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Munali nickel project, Munali Intrusive Complex, Mazabuka District, Southern Province, Zambiai
Regional Level Types
Munali nickel project- not defined -
Munali Intrusive ComplexComplex
Mazabuka DistrictDistrict
Southern ProvinceProvince
ZambiaCountry

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PhotosMapsSearch
Latitude & Longitude (WGS84):
15° 53' 13'' South , 28° 6' 0'' East
Latitude & Longitude (decimal):
Age:
Up to Ma
Geologic Time:
Nearest Settlements:
PlacePopulationDistance
Kafue47,554 (2012)15.7km
Nakambala10,425 (2018)34.8km
Mazabuka64,006 (2012)37.8km
Lusaka1,267,440 (2011)57.0km


Magmatic sulfide deposit. Consists of the orebodies: Voyager, Intrepid, Enterprise, Defiant. Enterprise (site of the Munali Ni mine), Intrepid and Voyager (all situated along the SW margin). Defiant, along the NE margin, contains no appreciable ultramafic rocks and only very minor sulfide.

The Munali orebody at Enterprise appears to represent a typical sulfide-matrix breccia deposit, with brecciation constrained to the marginal units and along the contact with central gabbro. Sulfide is mainly composed of massive (>90 % sulfide) and semi-massive (90–20 % sulfide) ore comprising a sulfide assemblage of pyrrhotite and pentlandite with variable chalcopyrite and pyrite, alongside apatite and carbonate gangue.

Similar textures are seen at Babbit deposit of the Duluth Complex, Minnesota and the Itsindro Gabbro Complex, Madagascar.

621000 easting, 824000 northing.

Select Mineral List Type

Standard Detailed Gallery Strunz Chemical Elements

Commodity List

This is a list of exploitable or exploited mineral commodities recorded at this locality.


Mineral List


26 valid minerals.

Rock Types Recorded

Note: data is currently VERY limited. Please bear with us while we work towards adding this information!

Select Rock List Type

Alphabetical List Tree Diagram

Detailed Mineral List:

