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St Lawrence Columbium Mine, Oka complex, Oka, Deux-Montagnes RCM, Laurentides, Québec, Canadai
Regional Level Types
St Lawrence Columbium MineMine
Oka complexComplex
Oka- not defined -
Deux-Montagnes RCMRegional County Municipality
Laurentides- not defined -
QuébecProvince
CanadaCountry

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Key
02454490014946303731591.jpg
View of the St. Lawrence columbium mine

St Lawrence Columbium Mine, Oka complex, Oka, Deux-Montagnes RCM, Laurentides, Québec, Canada
04840580014946316998483.jpg
St. Lawrence Columbium Mine headframe

St Lawrence Columbium Mine, Oka complex, Oka, Deux-Montagnes RCM, Laurentides, Québec, Canada
07821820014946303714845.jpg
One of the rock piles on the site.

St Lawrence Columbium Mine, Oka complex, Oka, Deux-Montagnes RCM, Laurentides, Québec, Canada
05012170014946303727959.jpg
View of the northern pit, facing East.

St Lawrence Columbium Mine, Oka complex, Oka, Deux-Montagnes RCM, Laurentides, Québec, Canada
02454490014946303731591.jpg
View of the St. Lawrence columbium mine

St Lawrence Columbium Mine, Oka complex, Oka, Deux-Montagnes RCM, Laurentides, Québec, Canada
04840580014946316998483.jpg
St. Lawrence Columbium Mine headframe

St Lawrence Columbium Mine, Oka complex, Oka, Deux-Montagnes RCM, Laurentides, Québec, Canada
07821820014946303714845.jpg
One of the rock piles on the site.

St Lawrence Columbium Mine, Oka complex, Oka, Deux-Montagnes RCM, Laurentides, Québec, Canada
05012170014946303727959.jpg
View of the northern pit, facing East.

St Lawrence Columbium Mine, Oka complex, Oka, Deux-Montagnes RCM, Laurentides, Québec, Canada
02454490014946303731591.jpg
View of the St. Lawrence columbium mine

St Lawrence Columbium Mine, Oka complex, Oka, Deux-Montagnes RCM, Laurentides, Québec, Canada
02543950014946317068104.jpg
St. Lawrence Columbium Mine headframe

St Lawrence Columbium Mine, Oka complex, Oka, Deux-Montagnes RCM, Laurentides, Québec, Canada
Latitude & Longitude (WGS84):
45° 30' 4'' North , 74° 1' 49'' West
Latitude & Longitude (decimal):
45.50111,-74.03028
GeoHash:
G#: f256g7hz1
GRN:
N31W38
Locality type:
Mine
Köppen climate type:
Dfb : Warm-summer humid continental climate
Nearest Settlements:
PlacePopulationDistance
Saint-Joseph-du-Lac6,195 (2016)4.3km
Pointe-Calumet6,396 (2016)5.0km
Oka1,160 (2016)6.1km
Sainte-Marthe-sur-le-Lac11,311 (2016)8.4km
Deux-Montagnes17,402 (2016)10.7km


Formerly: St Lawrence Columbium Mine, Oka, Oka complex, Deux-Montagnes Co., Québec, Canada

Inactive niobium mine with two open pits and underground workings (now water filled), in the Oka carbonatite complex. The mine opened in 1961 and ceased opertions around 1977. During its operation it was one of the largest niobium mines in the world. Significant reserves of pyrochlore (the main ore mineral)remain at the deposit. The processing plant and headframe were demolished in 1992 and the property including dumps are fenced in. Access is not permitted.

The mineral list is curiously short and incomplete as most of the Oka related literature lacks specifics on the minerals found in the mine. Considering the huge amount of material removed from two open pits and underground, the mineralogy must be more extensive but remain undocumented.

Select Mineral List Type

Standard Detailed Strunz Dana Chemical Elements

Mineral List


14 valid minerals.

