Witbank coalfield, eMalahleni (Witbank), Emalahleni Local Municipality, Nkangala District Municipality, Mpumalanga, South Africai
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Latitude & Longitude (WGS84):
26° 0' 5'' South , 29° 13' 60'' East
Latitude & Longitude (decimal):
Locality type:
KΓΆppen climate type:
The Witbank coalfield is, historically, the most important coal-producing region in South Africa. Bituminous coal is hosted in the Permian Vryheid Formation (Karoo Supergroup) and five coal seams exist in the region, although not all are economically exploitable.
About 22 coal mines in the area around Witbank. Some dumps are burning, in part already for decades.
Select Mineral List Type
Standard Detailed Gallery Strunz Chemical ElementsMineral List
Mineral list contains entries from the region specified including sub-localities13 valid minerals.
Detailed Mineral List:
β Baryte Formula: BaSO4 Reference: International Journal of Coal Geology 72 (2007) 124β140 |
β Calcite Formula: CaCO3 Reference: PMPB Meulenbeld collection |
β Copiapite Formula: Fe2+Fe3+4(SO4)6(OH)2 · 20H2O Reference: Cairncross, B., Dixon, R. (1995) Cairncross, B., Dixon, R. (1995) Minerals of South Africa. Geological Society of South Africa, PO Box 44283, Linden 2104, South Africa. |
β 'Glauconite' Formula: (K,Na)(Fe3+,Al,Mg)2(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2 Reference: Cairncross, B., Dixon, R. (1995) Cairncross, B., Dixon, R. (1995) Minerals of South Africa. Geological Society of South Africa, PO Box 44283, Linden 2104, South Africa. |
β Gypsum Formula: CaSO4 · 2H2O Reference: International Journal of Coal Geology 72 (2007) 124β140 |
β Hexahydrite Formula: MgSO4 · 6H2O Reference: Cairncross, B., Dixon, R. (1995) Cairncross, B., Dixon, R. (1995) Minerals of South Africa. Geological Society of South Africa, PO Box 44283, Linden 2104, South Africa. |
β Letovicite Formula: (NH4)3H(SO4)2 Reference: International Journal of Coal Geology 72 (2007) 124β140 |
β Marcasite Formula: FeS2 Reference: Cairncross, B., Dixon, R. (1995) Cairncross, B., Dixon, R. (1995) Minerals of South Africa. Geological Society of South Africa, PO Box 44283, Linden 2104, South Africa. |
β Mascagnite Formula: (NH4)2SO4 Reference: Stracher, G.B., Finkelman, R.B., Hower, J.C., Pone, J.D.N., Prakash, A., Blake, D.R., Schroeder, P.A., Emsbo-Mattingly, S.D., and O'Keefe, J.M.K. (2009): Natural and anthropogenic coal fires. In: Umran Dogan, A., and Cutler, J. (eds.): Encyclopedia of Earth. Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment, Cleveland (Washington, D.C.); International Journal of Coal Geology 72 (2007) 124β140 |
β Muscovite Formula: KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 Reference: International Journal of Coal Geology 72 (2007) 124β140 |
β Muscovite var. Illite Formula: K0.65Al2.0[Al0.65Si3.35O10](OH)2 Reference: International Journal of Coal Geology 72 (2007) 124β140 |
β Phlogopite Formula: KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 Reference: International Journal of Coal Geology 72 (2007) 124β140 |
β Pyrite Formula: FeS2 Reference: PMPB Meulenbeld collection |
β Salammoniac Formula: NH4Cl Reference: International Journal of Coal Geology 72 (2007) 124β140 |
β Sulphur Formula: S8 Reference: Stracher, G.B., Finkelman, R.B., Hower, J.C., Pone, J.D.N., Prakash, A., Blake, D.R., Schroeder, P.A., Emsbo-Mattingly, S.D., and O'Keefe, J.M.K. (2009): Natural and anthropogenic coal fires. In: Umran Dogan, A., and Cutler, J. (eds.): Encyclopedia of Earth. Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment, Cleveland (Washington, D.C.); International Journal of Coal Geology 72 (2007) 124β140 |
β 'Unnamed (NH4 Thiosulphate)' Formula: (NH4)2(S2O3) Reference: Stracher, G.B., Finkelman, R.B., Hower, J.C., Pone, J.D.N., Prakash, A., Blake, D.R., Schroeder, P.A., Emsbo-Mattingly, S.D., and O'Keefe, J.M.K. (2009): Natural and anthropogenic coal fires. In: Umran Dogan, A., and Cutler, J. (eds.): Encyclopedia of Earth. Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment, Cleveland (Washington, D.C.) |
Gallery:
List of minerals arranged by Strunz 10th Edition classification
Group 1 - Elements | |||
---|---|---|---|
β | Sulphur | 1.CC.05 | S8 |
Group 2 - Sulphides and Sulfosalts | |||
β | Marcasite | 2.EB.10a | FeS2 |
β | Pyrite | 2.EB.05a | FeS2 |
Group 3 - Halides | |||
β | Salammoniac | 3.AA.25 | NH4Cl |
Group 5 - Nitrates and Carbonates | |||