β“˜ Actinolite
Formula: ◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2
Reference: Holwell, D. A., Mitchell, C. L., Howe, G. A., Evans, D. M., Ward, L. A., & Friedman, R. (2017). The Munali Ni sulfide deposit, southern Zambia: A multi-stage, mafic-ultramafic, magmatic sulfide-magnetite-apatite-carbonate megabreccia. Ore Geology Reviews, 90, 553-575. Blanks, D. E., Holwell, D. A., Barnes, S. J., Schoneveld, L. E., Boyce, A. J., & Mbiri, L. (2022). Evolution of the Munali Intrusive Complex: host to a carbonate-rich Ni-(Cu-PGE) sulfide deposit. Ore Geology Reviews, 105109.
β“˜ Andalusite
Formula: Al2(SiO4)O
Reference: Blanks, D. E., Holwell, D. A., Barnes, S. J., Schoneveld, L. E., Boyce, A. J., & Mbiri, L. (2022). Evolution of the Munali Intrusive Complex: host to a carbonate-rich Ni-(Cu-PGE) sulfide deposit. Ore Geology Reviews, 105109.
β“˜ 'Apatite'
Formula: Ca5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)
Habit: Crystals to 30cm.
Reference: Holwell, D. A., Mitchell, C. L., Howe, G. A., Evans, D. M., Ward, L. A., & Friedman, R. (2017). The Munali Ni sulfide deposit, southern Zambia: A multi-stage, mafic-ultramafic, magmatic sulfide-magnetite-apatite-carbonate megabreccia. Ore Geology Reviews, 90, 553-575. Blanks, D. E., Holwell, D. A., Barnes, S. J., Schoneveld, L. E., Boyce, A. J., & Mbiri, L. (2022). Evolution of the Munali Intrusive Complex: host to a carbonate-rich Ni-(Cu-PGE) sulfide deposit. Ore Geology Reviews, 105109.
β“˜ 'Biotite'
Formula: K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2 or Simplified: K(Mg,Fe)3AlSi3O10(OH)2
Reference: Blanks, D. E., Holwell, D. A., Barnes, S. J., Schoneveld, L. E., Boyce, A. J., & Mbiri, L. (2022). Evolution of the Munali Intrusive Complex: host to a carbonate-rich Ni-(Cu-PGE) sulfide deposit. Ore Geology Reviews, 105109.
β“˜ Calcite
Formula: CaCO3
Reference: Holwell, D. A., Mitchell, C. L., Howe, G. A., Evans, D. M., Ward, L. A., & Friedman, R. (2017). The Munali Ni sulfide deposit, southern Zambia: A multi-stage, mafic-ultramafic, magmatic sulfide-magnetite-apatite-carbonate megabreccia. Ore Geology Reviews, 90, 553-575.; Brotherton, R. L. (1979). The geochemistry and mineralogy of gossans overlying nickel-copper sulphide mineralisation. PhD Thesis University of London Blanks, D. E., Holwell, D. A., Barnes, S. J., Schoneveld, L. E., Boyce, A. J., & Mbiri, L. (2022). Evolution of the Munali Intrusive Complex: host to a carbonate-rich Ni-(Cu-PGE) sulfide deposit. Ore Geology Reviews, 105109.
β“˜ Chalcopyrite
Formula: CuFeS2
Reference: Holwell, D. A., Mitchell, C. L., Howe, G. A., Evans, D. M., Ward, L. A., & Friedman, R. (2017). The Munali Ni sulfide deposit, southern Zambia: A multi-stage, mafic-ultramafic, magmatic sulfide-magnetite-apatite-carbonate megabreccia. Ore Geology Reviews, 90, 553-575.; Brotherton, R. L. (1979). The geochemistry and mineralogy of gossans overlying nickel-copper sulphide mineralisation. PhD Thesis University of London Blanks, D. E., Holwell, D. A., Barnes, S. J., Schoneveld, L. E., Boyce, A. J., & Mbiri, L. (2022). Evolution of the Munali Intrusive Complex: host to a carbonate-rich Ni-(Cu-PGE) sulfide deposit. Ore Geology Reviews, 105109.
β“˜ 'Clinopyroxene Subgroup'
Reference: Blanks, D. E., Holwell, D. A., Barnes, S. J., Schoneveld, L. E., Boyce, A. J., & Mbiri, L. (2022). Evolution of the Munali Intrusive Complex: host to a carbonate-rich Ni-(Cu-PGE) sulfide deposit. Ore Geology Reviews, 105109.
β“˜ Dolomite
Formula: CaMg(CO3)2
