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Witbank coalfield, eMalahleni (Witbank), Emalahleni Local Municipality, Nkangala District Municipality, Mpumalanga, South Africai
Regional Level Types
Witbank coalfieldCoal Field
eMalahleni (Witbank)- not defined -
Emalahleni Local MunicipalityMunicipality
Nkangala District MunicipalityDistrict
MpumalangaProvince
South AfricaCountry

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Latitude & Longitude (WGS84):
26° 0' 5'' South , 29° 13' 60'' East
Latitude & Longitude (decimal):
Locality type:


The Witbank coalfield is, historically, the most important coal-producing region in South Africa. Bituminous coal is hosted in the Permian Vryheid Formation (Karoo Supergroup) and five coal seams exist in the region, although not all are economically exploitable.

About 22 coal mines in the area around Witbank. Some dumps are burning, in part already for decades.

Select Mineral List Type

Standard Detailed Gallery Strunz Chemical Elements

Mineral List

Mineral list contains entries from the region specified including sub-localities

13 valid minerals.

Detailed Mineral List:

β“˜ Baryte
Formula: BaSO4
Reference: International Journal of Coal Geology 72 (2007) 124–140
β“˜ Calcite
Formula: CaCO3
Reference: PMPB Meulenbeld collection
β“˜ Copiapite
Formula: Fe2+Fe3+4(SO4)6(OH)2 · 20H2O
Reference: Cairncross, B., Dixon, R. (1995) Cairncross, B., Dixon, R. (1995) Minerals of South Africa. Geological Society of South Africa, PO Box 44283, Linden 2104, South Africa.
β“˜ 'Glauconite'
Formula: (K,Na)(Fe3+,Al,Mg)2(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2
Reference: Cairncross, B., Dixon, R. (1995) Cairncross, B., Dixon, R. (1995) Minerals of South Africa. Geological Society of South Africa, PO Box 44283, Linden 2104, South Africa.
β“˜ Gypsum
Formula: CaSO4 · 2H2O
Reference: International Journal of Coal Geology 72 (2007) 124–140
β“˜ Hexahydrite
Formula: MgSO4 · 6H2O
Reference: Cairncross, B., Dixon, R. (1995) Cairncross, B., Dixon, R. (1995) Minerals of South Africa. Geological Society of South Africa, PO Box 44283, Linden 2104, South Africa.
β“˜ Letovicite
Formula: (NH4)3H(SO4)2
Reference: International Journal of Coal Geology 72 (2007) 124–140
β“˜ Marcasite
Formula: FeS2
Reference: Cairncross, B., Dixon, R. (1995) Cairncross, B., Dixon, R. (1995) Minerals of South Africa. Geological Society of South Africa, PO Box 44283, Linden 2104, South Africa.
β“˜ Mascagnite
Formula: (NH4)2SO4
Reference: Stracher, G.B., Finkelman, R.B., Hower, J.C., Pone, J.D.N., Prakash, A., Blake, D.R., Schroeder, P.A., Emsbo-Mattingly, S.D., and O'Keefe, J.M.K. (2009): Natural and anthropogenic coal fires. In: Umran Dogan, A., and Cutler, J. (eds.): Encyclopedia of Earth. Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment, Cleveland (Washington, D.C.); International Journal of Coal Geology 72 (2007) 124–140
β“˜ Muscovite
Formula: KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Reference: International Journal of Coal Geology 72 (2007) 124–140
β“˜ Muscovite var. Illite
Formula: K0.65Al2.0[Al0.65Si3.35O10](OH)2
Reference: International Journal of Coal Geology 72 (2007) 124–140
β“˜ Phlogopite
Formula: KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Reference: International Journal of Coal Geology 72 (2007) 124–140
β“˜ Pyrite
Formula: FeS2
Reference: PMPB Meulenbeld collection
β“˜ Salammoniac
Formula: NH4Cl
Reference: International Journal of Coal Geology 72 (2007) 124–140
β“˜ Sulphur
Formula: S8
Reference: Stracher, G.B., Finkelman, R.B., Hower, J.C., Pone, J.D.N., Prakash, A., Blake, D.R., Schroeder, P.A., Emsbo-Mattingly, S.D., and O'Keefe, J.M.K. (2009): Natural and anthropogenic coal fires. In: Umran Dogan, A., and Cutler, J. (eds.): Encyclopedia of Earth. Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment, Cleveland (Washington, D.C.); International Journal of Coal Geology 72 (2007) 124–140
β“˜ 'Unnamed (NH4 Thiosulphate)'
Formula: (NH4)2(S2O3)
Reference: Stracher, G.B., Finkelman, R.B., Hower, J.C., Pone, J.D.N., Prakash, A., Blake, D.R., Schroeder, P.A., Emsbo-Mattingly, S.D., and O'Keefe, J.M.K. (2009): Natural and anthropogenic coal fires. In: Umran Dogan, A., and Cutler, J. (eds.): Encyclopedia of Earth. Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment, Cleveland (Washington, D.C.)