Detailed Mineral List:

ⓘ Aegirine
Formula: NaFe3+Si2O6
Reference: Sabina (1968)
ⓘ Baryte
Formula: BaSO4
Reference: Horváth Collection - confirmed by visually; Gaston Pouliot (1970) Study of carbonatitic calcites from Oka, Quebec. Can Mineral 10:511-540
ⓘ 'Biotite'
Formula: K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg)([Si/Al]Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Reference: Horváth Collection - confirmed by visually; Gaston Pouliot (1970) Study of carbonatitic calcites from Oka, Quebec. Can Mineral 10:511-540
07089000015467046604087.jpg
Britholite-(Ce), etc.

St Lawrence Columbium Mine, Oka complex, Oka, Deux-Montagnes RCM, Laurentides, Québec, Canada
ⓘ Britholite-(Ce)
Formula: (Ce,Ca)5(SiO4)3OH
Reference: Pavel M. Kartashov 2018
ⓘ Calcite
Formula: CaCO3
Reference: Sabina (1968); Gaston Pouliot (1970) Study of carbonatitic calcites from Oka, Quebec. Can Mineral 10:511-540
ⓘ Fluorapatite
Formula: Ca5(PO4)3F
Reference: Sabina (1968)
ⓘ Fluorcalciopyrochlore
Formula: (Ca,Na)2(Nb, Ti)2O6F
Habit: octahedra
Colour: Dark brownish-red
Reference: RRUFF ID: R110198
ⓘ Galena
Formula: PbS
Reference: P. Tarassoff collection. Galena associated with pyrite in calcite, collected 1972.
04704550014946422045767.jpg
Latrappite

St Lawrence Columbium Mine, Oka complex, Oka, Deux-Montagnes RCM, Laurentides, Québec, Canada
✪ Latrappite
Formula: Ca2NbFe3+O6
Habit: cubic
Colour: black
Fluorescence: none
Description: Nickel's type samples (Can. Min. 1963, v.7, p. 683) are from the Bond Zone exploration trenches, not from the St Lawrence Mine.
Reference: GOLD, D.P. (1972): The Monteregian Hills: ultra-alkaline rocks and the Oka carbonatite complex. 24th International Geological Congress (Montreal), Guidebook B-11.
01901810014947860227026.jpg
Magnetite

St Lawrence Columbium Mine, Oka complex, Oka, Deux-Montagnes RCM, Laurentides, Québec, Canada
ⓘ Magnetite
Formula: Fe2+Fe3+2O4
Reference: Sabina (1968)
04232580015607472778057.jpg
Monticellite

St Lawrence Columbium Mine, Oka complex, Oka, Deux-Montagnes RCM, Laurentides, Québec, Canada
ⓘ Monticellite
Formula: CaMgSiO4
Reference: Sabina (1968); Gaston Pouliot (1970) Study of carbonatitic calcites from Oka, Quebec. Can Mineral 10:511-540
04302610014959208439755.jpg
Perovskite

St Lawrence Columbium Mine, Oka complex, Oka, Deux-Montagnes RCM, Laurentides, Québec, Canada
ⓘ Perovskite
Formula: CaTiO3
Reference: WATKINSON, D.H. (1972) Experimental studies bearing on the origin of the alkalic rock-carbonatite complex and niobium mineralization at Oka, Quebec Canadian Mineralogist, 10, 350-361.
07822890014994520298544.jpg
Phlogopite

St Lawrence Columbium Mine, Oka complex, Oka, Deux-Montagnes RCM, Laurentides, Québec, Canada
ⓘ Phlogopite
Formula: KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Reference: Fred Schuster photo
02650750014947365841515.jpg
Pyrite, etc.