Reference: Holwell, D. A., Mitchell, C. L., Howe, G. A., Evans, D. M., Ward, L. A., & Friedman, R. (2017). The Munali Ni sulfide deposit, southern Zambia: A multi-stage, mafic-ultramafic, magmatic sulfide-magnetite-apatite-carbonate megabreccia. Ore Geology Reviews, 90, 553-575. Blanks, D. E., Holwell, D. A., Barnes, S. J., Schoneveld, L. E., Boyce, A. J., & Mbiri, L. (2022). Evolution of the Munali Intrusive Complex: host to a carbonate-rich Ni-(Cu-PGE) sulfide deposit. Ore Geology Reviews, 105109.
β“˜ Epidote
Formula: {Ca2}{Al2Fe3+}(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH)
Reference: Blanks, D. E., Holwell, D. A., Barnes, S. J., Schoneveld, L. E., Boyce, A. J., & Mbiri, L. (2022). Evolution of the Munali Intrusive Complex: host to a carbonate-rich Ni-(Cu-PGE) sulfide deposit. Ore Geology Reviews, 105109.
β“˜ 'Fayalite-Forsterite Series'
Reference: Holwell, D. A., Mitchell, C. L., Howe, G. A., Evans, D. M., Ward, L. A., & Friedman, R. (2017). The Munali Ni sulfide deposit, southern Zambia: A multi-stage, mafic-ultramafic, magmatic sulfide-magnetite-apatite-carbonate megabreccia. Ore Geology Reviews, 90, 553-575.
β“˜ Forsterite
Formula: Mg2SiO4
Reference: Holwell, D. A., Mitchell, C. L., Howe, G. A., Evans, D. M., Ward, L. A., & Friedman, R. (2017). The Munali Ni sulfide deposit, southern Zambia: A multi-stage, mafic-ultramafic, magmatic sulfide-magnetite-apatite-carbonate megabreccia. Ore Geology Reviews, 90, 553-575.
β“˜ Goethite
Formula: Ξ±-Fe3+O(OH)
Reference: Brotherton, R. L. (1979). The geochemistry and mineralogy of gossans overlying nickel-copper sulphide mineralisation. PhD Thesis University of London
β“˜ Hematite
Formula: Fe2O3
Reference: Brotherton, R. L. (1979). The geochemistry and mineralogy of gossans overlying nickel-copper sulphide mineralisation. PhD Thesis University of London
β“˜ Ilmenite
Formula: Fe2+TiO3
Reference: Holwell, D. A., Mitchell, C. L., Howe, G. A., Evans, D. M., Ward, L. A., & Friedman, R. (2017). The Munali Ni sulfide deposit, southern Zambia: A multi-stage, mafic-ultramafic, magmatic sulfide-magnetite-apatite-carbonate megabreccia. Ore Geology Reviews, 90, 553-575.; Brotherton, R. L. (1979). The geochemistry and mineralogy of gossans overlying nickel-copper sulphide mineralisation. PhD Thesis University of London Blanks, D. E., Holwell, D. A., Barnes, S. J., Schoneveld, L. E., Boyce, A. J., & Mbiri, L. (2022). Evolution of the Munali Intrusive Complex: host to a carbonate-rich Ni-(Cu-PGE) sulfide deposit. Ore Geology Reviews, 105109.
β“˜ Kyanite
Formula: Al2(SiO4)O
Reference: Blanks, D. E., Holwell, D. A., Barnes, S. J., Schoneveld, L. E., Boyce, A. J., & Mbiri, L. (2022). Evolution of the Munali Intrusive Complex: host to a carbonate-rich Ni-(Cu-PGE) sulfide deposit. Ore Geology Reviews, 105109.
β“˜ Maghemite
Formula: (Fe3+0.670.33)Fe3+2O4
Reference: Brotherton, R. L. (1979). The geochemistry and mineralogy of gossans overlying nickel-copper sulphide mineralisation. PhD Thesis University of London
β“˜ Magnesite
Formula: MgCO3
Reference: Holwell, D. A., Mitchell, C. L., Howe, G. A., Evans, D. M., Ward, L. A., & Friedman, R. (2017). The Munali Ni sulfide deposit, southern Zambia: A multi-stage, mafic-ultramafic, magmatic sulfide-magnetite-apatite-carbonate megabreccia. Ore Geology Reviews, 90, 553-575. Blanks, D. E., Holwell, D. A., Barnes, S. J., Schoneveld, L. E., Boyce, A. J., & Mbiri, L. (2022). Evolution of the Munali Intrusive Complex: host to a carbonate-rich Ni-(Cu-PGE) sulfide deposit. Ore Geology Reviews, 105109.
β“˜ Magnetite
Formula: Fe2+Fe3+2O4