β | Calcite | 5.AB.05 | CaCO3 |
Group 7 - Sulphates, Chromates, Molybdates and Tungstates | |||
β | Baryte | 7.AD.35 | BaSO4 |
β | Copiapite | 7.DB.35 | Fe2+Fe3+4(SO4)6(OH)2 Β· 20H2O |
β | Gypsum | 7.CD.40 | CaSO4 Β· 2H2O |
β | Hexahydrite | 7.CB.25 | MgSO4 Β· 6H2O |
β | Letovicite | 7.AD.20 | (NH4)3H(SO4)2 |
β | Mascagnite | 7.AD.05 | (NH4)2SO4 |
Group 9 - Silicates | |||
β | 'Glauconite' | 9.EC. | (K,Na)(Fe3+,Al,Mg)2(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2 |
β | Muscovite | 9.EC.15 | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
β | var. Illite | 9.EC.15 | K0.65Al2.0[Al0.65Si3.35O10](OH)2 |
β | Phlogopite | 9.EC.20 | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
Unclassified Minerals, Rocks, etc. | |||
β | 'Unnamed (NH4 Thiosulphate)' | - | (NH4)2(S2O3) |
List of minerals for each chemical element
H | Hydrogen | |
---|---|---|
H | β Copiapite | Fe2+Fe43+(SO4)6(OH)2 · 20H2O |
H | β Hexahydrite | MgSO4 · 6H2O |
H | β Glauconite | (K,Na)(Fe3+,Al,Mg)2(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2 |
H | β Mascagnite | (NH4)2SO4 |
H | β Unnamed (NH4 Thiosulphate) | (NH4)2(S2O3) |
H | β Salammoniac | NH4Cl |
H | β Muscovite var. Illite | K0.65Al2.0[Al0.65Si3.35O10](OH)2 |
H | β Letovicite | (NH4)3H(SO4)2 |
H | β Phlogopite | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
H | β Gypsum | CaSO4 · 2H2O |
H | β Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
C | Carbon | |
C | β Calcite | CaCO3 |
N | Nitrogen | |
N | β Mascagnite | (NH4)2SO4 |
N | β Unnamed (NH4 Thiosulphate) | (NH4)2(S2O3) |
N | β Salammoniac | NH4Cl |
N | β Letovicite | (NH4)3H(SO4)2 |
O | Oxygen | |
O | β Calcite | CaCO3 |
O | β Copiapite | Fe2+Fe43+(SO4)6(OH)2 · 20H2O |
O | β Hexahydrite | MgSO4 · 6H2O |
O | β Glauconite | (K,Na)(Fe3+,Al,Mg)2(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2 |
O | β Mascagnite | (NH4)2SO4 |
O | β Unnamed (NH4 Thiosulphate) | (NH4)2(S2O3) |
O | β Muscovite var. Illite | K0.65Al2.0[Al0.65Si3.35O10](OH)2 |
O | β Letovicite | (NH4)3H(SO4)2 |
O | β Phlogopite | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
O | β Baryte | BaSO4 |
O | β Gypsum | CaSO4 · 2H2O |
O | β Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
Na | Sodium | |
Na | β Glauconite | (K,Na)(Fe3+,Al,Mg)2(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2 |
Mg | Magnesium | |
Mg | β Hexahydrite | MgSO4 · 6H2O |
Mg | β Glauconite | (K,Na)(Fe3+,Al,Mg)2(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2 |
Mg | β Phlogopite | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
Al | Aluminium | |
Al | β Glauconite | (K,Na)(Fe3+,Al,Mg)2(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2 |
Al | β Muscovite var. Illite | K0.65Al2.0[Al0.65Si3.35O10](OH)2 |
Al | β Phlogopite | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
Al | β Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
Si | Silicon | |
Si | β Glauconite | (K,Na)(Fe3+,Al,Mg)2(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2 |
Si | β Muscovite var. Illite | K0.65Al2.0[Al0.65Si3.35O10](OH)2 |
Si | β Phlogopite | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
Si | β Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
S | Sulfur | |
S | β Copiapite | Fe2+Fe43+(SO4)6(OH)2 · 20H2O |
S | β Hexahydrite | MgSO4 · 6H2O |
S | β Marcasite | FeS2 |
S | β Mascagnite | (NH4)2SO4 |
S | β Sulphur | S8 |
S | β Unnamed (NH4 Thiosulphate) | (NH4)2(S2O3) |
S | β Letovicite | (NH4)3H(SO4)2 |
S | β Baryte | BaSO4 |
S | β Gypsum | CaSO4 · 2H2O |
S | β Pyrite | FeS2 |
Cl | Chlorine | |
Cl | β Salammoniac | NH4Cl |
K | Potassium | |
K | β Glauconite | (K,Na)(Fe3+,Al,Mg)2(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2 |
K | β Muscovite var. Illite | K0.65Al2.0[Al0.65Si3.35O10](OH)2 |
K | β Phlogopite | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
K | β Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
Ca | Calcium | |
Ca | β Calcite | CaCO3 |
Ca | β Gypsum | CaSO4 · 2H2O |
Fe | Iron | |
Fe | β Copiapite | Fe2+Fe43+(SO4)6(OH)2 · 20H2O |
Fe | β Glauconite | (K,Na)(Fe3+,Al,Mg)2(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2 |
Fe | β Marcasite | FeS2 |
Fe | β Pyrite | FeS2 |
Ba | Barium | |
Ba | β Baryte | BaSO4 |
References
Sort by
Year (asc) Year (desc) Author (A-Z) Author (Z-A)Cairncross, B. (1980). Anastomosing river deposits; palaeoenvironmental control on coal quality and distribution, northern Karoo Basin. Transactions of the Geological Society of South Africa, vol. 83, 327-332.