Gallery:

List of minerals arranged by Strunz 10th Edition classification

Group 1 - Elements
β“˜Sulphur1.CC.05S8
Group 2 - Sulphides and Sulfosalts
β“˜Marcasite2.EB.10aFeS2
β“˜Pyrite2.EB.05aFeS2
Group 3 - Halides
β“˜Salammoniac3.AA.25NH4Cl
Group 5 - Nitrates and Carbonates
β“˜Calcite5.AB.05CaCO3
Group 7 - Sulphates, Chromates, Molybdates and Tungstates
β“˜Baryte7.AD.35BaSO4
β“˜Copiapite7.DB.35Fe2+Fe3+4(SO4)6(OH)2 Β· 20H2O
β“˜Gypsum7.CD.40CaSO4 Β· 2H2O
β“˜Hexahydrite7.CB.25MgSO4 Β· 6H2O
β“˜Letovicite7.AD.20(NH4)3H(SO4)2
β“˜Mascagnite7.AD.05(NH4)2SO4
Group 9 - Silicates
β“˜'Glauconite'9.EC.(K,Na)(Fe3+,Al,Mg)2(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2
β“˜Muscovite9.EC.15KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
β“˜var. Illite9.EC.15K0.65Al2.0[Al0.65Si3.35O10](OH)2
β“˜Phlogopite9.EC.20KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Unclassified Minerals, Rocks, etc.
β“˜'Unnamed (NH4 Thiosulphate)'-(NH4)2(S2O3)

List of minerals for each chemical element

HHydrogen
Hβ“˜ CopiapiteFe2+Fe43+(SO4)6(OH)2 · 20H2O
Hβ“˜ HexahydriteMgSO4 · 6H2O
Hβ“˜ Glauconite(K,Na)(Fe3+,Al,Mg)2(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2
Hβ“˜ Mascagnite(NH4)2SO4
Hβ“˜ Unnamed (NH4 Thiosulphate)(NH4)2(S2O3)
Hβ“˜ SalammoniacNH4Cl
Hβ“˜ Muscovite var. IlliteK0.65Al2.0[Al0.65Si3.35O10](OH)2
Hβ“˜ Letovicite(NH4)3H(SO4)2
Hβ“˜ PhlogopiteKMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Hβ“˜ GypsumCaSO4 · 2H2O
Hβ“˜ MuscoviteKAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
CCarbon
Cβ“˜ CalciteCaCO3
NNitrogen
Nβ“˜ Mascagnite(NH4)2SO4
Nβ“˜ Unnamed (NH4 Thiosulphate)(NH4)2(S2O3)
Nβ“˜ SalammoniacNH4Cl
Nβ“˜ Letovicite(NH4)3H(SO4)2
OOxygen
Oβ“˜ CalciteCaCO3
Oβ“˜ CopiapiteFe2+Fe43+(SO4)6(OH)2 · 20H2O
Oβ“˜ HexahydriteMgSO4 · 6H2O
Oβ“˜ Glauconite(K,Na)(Fe3+,Al,Mg)2(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2
Oβ“˜ Mascagnite(NH4)2SO4
Oβ“˜ Unnamed (NH4 Thiosulphate)(NH4)2(S2O3)
Oβ“˜ Muscovite var. IlliteK0.65Al2.0[Al0.65Si3.35O10](OH)2
Oβ“˜ Letovicite(NH4)3H(SO4)2
Oβ“˜ PhlogopiteKMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Oβ“˜ BaryteBaSO4
Oβ“˜ GypsumCaSO4 · 2H2O
Oβ“˜ MuscoviteKAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
NaSodium
Naβ“˜ Glauconite(K,Na)(Fe3+,Al,Mg)2(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2
MgMagnesium
Mgβ“˜ HexahydriteMgSO4 · 6H2O
Mgβ“˜ Glauconite(K,Na)(Fe3+,Al,Mg)2(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2
Mgβ“˜ PhlogopiteKMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
AlAluminium
Alβ“˜ Glauconite(K,Na)(Fe3+,Al,Mg)2(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2
Alβ“˜ Muscovite var. IlliteK0.65Al2.0[Al0.65Si3.35O10](OH)2
Alβ“˜ PhlogopiteKMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Alβ“˜ MuscoviteKAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
SiSilicon
Siβ“˜ Glauconite(K,Na)(Fe3+,Al,Mg)2(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2
Siβ“˜ Muscovite var. IlliteK0.65Al2.0[Al0.65Si3.35O10](OH)2
Siβ“˜ PhlogopiteKMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Siβ“˜ MuscoviteKAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
SSulfur
Sβ“˜ CopiapiteFe2+Fe43+(SO4)6(OH)2 · 20H2O
Sβ“˜ HexahydriteMgSO4 · 6H2O
Sβ“˜ MarcasiteFeS2
Sβ“˜ Mascagnite(NH4)2SO4
Sβ“˜ SulphurS8
Sβ“˜ Unnamed (NH4 Thiosulphate)(NH4)2(S2O3)
Sβ“˜ Letovicite(NH4)3H(SO4)2
Sβ“˜ BaryteBaSO4
Sβ“˜ GypsumCaSO4 · 2H2O
Sβ“˜ PyriteFeS2
ClChlorine
Clβ“˜ SalammoniacNH4Cl
KPotassium
Kβ“˜ Glauconite(K,Na)(Fe3+,Al,Mg)2(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2
Kβ“˜ Muscovite var. IlliteK0.65Al2.0[Al0.65Si3.35O10](OH)2
Kβ“˜ PhlogopiteKMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Kβ“˜ MuscoviteKAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
CaCalcium
Caβ“˜ CalciteCaCO3
Caβ“˜ GypsumCaSO4 · 2H2O
FeIron
Feβ“˜ CopiapiteFe2+Fe43+(SO4)6(OH)2 · 20H2O
Feβ“˜ Glauconite(K,Na)(Fe3+,Al,Mg)2(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2
Feβ“˜ MarcasiteFeS2
Feβ“˜ PyriteFeS2
BaBarium
Baβ“˜ BaryteBaSO4