Reference: Holwell, D. A., Mitchell, C. L., Howe, G. A., Evans, D. M., Ward, L. A., & Friedman, R. (2017). The Munali Ni sulfide deposit, southern Zambia: A multi-stage, mafic-ultramafic, magmatic sulfide-magnetite-apatite-carbonate megabreccia. Ore Geology Reviews, 90, 553-575.; Brotherton, R. L. (1979). The geochemistry and mineralogy of gossans overlying nickel-copper sulphide mineralisation. PhD Thesis University of London Blanks, D. E., Holwell, D. A., Barnes, S. J., Schoneveld, L. E., Boyce, A. J., & Mbiri, L. (2022). Evolution of the Munali Intrusive Complex: host to a carbonate-rich Ni-(Cu-PGE) sulfide deposit. Ore Geology Reviews, 105109.
β“˜ Marcasite
Formula: FeS2
Reference: Brotherton, R. L. (1979). The geochemistry and mineralogy of gossans overlying nickel-copper sulphide mineralisation. PhD Thesis University of London
β“˜ Montmorillonite
Formula: (Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O
Reference: Brotherton, R. L. (1979). The geochemistry and mineralogy of gossans overlying nickel-copper sulphide mineralisation. PhD Thesis University of London
β“˜ Muscovite
Formula: KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Reference: Blanks, D. E., Holwell, D. A., Barnes, S. J., Schoneveld, L. E., Boyce, A. J., & Mbiri, L. (2022). Evolution of the Munali Intrusive Complex: host to a carbonate-rich Ni-(Cu-PGE) sulfide deposit. Ore Geology Reviews, 105109.
β“˜ Muscovite var. Sericite
Formula: KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Reference: Blanks, D. E., Holwell, D. A., Barnes, S. J., Schoneveld, L. E., Boyce, A. J., & Mbiri, L. (2022). Evolution of the Munali Intrusive Complex: host to a carbonate-rich Ni-(Cu-PGE) sulfide deposit. Ore Geology Reviews, 105109.
β“˜ 'Olivine Group'
Formula: M2SiO4
Reference: Blanks, D. E., Holwell, D. A., Barnes, S. J., Schoneveld, L. E., Boyce, A. J., & Mbiri, L. (2022). Evolution of the Munali Intrusive Complex: host to a carbonate-rich Ni-(Cu-PGE) sulfide deposit. Ore Geology Reviews, 105109.
β“˜ Pentlandite
Formula: (NixFey)Ξ£9S8
Reference: Holwell, D. A., Mitchell, C. L., Howe, G. A., Evans, D. M., Ward, L. A., & Friedman, R. (2017). The Munali Ni sulfide deposit, southern Zambia: A multi-stage, mafic-ultramafic, magmatic sulfide-magnetite-apatite-carbonate megabreccia. Ore Geology Reviews, 90, 553-575.; Brotherton, R. L. (1979). The geochemistry and mineralogy of gossans overlying nickel-copper sulphide mineralisation. PhD Thesis University of London Blanks, D. E., Holwell, D. A., Barnes, S. J., Schoneveld, L. E., Boyce, A. J., & Mbiri, L. (2022). Evolution of the Munali Intrusive Complex: host to a carbonate-rich Ni-(Cu-PGE) sulfide deposit. Ore Geology Reviews, 105109.
β“˜ 'Plagioclase'
Formula: (Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8
Reference: Blanks, D. E., Holwell, D. A., Barnes, S. J., Schoneveld, L. E., Boyce, A. J., & Mbiri, L. (2022). Evolution of the Munali Intrusive Complex: host to a carbonate-rich Ni-(Cu-PGE) sulfide deposit. Ore Geology Reviews, 105109.
β“˜ Pyrite
Formula: FeS2
Reference: Holwell, D. A., Mitchell, C. L., Howe, G. A., Evans, D. M., Ward, L. A., & Friedman, R. (2017). The Munali Ni sulfide deposit, southern Zambia: A multi-stage, mafic-ultramafic, magmatic sulfide-magnetite-apatite-carbonate megabreccia. Ore Geology Reviews, 90, 553-575.; Brotherton, R. L. (1979). The geochemistry and mineralogy of gossans overlying nickel-copper sulphide mineralisation. PhD Thesis University of London Blanks, D. E., Holwell, D. A., Barnes, S. J., Schoneveld, L. E., Boyce, A. J., & Mbiri, L. (2022). Evolution of the Munali Intrusive Complex: host to a carbonate-rich Ni-(Cu-PGE) sulfide deposit. Ore Geology Reviews, 105109.
β“˜ Pyrite var. Bravoite
Formula: (Fe,Ni)S2
Reference: Brotherton, R. L. (1979). The geochemistry and mineralogy of gossans overlying nickel-copper sulphide mineralisation. PhD Thesis University of London
β“˜ 'Pyroxene Group'
Formula: ADSi2O6