St Lawrence Columbium Mine, Oka complex, Oka, Deux-Montagnes RCM, Laurentides, Québec, Canada
ⓘ Pyrite
Formula: FeS2
Reference: Sabina (1968)
00122930014991252065163.jpg
Pyrochlore Group

St Lawrence Columbium Mine, Oka complex, Oka, Deux-Montagnes RCM, Laurentides, Québec, Canada
ⓘ 'Pyrochlore Group'
Formula: A2Nb2(O,OH)6Z
Reference: Gaston Pouliot (1970) Study of carbonatitic calcites from Oka, Quebec. Can Mineral 10:511-540
ⓘ 'Pyrochlore Group var: Ceriopyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977)'
Formula: A2Nb2(O,OH)6Z
Reference: Canadian Mineralogist 42, 1159-1168
07349990014948414121273.jpg
Uranpyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977)

St Lawrence Columbium Mine, Oka complex, Oka, Deux-Montagnes RCM, Laurentides, Québec, Canada
ⓘ 'Pyrochlore Group var: Uranpyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977)'
Formula: (Ca,U,Ce)2(Nb,Ti,Ta)2O6(OH,F)
Reference: ZUREVINSKI, S.E. AND MITCHELL, R.H. (2004) Extreme compositional variation of pyrochlore-group minerals at the Oka carbonatite complex, Canadian Mineralogist, 42, 1159-1168.
ⓘ 'Pyrochlore Supergroup'
Formula: A2-mD2X6-wZ1-n
Reference: Canadian Mineralogist 42, 1159-1168
ⓘ 'Pyrochlore Supergroup var: Betafite (of Hogarth 1977)'
Formula: (Ca,Na,U)2(Ti, Nb,Ta)2O6Z(OH)
Reference: Canadian Mineralogist 42, 1159-1168
ⓘ Richterite
Formula: {Na}{NaCa}{Mg5}(Si8O22)(OH)2
Reference: Self collected specimen with analysis by Frank Hawthorne: (Na0.88K0.09) (Ca1.04Mn0.04Na0.92) (Mg4.46Mn0.06Fe0.38Ti0.04Al0.06) (Si7.84Al0.16)O22(OH1.55F0.45); Gaston Pouliot (1970) Study of carbonatitic calcites from Oka, Quebec. Can Mineral 10:511-540

List of minerals arranged by Strunz 10th Edition classification

Group 2 - Sulphides and Sulfosalts
ⓘGalena2.CD.10PbS
ⓘPyrite2.EB.05aFeS2
Group 4 - Oxides and Hydroxides
ⓘLatrappite4.CC.30Ca2NbFe3+O6
ⓘMagnetite4.BB.05Fe2+Fe3+2O4
ⓘPerovskite4.CC.30CaTiO3
ⓘ'Pyrochlore Group'4.00.A2Nb2(O,OH)6Z
ⓘ'var: Ceriopyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977)'4.00.A2Nb2(O,OH)6Z
ⓘ'var: Uranpyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977)'4.00.(Ca,U,Ce)2(Nb,Ti,Ta)2O6(OH,F)
Group 5 - Nitrates and Carbonates
ⓘCalcite5.AB.05CaCO3
Group 7 - Sulphates, Chromates, Molybdates and Tungstates
ⓘBaryte7.AD.35BaSO4
Group 8 - Phosphates, Arsenates and Vanadates
ⓘFluorapatite8.BN.05Ca5(PO4)3F
Group 9 - Silicates
ⓘAegirine9.DA.25NaFe3+Si2O6
ⓘBritholite-(Ce)9.AH.25(Ce,Ca)5(SiO4)3OH
ⓘMonticellite9.AC.10CaMgSiO4
ⓘPhlogopite9.EC.20KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
ⓘRichterite9.DE.20{Na}{NaCa}{Mg5}(Si8O22)(OH)2
Unclassified Minerals, Rocks, etc.
ⓘ'Biotite'-K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg)([Si/Al]Si2O10)(OH/F)2
ⓘFluorcalciopyrochlore-(Ca,Na)2(Nb, Ti)2O6F
ⓘ'Pyrochlore Supergroup'-A2-mD2X6-wZ1-n
ⓘ'var: Betafite (of Hogarth 1977)'-(Ca,Na,U)2(Ti, Nb,Ta)2O6Z(OH)