Cairncross, B. and Cadle, A. B. (1987). A genetic stratigraphy for the Permian coal-bearing Vryheid Formation in the east Witbank Coalfield South Africa. South African Journal of Geology, vol. 90, No. 3, 219-230.
Cairncross, B. and Cadle, A.B. (1988). Palaeoenvironmental control on coal formation, distribution and quality in the east Witbank Coalfield, South Africa. International Journal of Coal Geology, vol. 9, 343-370.
Cairncross, B. and Cadle, A.B. (1988). Depositional environments of the coal-bearing Permian Vryheid Formation in the east Witbank Coalfield, South Africa. South African Journal of Geology, vol. 91, No. 1, 1-17.
Cairncross, B. (1989). Depositional environments and tectono-sedimentary controls of the post-glacial Permian coals, Karoo Basin, South Africa. International Journal of Coal Geology, Special Publication, vol. 12, 365-380.
Cadle, A.B., Cairncross, B., Christie, A.D.M. and Roberts, D.L. (1993). The Karoo Basin of South Africa: type-basin for coal-bearing deposits of southern Africa. International Journal of Coal Geology. Special issue: World Coal Basins: vol. 23, 117-157.
Venter, M.E. and Cairncross, B. (1995). Acritarchs from the Number 5 coal seam, Permian Vryheid Formation, Greenside Colliery, Witbank Coalfield, South Africa. South African Journal of Geology, vol. 94, 479-481.
Weber, S-L., Cairncross, B. and Falcon, R.M.S. (2000). Mineralogical, petrographic and geological controls on coal ash fusion temperature from New Clydesdale Colliery, Witbank Coalfield, South Africa. Journal of the South African Institute for Mining and Metallurgy. Vol. 100, No. 3, 181-190.
Cairncross, B. (2001). An overview of the Permian (Karoo) coals of Southern Africa. Journal of African Earth Science, Vol. 33, 529-562.
Cairncross, B., Hart, R.J. and Willis, J.P. (1990). Geochemistry and sedimentology of coal seams from the Permian Witbank Coalfield, South Africa: a means of identification. International Journal of Coal Geology, 16, 309-325.
Cairncross, B. (2013). Guide to borehole core in the Karoo Basin Coalfields. Random House Struik Publishers, Cape Town, COALTECH Publishers, 76 pages.
J. Denis N. Pone, Kim A.A. Hein, Glenn B. Stracher, Harold J. Annegarn, Robert B. Finkleman, Donald R. Blake, John K. McCormack, Paul Schroeder (2007) The spontaneous combustion of coal and its by-products in the Witbank and Sasolburg coalfields of South Africa. International Journal of Coal Geology 72 (2007) 124β140
Stracher, G.B., Finkelman, R.B., Hower, J.C., Pone, J.D.N., Prakash, A., Blake, D.R., Schroeder, P.A., Emsbo-Mattingly, S.D., and O'Keefe, J.M.K. (2009): Natural and anthropogenic coal fires. In: Umran Dogan, A., and Cutler, J. (eds.): Encyclopedia of Earth. Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment, Cleveland (Washington, D.C.)
Localities in this Region
- Mpumalanga
- Nkangala District Municipality
- Emalahleni Local Municipality
- eMalahleni (Witbank)
- Witbank coalfield
- eMalahleni (Witbank)
- Emalahleni Local Municipality
- Nkangala District Municipality
Other Regions, Features and Areas containing this locality
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Witbank coalfield, eMalahleni, Emalahleni Local Municipality, Nkangala District Municipality, Mpumalanga, South Africa