Reference: Blanks, D. E., Holwell, D. A., Barnes, S. J., Schoneveld, L. E., Boyce, A. J., & Mbiri, L. (2022). Evolution of the Munali Intrusive Complex: host to a carbonate-rich Ni-(Cu-PGE) sulfide deposit. Ore Geology Reviews, 105109.
β“˜ Pyrrhotite
Formula: Fe1-xS
Reference: Holwell, D. A., Mitchell, C. L., Howe, G. A., Evans, D. M., Ward, L. A., & Friedman, R. (2017). The Munali Ni sulfide deposit, southern Zambia: A multi-stage, mafic-ultramafic, magmatic sulfide-magnetite-apatite-carbonate megabreccia. Ore Geology Reviews, 90, 553-575.; Brotherton, R. L. (1979). The geochemistry and mineralogy of gossans overlying nickel-copper sulphide mineralisation. PhD Thesis University of London Blanks, D. E., Holwell, D. A., Barnes, S. J., Schoneveld, L. E., Boyce, A. J., & Mbiri, L. (2022). Evolution of the Munali Intrusive Complex: host to a carbonate-rich Ni-(Cu-PGE) sulfide deposit. Ore Geology Reviews, 105109.
β“˜ Quartz
Formula: SiO2
Reference: Brotherton, R. L. (1979). The geochemistry and mineralogy of gossans overlying nickel-copper sulphide mineralisation. PhD Thesis University of London
β“˜ 'Scapolite'
Reference: Blanks, D. E., Holwell, D. A., Barnes, S. J., Schoneveld, L. E., Boyce, A. J., & Mbiri, L. (2022). Evolution of the Munali Intrusive Complex: host to a carbonate-rich Ni-(Cu-PGE) sulfide deposit. Ore Geology Reviews, 105109.
β“˜ 'Serpentine Subgroup'
Formula: D3[Si2O5](OH)4
Reference: Holwell, D. A., Mitchell, C. L., Howe, G. A., Evans, D. M., Ward, L. A., & Friedman, R. (2017). The Munali Ni sulfide deposit, southern Zambia: A multi-stage, mafic-ultramafic, magmatic sulfide-magnetite-apatite-carbonate megabreccia. Ore Geology Reviews, 90, 553-575.
β“˜ Smythite
Formula: (Fe,Ni)3+xS4 (x=0-0.3)
Reference: Brotherton, R. L. (1979). The geochemistry and mineralogy of gossans overlying nickel-copper sulphide mineralisation. PhD Thesis University of London
β“˜ 'Soapstone'
Reference: Blanks, D. E., Holwell, D. A., Barnes, S. J., Schoneveld, L. E., Boyce, A. J., & Mbiri, L. (2022). Evolution of the Munali Intrusive Complex: host to a carbonate-rich Ni-(Cu-PGE) sulfide deposit. Ore Geology Reviews, 105109.
β“˜ Talc
Formula: Mg3Si4O10(OH)2
Reference: Holwell, D. A., Mitchell, C. L., Howe, G. A., Evans, D. M., Ward, L. A., & Friedman, R. (2017). The Munali Ni sulfide deposit, southern Zambia: A multi-stage, mafic-ultramafic, magmatic sulfide-magnetite-apatite-carbonate megabreccia. Ore Geology Reviews, 90, 553-575.; Brotherton, R. L. (1979). The geochemistry and mineralogy of gossans overlying nickel-copper sulphide mineralisation. PhD Thesis University of London Blanks, D. E., Holwell, D. A., Barnes, S. J., Schoneveld, L. E., Boyce, A. J., & Mbiri, L. (2022). Evolution of the Munali Intrusive Complex: host to a carbonate-rich Ni-(Cu-PGE) sulfide deposit. Ore Geology Reviews, 105109.
β“˜ Tremolite
Formula: ◻Ca2Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2
Reference: Holwell, D. A., Mitchell, C. L., Howe, G. A., Evans, D. M., Ward, L. A., & Friedman, R. (2017). The Munali Ni sulfide deposit, southern Zambia: A multi-stage, mafic-ultramafic, magmatic sulfide-magnetite-apatite-carbonate megabreccia. Ore Geology Reviews, 90, 553-575.
β“˜ Violarite
Formula: Fe2+Ni3+2S4
Reference: Brotherton, R. L. (1979). The geochemistry and mineralogy of gossans overlying nickel-copper sulphide mineralisation. PhD Thesis University of London
β“˜ Zircon
Formula: Zr(SiO4)
Reference: Blanks, D. E., Holwell, D. A., Barnes, S. J., Schoneveld, L. E., Boyce, A. J., & Mbiri, L. (2022). Evolution of the Munali Intrusive Complex: host to a carbonate-rich Ni-(Cu-PGE) sulfide deposit. Ore Geology Reviews, 105109.