List of minerals arranged by Dana 8th Edition classification

Group 2 - SULFIDES
AmXp, with m:p = 1:1
ⓘGalena2.8.1.1PbS
AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 1:2
ⓘPyrite2.12.1.1FeS2
Group 4 - SIMPLE OXIDES
A2X3
ⓘLatrappite4.3.3.2Ca2NbFe3+O6
ⓘPerovskite4.3.3.1CaTiO3
Group 7 - MULTIPLE OXIDES
AB2X4
ⓘMagnetite7.2.2.3Fe2+Fe3+2O4
Group 8 - MULTIPLE OXIDES CONTAINING NIOBIUM,TANTALUM OR TITANIUM
A2B2O6(O,OH,F)
ⓘ'Pyrochlore Group'8.2.1.1A2Nb2(O,OH)6Z
ⓘ'var: Ceriopyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977)'8.2.1.5A2Nb2(O,OH)6Z
ⓘ'var: Uranpyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977)'8.2.1.7(Ca,U,Ce)2(Nb,Ti,Ta)2O6(OH,F)
ⓘ'Pyrochlore Supergroup
var: Betafite (of Hogarth 1977)'		8.2.3.1(Ca,Na,U)2(Ti, Nb,Ta)2O6Z(OH)
Group 14 - ANHYDROUS NORMAL CARBONATES
A(XO3)
ⓘCalcite14.1.1.1CaCO3
Group 28 - ANHYDROUS ACID AND NORMAL SULFATES
AXO4
ⓘBaryte28.3.1.1BaSO4
Group 41 - ANHYDROUS PHOSPHATES, ETC.CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
A5(XO4)3Zq
ⓘFluorapatite41.8.1.1Ca5(PO4)3F
Group 51 - NESOSILICATES Insular SiO4 Groups Only
Insular SiO4 Groups Only with all cations in octahedral [6] coordination
ⓘMonticellite51.3.2.1CaMgSiO4
Group 52 - NESOSILICATES Insular SiO4 Groups and O,OH,F,H2O
Insular SiO4 Groups and O, OH, F, and H2O with cations in [6] and/or >[6] coordination
ⓘBritholite-(Ce)52.4.9.1(Ce,Ca)5(SiO4)3OH
Group 65 - INOSILICATES Single-Width,Unbranched Chains,(W=1)
Single-Width Unbranched Chains, W=1 with chains P=2
ⓘAegirine65.1.3c.2NaFe3+Si2O6
Group 66 - INOSILICATES Double-Width,Unbranched Chains,(W=2)
Amphiboles - Mg-Fe-Mn-Li subgroup
ⓘRichterite66.1.3b.9{Na}{NaCa}{Mg5}(Si8O22)(OH)2
Group 71 - PHYLLOSILICATES Sheets of Six-Membered Rings
Sheets of 6-membered rings with 2:1 layers
ⓘPhlogopite71.2.2b.1KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Unclassified Minerals, Mixtures, etc.
ⓘ'Biotite'-K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg)([Si/Al]Si2O10)(OH/F)2
ⓘFluorcalciopyrochlore-(Ca,Na)2(Nb, Ti)2O6F
ⓘ'Pyrochlore Supergroup'-A2-mD2X6-wZ1-n

