Ca(Li₂Al)Al₆(Si₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃(OH)₃F
O	ⓘ Hydrokenopyrochlore	(◻,x)₂Nb₂O₆(H₂O,Cs)
F	Fluorine
F	ⓘ Apatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃(Cl/F/OH)
F	ⓘ Fluor-liddicoatite	Ca(Li₂Al)Al₆(Si₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃(OH)₃F
Na	Sodium
Na	ⓘ Albite	Na(AlSi₃O₈)
Na	ⓘ Elbaite	Na(Li_1.5Al_1.5)Al₆(Si₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃(OH)₃(OH)
Na	ⓘ Heulandite Subgroup	(Na/Ca/K)_5-6[Al_8-9 Si_27-28 O₇₂] · nH₂O
Na	ⓘ Schorl	NaFe₃²⁺Al₆(Si₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃(OH)₃(OH)
Na	ⓘ Uranmicrolite (of Hogarth 1977)	(Ca,U,Na)_2-x(Ta,Nb)₂(O,OH)₇
Na	ⓘ Albite var. Cleavelandite	Na(AlSi₃O₈)
Na	ⓘ Hydroxykenomicrolite	(◻,Na,Sb³⁺)₂Ta₂O₆(OH)
Al	Aluminium
Al	ⓘ Albite	Na(AlSi₃O₈)
Al	ⓘ Beryl	Be₃Al₂(Si₆O₁₈)
Al	ⓘ Clinoptilolite Subgroup	M_3-6(Si₃₀Al₆)O₇₂ · 20H₂O
Al	ⓘ Elbaite	Na(Li_1.5Al_1.5)Al₆(Si₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃(OH)₃(OH)
Al	ⓘ Heulandite Subgroup	(Na/Ca/K)_5-6[Al_8-9 Si_27-28 O₇₂] · nH₂O
Al	ⓘ Liddicoatite	Ca(Li₂Al)Al₆(Si₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃(OH)₃(OH)
Al	ⓘ Manandonite	Li₂Al₄(Si₂AlB)O₁₀(OH)₈
Al	ⓘ Microcline	K(AlSi₃O₈)
Al	ⓘ Orthoclase	K(AlSi₃O₈)
Al	ⓘ Rhodizite	(K,Cs)Al₄Be₄(B,Be)₁₂O₂₈
Al	ⓘ Schorl	NaFe₃²⁺Al₆(Si₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃(OH)₃(OH)
Al	ⓘ Spessartine	Mn₃²⁺Al₂(SiO₄)₃
Al	ⓘ Spodumene	LiAlSi₂O₆
Al	ⓘ Londonite	(Cs,K,Rb)Al₄Be₄(B,Be)₁₂O₂₈
Al	ⓘ Albite var. Cleavelandite	Na(AlSi₃O₈)
Al	ⓘ Fluor-liddicoatite	Ca(Li₂Al)Al₆(Si₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃(OH)₃F
Si	Silicon
Si	ⓘ Albite	Na(AlSi₃O₈)
Si	ⓘ Beryl	Be₃Al₂(Si₆O₁₈)
Si	ⓘ Clinoptilolite Subgroup	M_3-6(Si₃₀Al₆)O₇₂ · 20H₂O
Si	ⓘ Danburite	CaB₂Si₂O₈
Si	ⓘ Elbaite	Na(Li_1.5Al_1.5)Al₆(Si₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃(OH)₃(OH)
Si	ⓘ Heulandite Subgroup	(Na/Ca/K)_5-6[Al_8-9 Si_27-28 O₇₂] · nH₂O
Si	ⓘ Liddicoatite	Ca(Li₂Al)Al₆(Si₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃(OH)₃(OH)
Si	ⓘ Manandonite	Li₂Al₄(Si₂AlB)O₁₀(OH)₈
Si	ⓘ Microcline	K(AlSi₃O₈)
Si	ⓘ Opal	SiO₂ · nH₂O
Si	ⓘ Orthoclase	K(AlSi₃O₈)
Si	ⓘ Quartz	SiO₂
Si	ⓘ Schorl	NaFe₃²⁺Al₆(Si₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃(OH)₃(OH)
Si	ⓘ Spessartine	Mn₃²⁺Al₂(SiO₄)₃
Si	ⓘ Spodumene	LiAlSi₂O₆
Si	ⓘ Albite var. Cleavelandite	Na(AlSi₃O₈)
Si	ⓘ Fluor-liddicoatite	Ca(Li₂Al)Al₆(Si₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃(OH)₃F
P	Phosphorus
P	ⓘ Autunite	Ca(UO₂)₂(PO₄)₂ · 10-12H₂O