Gallery:

List of minerals arranged by Strunz 10th Edition classification

Group 2 - Sulphides and Sulfosalts
β“˜Chalcopyrite2.CB.10aCuFeS2
β“˜Marcasite2.EB.10aFeS2
β“˜Pentlandite2.BB.15(NixFey)Ξ£9S8
β“˜Pyrite2.EB.05aFeS2
β“˜var. Bravoite2.EB.05a(Fe,Ni)S2
β“˜Pyrrhotite2.CC.10Fe1-xS
β“˜Smythite2.CC.10(Fe,Ni)3+xS4 (x=0-0.3)
β“˜Violarite2.DA.05Fe2+Ni3+2S4
Group 4 - Oxides and Hydroxides
β“˜Goethite4.00.Ξ±-Fe3+O(OH)
β“˜Hematite4.CB.05Fe2O3
β“˜Ilmenite4.CB.05Fe2+TiO3
β“˜Maghemite4.BB.15(Fe3+0.67β—»0.33)Fe3+2O4
β“˜Magnetite4.BB.05Fe2+Fe3+2O4
β“˜Quartz4.DA.05SiO2
Group 5 - Nitrates and Carbonates
β“˜Calcite5.AB.05CaCO3
β“˜Dolomite5.AB.10CaMg(CO3)2
β“˜Magnesite5.AB.05MgCO3
Group 9 - Silicates
β“˜Actinolite9.DE.10β—»Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2
β“˜Andalusite9.AF.10Al2(SiO4)O
β“˜Epidote9.BG.05a{Ca2}{Al2Fe3+}(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH)
β“˜Forsterite9.AC.05Mg2SiO4
β“˜Kyanite9.AF.15Al2(SiO4)O
β“˜Montmorillonite9.EC.40(Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 Β· nH2O
β“˜Muscovite9.EC.15KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
β“˜var. Sericite9.EC.15KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
β“˜Talc9.EC.05Mg3Si4O10(OH)2
β“˜Tremolite9.DE.10β—»Ca2Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2
β“˜Zircon9.AD.30Zr(SiO4)
Unclassified Minerals, Rocks, etc.
β“˜'Apatite'-Ca5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)
β“˜'Biotite'-K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2 or Simplified: K(Mg,Fe)3AlSi3O10(OH)2
β“˜'Clinopyroxene Subgroup'-
β“˜'Fayalite-Forsterite Series'-
β“˜'Olivine Group'-M2SiO4
β“˜'Plagioclase'-(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8
β“˜'Pyroxene Group'-ADSi2O6
β“˜'Scapolite'-
β“˜'Serpentine Subgroup'-D3[Si2O5](OH)4
β“˜'Soapstone'-