List of minerals for each chemical element

HHydrogen
Hⓘ Pyrochlore GroupA2Nb2(O,OH)6Z
Hⓘ Pyrochlore Group (var: Uranpyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977))(Ca,U,Ce)2(Nb,Ti,Ta)2O6(OH,F)
Hⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg)([Si/Al]Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Hⓘ Pyrochlore Supergroup (var: Betafite (of Hogarth 1977))(Ca,Na,U)2(Ti, Nb,Ta)2O6Z(OH)
Hⓘ Pyrochlore Group (var: Ceriopyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977))A2Nb2(O,OH)6Z
Hⓘ Richterite{Na}{NaCa}{Mg5}(Si8O22)(OH)2
Hⓘ PhlogopiteKMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Hⓘ Britholite-(Ce)(Ce,Ca)5(SiO4)3OH
CCarbon
Cⓘ CalciteCaCO3
OOxygen
Oⓘ LatrappiteCa2NbFe3+O6
Oⓘ Pyrochlore GroupA2Nb2(O,OH)6Z
Oⓘ Pyrochlore Group (var: Uranpyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977))(Ca,U,Ce)2(Nb,Ti,Ta)2O6(OH,F)
Oⓘ AegirineNaFe3+Si2O6
Oⓘ CalciteCaCO3
Oⓘ FluorapatiteCa5(PO4)3F
Oⓘ MagnetiteFe2+Fe23+O4
Oⓘ MonticelliteCaMgSiO4
Oⓘ BaryteBaSO4
Oⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg)([Si/Al]Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Oⓘ Pyrochlore Supergroup (var: Betafite (of Hogarth 1977))(Ca,Na,U)2(Ti, Nb,Ta)2O6Z(OH)
Oⓘ Pyrochlore Group (var: Ceriopyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977))A2Nb2(O,OH)6Z
Oⓘ Richterite{Na}{NaCa}{Mg5}(Si8O22)(OH)2
Oⓘ PhlogopiteKMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Oⓘ PerovskiteCaTiO3
Oⓘ Fluorcalciopyrochlore(Ca,Na)2(Nb, Ti)2O6F
Oⓘ Britholite-(Ce)(Ce,Ca)5(SiO4)3OH
FFluorine
Fⓘ Pyrochlore Group (var: Uranpyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977))(Ca,U,Ce)2(Nb,Ti,Ta)2O6(OH,F)
Fⓘ FluorapatiteCa5(PO4)3F
Fⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg)([Si/Al]Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Fⓘ Fluorcalciopyrochlore(Ca,Na)2(Nb, Ti)2O6F
NaSodium
Naⓘ AegirineNaFe3+Si2O6
Naⓘ Pyrochlore Supergroup (var: Betafite (of Hogarth 1977))(Ca,Na,U)2(Ti, Nb,Ta)2O6Z(OH)
Naⓘ Richterite{Na}{NaCa}{Mg5}(Si8O22)(OH)2
Naⓘ Fluorcalciopyrochlore(Ca,Na)2(Nb, Ti)2O6F
MgMagnesium
Mgⓘ MonticelliteCaMgSiO4
Mgⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg)([Si/Al]Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Mgⓘ Richterite{Na}{NaCa}{Mg5}(Si8O22)(OH)2
Mgⓘ PhlogopiteKMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
AlAluminium
Alⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg)([Si/Al]Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Alⓘ PhlogopiteKMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
SiSilicon
Siⓘ AegirineNaFe3+Si2O6
Siⓘ MonticelliteCaMgSiO4
Siⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg)([Si/Al]Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Siⓘ Richterite{Na}{NaCa}{Mg5}(Si8O22)(OH)2
Siⓘ PhlogopiteKMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Siⓘ Britholite-(Ce)(Ce,Ca)5(SiO4)3OH
PPhosphorus
Pⓘ FluorapatiteCa5(PO4)3F
SSulfur
Sⓘ PyriteFeS2
Sⓘ BaryteBaSO4
Sⓘ GalenaPbS
KPotassium
Kⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg)([Si/Al]Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Kⓘ PhlogopiteKMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