P	ⓘ Brockite	(Ca,Th,Ce)PO₄ · H₂O
P	ⓘ Monazite-(Ce)	Ce(PO₄)
P	ⓘ Xenotime-(Y)	Y(PO₄)
P	ⓘ Apatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃(Cl/F/OH)
Cl	Chlorine
Cl	ⓘ Apatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃(Cl/F/OH)
K	Potassium
K	ⓘ Heulandite Subgroup	(Na/Ca/K)_5-6[Al_8-9 Si_27-28 O₇₂] · nH₂O
K	ⓘ Microcline	K(AlSi₃O₈)
K	ⓘ Orthoclase	K(AlSi₃O₈)
K	ⓘ Rhodizite	(K,Cs)Al₄Be₄(B,Be)₁₂O₂₈
K	ⓘ Londonite	(Cs,K,Rb)Al₄Be₄(B,Be)₁₂O₂₈
Ca	Calcium
Ca	ⓘ Autunite	Ca(UO₂)₂(PO₄)₂ · 10-12H₂O
Ca	ⓘ Brockite	(Ca,Th,Ce)PO₄ · H₂O
Ca	ⓘ Danburite	CaB₂Si₂O₈
Ca	ⓘ Heulandite Subgroup	(Na/Ca/K)_5-6[Al_8-9 Si_27-28 O₇₂] · nH₂O
Ca	ⓘ Liddicoatite	Ca(Li₂Al)Al₆(Si₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃(OH)₃(OH)
Ca	ⓘ Scheelite	Ca(WO₄)
Ca	ⓘ Uranmicrolite (of Hogarth 1977)	(Ca,U,Na)_2-x(Ta,Nb)₂(O,OH)₇
Ca	ⓘ Apatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃(Cl/F/OH)
Ca	ⓘ Fluor-liddicoatite	Ca(Li₂Al)Al₆(Si₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃(OH)₃F
Ti	Titanium
Ti	ⓘ Anatase	TiO₂
V	Vanadium
V	ⓘ Clinobisvanite	Bi(VO₄)
Mn	Manganese
Mn	ⓘ Hübnerite	MnWO₄
Mn	ⓘ Columbite-(Mn)	Mn²⁺Nb₂O₆
Mn	ⓘ Spessartine	Mn₃²⁺Al₂(SiO₄)₃
Mn	ⓘ Tantalite	(Mn,Fe)(Ta,Nb)₂O₆
Fe	Iron
Fe	ⓘ Schorl	NaFe₃²⁺Al₆(Si₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃(OH)₃(OH)
Fe	ⓘ Tantalite	(Mn,Fe)(Ta,Nb)₂O₆
As	Arsenic
As	ⓘ Arsenic	As
Rb	Rubidium
Rb	ⓘ Londonite	(Cs,K,Rb)Al₄Be₄(B,Be)₁₂O₂₈
Y	Yttrium
Y	ⓘ Xenotime-(Y)	Y(PO₄)
Nb	Niobium
Nb	ⓘ Béhierite	(Ta⁵⁺,Nb⁵⁺)(BO₄)
Nb	ⓘ Columbite-(Mn)	Mn²⁺Nb₂O₆
Nb	ⓘ Stibiotantalite	Sb(Ta,Nb)O₄
Nb	ⓘ Tantalite	(Mn,Fe)(Ta,Nb)₂O₆
Nb	ⓘ Uranmicrolite (of Hogarth 1977)	(Ca,U,Na)_2-x(Ta,Nb)₂(O,OH)₇
Nb	ⓘ Hydrokenopyrochlore	(◻,x)₂Nb₂O₆(H₂O,Cs)
Sb	Antimony
Sb	ⓘ Stibiotantalite	Sb(Ta,Nb)O₄
Sb	ⓘ Hydroxykenomicrolite	(◻,Na,Sb³⁺)₂Ta₂O₆(OH)
Cs	Caesium
Cs	ⓘ Rhodizite	(K,Cs)Al₄Be₄(B,Be)₁₂O₂₈
Cs	ⓘ Londonite	(Cs,K,Rb)Al₄Be₄(B,Be)₁₂O₂₈
Cs	ⓘ Hydrokenopyrochlore	(◻,x)₂Nb₂O₆(H₂O,Cs)
Ce	Cerium
Ce	ⓘ Brockite	(Ca,Th,Ce)PO₄ · H₂O
Ce	ⓘ Monazite-(Ce)	Ce(PO₄)
Ta	Tantalum
Ta	ⓘ Béhierite	(Ta⁵⁺,Nb⁵⁺)(BO₄)
Ta	ⓘ Microlite Group	A_2-mTa₂X_6-wZ_-n
Ta	ⓘ Stibiotantalite	Sb(Ta,Nb)O₄
Ta	ⓘ Tantalite	(Mn,Fe)(Ta,Nb)₂O₆
Ta	ⓘ Uranmicrolite (of Hogarth 1977)	(Ca,U,Na)_2-x(Ta,Nb)₂(O,OH)₇
Ta	ⓘ Hydroxykenomicrolite	(◻,Na,Sb³⁺)₂Ta₂O₆(OH)
W	Tungsten
W	ⓘ Hübnerite	MnWO₄
W	ⓘ Scheelite	Ca(WO₄)
Bi	Bismuth
Bi	ⓘ Bismuth	Bi
Bi	ⓘ Clinobisvanite	Bi(VO₄)
Th	Thorium
Th	ⓘ Brockite	(Ca,Th,Ce)PO₄ · H₂O
U	Uranium
U	ⓘ Autunite	Ca(UO₂)₂(PO₄)₂ · 10-12H₂O
U	ⓘ Uranmicrolite (of Hogarth 1977)	(Ca,U,Na)_2-x(Ta,Nb)₂(O,OH)₇