List of minerals for each chemical element

HHydrogen
Hβ“˜ Tremolite◻Ca2Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2
Hβ“˜ TalcMg3Si4O10(OH)2
Hβ“˜ Actinolite◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2
Hβ“˜ ApatiteCa5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)
Hβ“˜ Serpentine SubgroupD3[Si2O5](OH)4
Hβ“˜ GoethiteΞ±-Fe3+O(OH)
Hβ“˜ Montmorillonite(Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O
Hβ“˜ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2 or Simplified: K(Mg,Fe)3AlSi3O10(OH)2
Hβ“˜ Epidote{Ca2}{Al2Fe3+}(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH)
Hβ“˜ Muscovite var. SericiteKAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Hβ“˜ MuscoviteKAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
CCarbon
Cβ“˜ MagnesiteMgCO3
Cβ“˜ DolomiteCaMg(CO3)2
Cβ“˜ CalciteCaCO3
OOxygen
Oβ“˜ MagnetiteFe2+Fe23+O4
Oβ“˜ Tremolite◻Ca2Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2
Oβ“˜ TalcMg3Si4O10(OH)2
Oβ“˜ MagnesiteMgCO3
Oβ“˜ Actinolite◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2
Oβ“˜ IlmeniteFe2+TiO3
Oβ“˜ ApatiteCa5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)
Oβ“˜ Serpentine SubgroupD3[Si2O5](OH)4
Oβ“˜ ForsteriteMg2SiO4
Oβ“˜ DolomiteCaMg(CO3)2
Oβ“˜ CalciteCaCO3
Oβ“˜ Maghemite(Fe3+0.670.33)Fe23+O4
Oβ“˜ GoethiteΞ±-Fe3+O(OH)
Oβ“˜ HematiteFe2O3
Oβ“˜ QuartzSiO2
Oβ“˜ Montmorillonite(Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O
Oβ“˜ AndalusiteAl2(SiO4)O
Oβ“˜ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2 or Simplified: K(Mg,Fe)3AlSi3O10(OH)2
Oβ“˜ Epidote{Ca2}{Al2Fe3+}(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH)
Oβ“˜ KyaniteAl2(SiO4)O
Oβ“˜ Olivine GroupM2SiO4
Oβ“˜ Plagioclase(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8
Oβ“˜ Pyroxene GroupADSi2O6
Oβ“˜ Muscovite var. SericiteKAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Oβ“˜ ZirconZr(SiO4)
Oβ“˜ MuscoviteKAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
FFluorine
Fβ“˜ ApatiteCa5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)
Fβ“˜ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2 or Simplified: K(Mg,Fe)3AlSi3O10(OH)2
NaSodium
Naβ“˜ Montmorillonite(Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O
Naβ“˜ Plagioclase(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8
MgMagnesium
Mgβ“˜ Tremolite◻Ca2Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2
Mgβ“˜ TalcMg3Si4O10(OH)2
Mgβ“˜ MagnesiteMgCO3
Mgβ“˜ Actinolite◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2
Mgβ“˜ ForsteriteMg2SiO4
Mgβ“˜ DolomiteCaMg(CO3)2
Mgβ“˜ Montmorillonite(Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O
Mgβ“˜ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2 or Simplified: K(Mg,Fe)3AlSi3O10(OH)2
AlAluminium
Alβ“˜ Montmorillonite(Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O
Alβ“˜ AndalusiteAl2(SiO4)O
Alβ“˜ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2 or Simplified: K(Mg,Fe)3AlSi3O10(OH)2
Alβ“˜ Epidote{Ca2}{Al2Fe3+}(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH)
Alβ“˜ KyaniteAl2(SiO4)O
Alβ“˜ Plagioclase(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8
Alβ“˜ Muscovite var. SericiteKAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Alβ“˜ MuscoviteKAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
SiSilicon
Siβ“˜ Tremolite◻Ca2Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2
Siβ“˜ TalcMg3Si4O10(OH)2
Siβ“˜ Actinolite◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2
Siβ“˜ Serpentine SubgroupD3[Si2O5](OH)4
Siβ“˜ ForsteriteMg2SiO4
Siβ“˜ QuartzSiO2