References

Sort by

Year (asc) Year (desc) Author (A-Z) Author (Z-A)
Cairncross, B. (1980). Anastomosing river deposits; palaeoenvironmental control on coal quality and distribution, northern Karoo Basin. Transactions of the Geological Society of South Africa, vol. 83, 327-332.
Cairncross, B. and Cadle, A. B. (1987). A genetic stratigraphy for the Permian coal-bearing Vryheid Formation in the east Witbank Coalfield South Africa. South African Journal of Geology, vol. 90, No. 3, 219-230.
Cairncross, B. and Cadle, A.B. (1988). Palaeoenvironmental control on coal formation, distribution and quality in the east Witbank Coalfield, South Africa. International Journal of Coal Geology, vol. 9, 343-370.
Cairncross, B. and Cadle, A.B. (1988). Depositional environments of the coal-bearing Permian Vryheid Formation in the east Witbank Coalfield, South Africa. South African Journal of Geology, vol. 91, No. 1, 1-17.
Cairncross, B. (1989). Depositional environments and tectono-sedimentary controls of the post-glacial Permian coals, Karoo Basin, South Africa. International Journal of Coal Geology, Special Publication, vol. 12, 365-380.
Cadle, A.B., Cairncross, B., Christie, A.D.M. and Roberts, D.L. (1993). The Karoo Basin of South Africa: type-basin for coal-bearing deposits of southern Africa. International Journal of Coal Geology. Special issue: World Coal Basins: vol. 23, 117-157.
Venter, M.E. and Cairncross, B. (1995). Acritarchs from the Number 5 coal seam, Permian Vryheid Formation, Greenside Colliery, Witbank Coalfield, South Africa. South African Journal of Geology, vol. 94, 479-481.
Weber, S-L., Cairncross, B. and Falcon, R.M.S. (2000). Mineralogical, petrographic and geological controls on coal ash fusion temperature from New Clydesdale Colliery, Witbank Coalfield, South Africa. Journal of the South African Institute for Mining and Metallurgy. Vol. 100, No. 3, 181-190.
Cairncross, B. (2001). An overview of the Permian (Karoo) coals of Southern Africa. Journal of African Earth Science, Vol. 33, 529-562.
Cairncross, B., Hart, R.J. and Willis, J.P. (1990). Geochemistry and sedimentology of coal seams from the Permian Witbank Coalfield, South Africa: a means of identification. International Journal of Coal Geology, 16, 309-325.
Cairncross, B. (2013). Guide to borehole core in the Karoo Basin Coalfields. Random House Struik Publishers, Cape Town, COALTECH Publishers, 76 pages.
J. Denis N. Pone, Kim A.A. Hein, Glenn B. Stracher, Harold J. Annegarn, Robert B. Finkleman, Donald R. Blake, John K. McCormack, Paul Schroeder (2007) The spontaneous combustion of coal and its by-products in the Witbank and Sasolburg coalfields of South Africa. International Journal of Coal Geology 72 (2007) 124–140
Stracher, G.B., Finkelman, R.B., Hower, J.C., Pone, J.D.N., Prakash, A., Blake, D.R., Schroeder, P.A., Emsbo-Mattingly, S.D., and O'Keefe, J.M.K. (2009): Natural and anthropogenic coal fires. In: Umran Dogan, A., and Cutler, J. (eds.): Encyclopedia of Earth. Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment, Cleveland (Washington, D.C.)

Localities in this Region

Other Regions, Features and Areas containing this locality

African Plate
Somali PlateTectonic Plate
South Africa

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