Other Regions, Features and Areas containing this locality

Madagascar

Ankaratra Volcanic RangeVolcanic Range
⭔Fianarantsoa ProvinceProvince
Sahatany Pegmatite Field (Mt Ibity area)Pegmatite Field

Somali PlateTectonic Plate

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References

Dabren, Albert (1906) Sur quelques pierres précieuses de Madagascar [Rubellite et Triphane]. Bulletin de l'Académie Malgache, 4. 132-137p.133 - First find of spodumene from Antandrokomby

Lacroix, Alfred (1908) Les minéraux des filons de pegmatite à tourmaline lithique de Madagascar. Bulletin de Minéralogie, 31 (6) 218-247 doi:10.3406/bulmi.1908.3310

Duparc, Louis, Wunder, M., Sabot, R. (1910) Les Minéraux des Pegmatites des environs d'Antsirabé a Madagascar. Mémoires de la Société de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle de Geneve Vol. 36 (3)

Lacroix, Alfred (1912) Sur quelques minéraux des pegmatites du Vakinankaratra (Madagascar) Bulletin de Minéralogie, 35 (2) 76-84 doi:10.3406/bulmi.1912.3497pp.78-79 - on danburite from Antandrokomby

Lacroix, Alfred (1912) Sur une nouvelle espèce minérale (manandonite) des pegmatites de Madagascar. Bulletin de Minéralogie, 35 (4) 223-226 doi:10.3406/bulmi.1912.3519

Lacroix, Alfred (1922) Minéralogie de Madagascar, Tome I. Géologie-Minéralogie descriptive. Augustin Challamel, Paris. p.1-624.

Behier, Jean (1963) Carte minéralogique de Madagascar. Archive Service Géologique de Madagascar A.1871

Ranorosoa, Nadine (1986) Thèse de doctorat de L'Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse. Étude minéralogique des pegmatites du champ de la Sahatany, Madagascar, 1-240

Zheng, Hong, Bailey, Sturges W. (1995) The crystal structure of manandonite-2H2. American Mineralogist, 80 (3) 387-393 doi:10.2138/am-1995-3-420

Pezzotta, Federico (1999) Madagaskar. Das Paradies der Mineralien und Edelsteine. extraLapis 17. Christian Weise Verlagpp.53-54

Nizamoff, J. W, Falster, A. U, Pezzota, Federico, Simmons, W. B, Hanson, S. L., Webber, K. L. (2000) Recent mining at the Antandrokomby pegmatite, Madagascar. 26th Rochester Mineralogical Symposium. Contributed Papers in Specimen Mineralogy, Part 2. Rocks & Minerals, 75 (4) 255-256

Nizamoff, J.W., Falster, A. U, Pezzotta, Federico, Simmons, W.B, Webber, K. L (2000) Geochemical variation in tourmaline from Antandrokomby, Madagascar. 26th Rochester Mineralogical Symposium. Contributed Papers in Specimen Mineralogy, Part 2. Rocks & Minerals, 75 (4) 256

Simmons, W.B, Webber, K. L, Falster, A. U, Nizamoff, J. W (2001) Gem tourmaline chemistry and paragenesis. Australian Gemmologist, 21 (1) 24-29

Webber, K. L, Simmons, W.B, Falster, A.U (2002) Tourmaline from the Antandrokomby and Fianarantsoa Pegmatites, Madagascar. Abstracts of the 23rd Annual Tucson Mineralogical Symposium: Minerals of Africa. The Mineralogical Record, 33 (1) 82

Pezzotta, Federico, Diella,V., Demartin, F. , Simmons, W.B (2003) Londonit aus Madagaskar - eine neue Mineralart [Londonite from Madagascar - a new mineral]. Lapis, 28 (2) 35-38

Ahn, Yongkil, Seo, Jingyo, Park, Jongwan (2013) Electronic and vibrational spectra of tourmaline – The impact of electron beam irradiation and heat treatment. Vibrational Spectroscopy, 65. 165-167Samples from Antandrokomby used in the study

Biagioni, Cristian, Meisser, Nicolas, Nestola, Fabrizio, Pasero, Marco, Robyr, Martin, Roth, Philippe, Schnyder, Cédric, Gieré, Reto (2018) Hydrokenopyrochlore, (□,#)2Nb2O6·H2O, a new species of the pyrochlore supergroup from the Sahatany Pegmatite Field, Antananarivo Province, Madagascar. European Journal of Mineralogy, 30 (4) 869-876 doi:10.1127/ejm/2018/0030-2761

Pezzotta, Federico, Preite, Domenico (2020) Idrokenopirocloro di Antandrokomby, Madagascar: una breve storia. Micro, 18. 46-49

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