Siβ“˜ Montmorillonite(Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O
Siβ“˜ AndalusiteAl2(SiO4)O
Siβ“˜ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2 or Simplified: K(Mg,Fe)3AlSi3O10(OH)2
Siβ“˜ Epidote{Ca2}{Al2Fe3+}(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH)
Siβ“˜ KyaniteAl2(SiO4)O
Siβ“˜ Olivine GroupM2SiO4
Siβ“˜ Plagioclase(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8
Siβ“˜ Pyroxene GroupADSi2O6
Siβ“˜ Muscovite var. SericiteKAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Siβ“˜ ZirconZr(SiO4)
Siβ“˜ MuscoviteKAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
PPhosphorus
Pβ“˜ ApatiteCa5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)
SSulfur
Sβ“˜ PyriteFeS2
Sβ“˜ PyrrhotiteFe1-xS
Sβ“˜ Pentlandite(NixFey)Ξ£9S8
Sβ“˜ ChalcopyriteCuFeS2
Sβ“˜ MarcasiteFeS2
Sβ“˜ ViolariteFe2+Ni23+S4
Sβ“˜ Smythite(Fe,Ni)3+xS4 (x=0-0.3)
Sβ“˜ Pyrite var. Bravoite(Fe,Ni)S2
ClChlorine
Clβ“˜ ApatiteCa5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)
KPotassium
Kβ“˜ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2 or Simplified: K(Mg,Fe)3AlSi3O10(OH)2
Kβ“˜ Muscovite var. SericiteKAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Kβ“˜ MuscoviteKAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
CaCalcium
Caβ“˜ Tremolite◻Ca2Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2
Caβ“˜ Actinolite◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2
Caβ“˜ ApatiteCa5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)
Caβ“˜ DolomiteCaMg(CO3)2
Caβ“˜ CalciteCaCO3
Caβ“˜ Montmorillonite(Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O
Caβ“˜ Epidote{Ca2}{Al2Fe3+}(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH)
Caβ“˜ Plagioclase(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8
TiTitanium
Tiβ“˜ IlmeniteFe2+TiO3
Tiβ“˜ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2 or Simplified: K(Mg,Fe)3AlSi3O10(OH)2
FeIron
Feβ“˜ MagnetiteFe2+Fe23+O4
Feβ“˜ Actinolite◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2
Feβ“˜ IlmeniteFe2+TiO3
Feβ“˜ PyriteFeS2
Feβ“˜ PyrrhotiteFe1-xS
Feβ“˜ Pentlandite(NixFey)Ξ£9S8
Feβ“˜ ChalcopyriteCuFeS2
Feβ“˜ Maghemite(Fe3+0.670.33)Fe23+O4
Feβ“˜ MarcasiteFeS2
Feβ“˜ ViolariteFe2+Ni23+S4
Feβ“˜ Smythite(Fe,Ni)3+xS4 (x=0-0.3)
Feβ“˜ Pyrite var. Bravoite(Fe,Ni)S2
Feβ“˜ GoethiteΞ±-Fe3+O(OH)
Feβ“˜ HematiteFe2O3
Feβ“˜ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2 or Simplified: K(Mg,Fe)3AlSi3O10(OH)2
Feβ“˜ Epidote{Ca2}{Al2Fe3+}(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH)
NiNickel
Niβ“˜ Pentlandite(NixFey)Ξ£9S8
Niβ“˜ ViolariteFe2+Ni23+S4
Niβ“˜ Smythite(Fe,Ni)3+xS4 (x=0-0.3)
Niβ“˜ Pyrite var. Bravoite(Fe,Ni)S2
CuCopper
Cuβ“˜ ChalcopyriteCuFeS2
ZrZirconium
Zrβ“˜ ZirconZr(SiO4)

References

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Year (asc) Year (desc) Author (A-Z) Author (Z-A)
Brotherton, R.L. (1979) The geochemistry and mineralogy of gossans overlying nickel-copper sulphide mineralisation. Ph.D. Thesis, University of London, xx pages.
Holwell, D.A., Mitchell, C.L., Howe, G.A., Evans, D.M., Ward, L.A., Friedman, R. (2017) The Munali Ni sulfide deposit, southern Zambia: A multi-stage, mafic-ultramafic, magmatic sulfide-magnetite-apatite-carbonate megabreccia. Ore Geology Reviews, 90, 553-575.
Blanks, D. E., Holwell, D. A., Barnes, S. J., Schoneveld, L. E., Boyce, A. J., & Mbiri, L. (2022). Evolution of the Munali Intrusive Complex: host to a carbonate-rich Ni-(Cu-PGE) sulfide deposit. Ore Geology Reviews, 105109.

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