CaCalcium
Caⓘ LatrappiteCa2NbFe3+O6
Caⓘ Pyrochlore Group (var: Uranpyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977))(Ca,U,Ce)2(Nb,Ti,Ta)2O6(OH,F)
Caⓘ CalciteCaCO3
Caⓘ FluorapatiteCa5(PO4)3F
Caⓘ MonticelliteCaMgSiO4
Caⓘ Pyrochlore Supergroup (var: Betafite (of Hogarth 1977))(Ca,Na,U)2(Ti, Nb,Ta)2O6Z(OH)
Caⓘ Richterite{Na}{NaCa}{Mg5}(Si8O22)(OH)2
Caⓘ PerovskiteCaTiO3
Caⓘ Fluorcalciopyrochlore(Ca,Na)2(Nb, Ti)2O6F
Caⓘ Britholite-(Ce)(Ce,Ca)5(SiO4)3OH
TiTitanium
Tiⓘ Pyrochlore Group (var: Uranpyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977))(Ca,U,Ce)2(Nb,Ti,Ta)2O6(OH,F)
Tiⓘ Pyrochlore Supergroup (var: Betafite (of Hogarth 1977))(Ca,Na,U)2(Ti, Nb,Ta)2O6Z(OH)
Tiⓘ PerovskiteCaTiO3
Tiⓘ Fluorcalciopyrochlore(Ca,Na)2(Nb, Ti)2O6F
FeIron
Feⓘ LatrappiteCa2NbFe3+O6
Feⓘ AegirineNaFe3+Si2O6
Feⓘ MagnetiteFe2+Fe23+O4
Feⓘ PyriteFeS2
Feⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg)([Si/Al]Si2O10)(OH/F)2
NbNiobium
Nbⓘ LatrappiteCa2NbFe3+O6
Nbⓘ Pyrochlore GroupA2Nb2(O,OH)6Z
Nbⓘ Pyrochlore Group (var: Uranpyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977))(Ca,U,Ce)2(Nb,Ti,Ta)2O6(OH,F)
Nbⓘ Pyrochlore Supergroup (var: Betafite (of Hogarth 1977))(Ca,Na,U)2(Ti, Nb,Ta)2O6Z(OH)
Nbⓘ Pyrochlore Group (var: Ceriopyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977))A2Nb2(O,OH)6Z
Nbⓘ Fluorcalciopyrochlore(Ca,Na)2(Nb, Ti)2O6F
BaBarium
Baⓘ BaryteBaSO4
CeCerium
Ceⓘ Pyrochlore Group (var: Uranpyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977))(Ca,U,Ce)2(Nb,Ti,Ta)2O6(OH,F)
Ceⓘ Britholite-(Ce)(Ce,Ca)5(SiO4)3OH
TaTantalum
Taⓘ Pyrochlore Group (var: Uranpyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977))(Ca,U,Ce)2(Nb,Ti,Ta)2O6(OH,F)
Taⓘ Pyrochlore Supergroup (var: Betafite (of Hogarth 1977))(Ca,Na,U)2(Ti, Nb,Ta)2O6Z(OH)
PbLead
Pbⓘ GalenaPbS
UUranium
Uⓘ Pyrochlore Group (var: Uranpyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977))(Ca,U,Ce)2(Nb,Ti,Ta)2O6(OH,F)
Uⓘ Pyrochlore Supergroup (var: Betafite (of Hogarth 1977))(Ca,Na,U)2(Ti, Nb,Ta)2O6Z(OH)

References

Sort by

Year (asc) Year (desc) Author (A-Z) Author (Z-A)
GOLD, D.P. (1972): The Monteregian Hills: ultra-alkaline rocks and the Oka carbonatite complex. 24th International Geological Congress (Montreal), Guidebook B-11.
PETRUK, W. & OWENS, D. (1975) Electron microprobe analyses for pyrochlores from Oka, Quebec. Canadian Mineralogist, 13, 282-285.
SABINA, A.P. (1968), revised (1983) Rocks and Minerals for the collector. Kingston, Ontario to Lac St-Jean, Quebec. Geological Survey of Canada paper 67-51 (1968), Misc. Report No. 32 (1983), 46-49.
WATKINSON, D.H. (1972) Electron microprobe analysis of melilite and garnet from the Oka complex, Quebec. Canadian Mineralogist, 11, 457-463.
WATKINSON, D.H. (1972) Experimental studies bearing on the origin of the alkalic rock-carbonatite complex and niobium mineralization at Oka, Quebec Canadian Mineralogist, 10, 350-361.
ZUREVINSKI, S.E. AND MITCHELL, R.H. (2004) Extreme compositional variation of pyrochlore-group minerals at the Oka carbonatite complex, Canadian Mineralogist, 42, 1159-1168.

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