A carbonatite complex in southeastern Malawi intruded during the late Jurassic to early Cretaceous over three episodes. During the first and second episodes, the major rock types were calcite carbonatites, ankerite carbonatites, and apatite carbonatites. Host rocks are nepheline syenite, sövite and ijoite.

NOTE on the mineral list: The three listed (Ca-)REE carbonates are all Ce-dominant, even though the abstract of Ngwenya (1994) erroneneously suggests La-dominance (compare Table 3 in the paper).

The complex has been prospected for pyrochlore, rare earth minerals, apatite, barite and Fe and Mn ores (Garson 1962). Over 800000 tons of rock yielding over 20% P₂O₅ has been proved on Nathace Hill from the complex.

Select Mineral List Type

Standard Detailed Gallery Strunz Chemical Elements

Mineral List

28 valid minerals.

Rock Types Recorded

Note: data is currently VERY limited. Please bear with us while we work towards adding this information!

Select Rock List Type

Alphabetical List Tree Diagram

Detailed Mineral List:

ⓘ Aegirine

Formula: NaFe³⁺Si₂O₆

References:

Garson, M.S. 1962. The Tundulu carbonatite ring-complex in southern Nyasaland. Memoir, Geological Survey of Nyasaland, 2.

Snelling, N. J. (1965). Age determinations on three African carbonatites. Nature, 205(4970), 491-491. doi.org/10.1038/205491a0

Dawson, J. B., Steele, I. M., Smith, J. V., & Rivers, M. L. (1996). Minor and trace element chemistry of carbonates, apatites and magnetites in some African carbonatites. Mineralogical Magazine, 60(3), 415-425. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.618.1638&rep=rep1&type=pdf

Berger, V.I., Singer, D.A., and Orris, G.J. (2009): USGS Open-File Report 09-1139

ⓘ Aegirine-augite

Formula: (Na_aCa_bFe²⁺_cMg_d)(Fe³⁺_eAl_fFe²⁺_gMg_h)Si₂O₆

References:

Garson, M.S. 1962. The Tundulu carbonatite ring-complex in southern Nyasaland. Memoir, Geological Survey of Nyasaland, 2.

Snelling, N. J. (1965). Age determinations on three African carbonatites. Nature, 205(4970), 491-491. doi.org/10.1038/205491a0

ⓘ 'Alkali Feldspar'

References:

Garson, M.S. 1962. The Tundulu carbonatite ring-complex in southern Nyasaland. Memoir, Geological Survey of Nyasaland, 2.

Snelling, N. J. (1965). Age determinations on three African carbonatites. Nature, 205(4970), 491-491. doi.org/10.1038/205491a0

ⓘ Analcime

Formula: Na(AlSi₂O₆) · H₂O

References:

Garson, M.S. 1962. The Tundulu carbonatite ring-complex in southern Nyasaland. Memoir, Geological Survey of Nyasaland, 2.

Snelling, N. J. (1965). Age determinations on three African carbonatites. Nature, 205(4970), 491-491. doi.org/10.1038/205491a0

ⓘ Anatase

Formula: TiO₂

References:

Garson, M.S. 1962. The Tundulu carbonatite ring-complex in southern Nyasaland. Memoir, Geological Survey of Nyasaland, 2.

Snelling, N. J. (1965). Age determinations on three African carbonatites. Nature, 205(4970), 491-491. doi.org/10.1038/205491a0

Orris, G.J., and Grauch, R.I. (2002): USGS Open-File Report 02-189.

ⓘ Andradite

Formula: Ca₃Fe³⁺₂(SiO₄)₃

References:

Berger, V.I., Singer, D.A., and Orris, G.J. (2009): USGS Open-File Report 09-1139

ⓘ Andradite var. Melanite

Formula: Ca₃(Fe³⁺,Ti)₂(SiO₄)₃

References:

Garson, M.S. 1962. The Tundulu carbonatite ring-complex in southern Nyasaland. Memoir, Geological Survey of Nyasaland, 2.

Snelling, N. J. (1965). Age determinations on three African carbonatites. Nature, 205(4970), 491-491. doi.org/10.1038/205491a0

Berger, V.I., Singer, D.A., and Orris, G.J. (2009): USGS Open-File Report 09-1139

ⓘ Ankerite

Formula: Ca(Fe²⁺,Mg)(CO₃)₂

References:

Garson, M.S. 1962. The Tundulu carbonatite ring-complex in southern Nyasaland. Memoir, Geological Survey of Nyasaland, 2.

Snelling, N. J. (1965). Age determinations on three African carbonatites. Nature, 205(4970), 491-491. doi.org/10.1038/205491a0

Berger, V.I., Singer, D.A., and Orris, G.J. (2009): USGS Open-File Report 09-1139

ⓘ 'Apatite'

Formula: Ca₅(PO₄)₃(Cl/F/OH)

References:

Garson, M.S. 1962. The Tundulu carbonatite ring-complex in southern Nyasaland. Memoir, Geological Survey of Nyasaland, 2.

Snelling, N. J. (1965). Age determinations on three African carbonatites. Nature, 205(4970), 491-491. doi.org/10.1038/205491a0

Orris, G.J., and Grauch, R.I. (2002): USGS Open-File Report 02-189.

ⓘ Arfvedsonite

Formula: [Na][Na₂][Fe²⁺₄Fe³⁺]Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂

References:

Garson, M.S. 1962. The Tundulu carbonatite ring-complex in southern Nyasaland. Memoir, Geological Survey of Nyasaland, 2.

Snelling, N. J. (1965). Age determinations on three African carbonatites. Nature, 205(4970), 491-491. doi.org/10.1038/205491a0

ⓘ 'Barkevikite'

References:

Garson, M.S. 1962. The Tundulu carbonatite ring-complex in southern Nyasaland. Memoir, Geological Survey of Nyasaland, 2.

Snelling, N. J. (1965). Age determinations on three African carbonatites. Nature, 205(4970), 491-491. doi.org/10.1038/205491a0

ⓘ Baryte

Formula: BaSO₄

References:

Garson, M.S. 1962. The Tundulu carbonatite ring-complex in southern Nyasaland. Memoir, Geological Survey of Nyasaland, 2.

Snelling, N. J. (1965). Age determinations on three African carbonatites. Nature, 205(4970), 491-491. doi.org/10.1038/205491a0

Ngwenya, BT. (1994), Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta: 58(9): 2061-2072.

ⓘ 'Bastnäsite'

Formula: (Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO₃)F

References:

Garson, M.S. 1962. The Tundulu carbonatite ring-complex in southern Nyasaland. Memoir, Geological Survey of Nyasaland, 2.

Snelling, N. J. (1965). Age determinations on three African carbonatites. Nature, 205(4970), 491-491. doi.org/10.1038/205491a0

ⓘ Bastnäsite-(Ce)

Formula: Ce(CO₃)F

References:

Ngwenya, B. T. (1994): Hydrothermal rare earth mineralisation in carbonatites of the Tundulu complex, Malawi: processes at the fluid/rock interface. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 58, 2061-2072.

ⓘ 'Biotite'

Formula: K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂

References:

Garson, M.S. 1962. The Tundulu carbonatite ring-complex in southern Nyasaland. Memoir, Geological Survey of Nyasaland, 2.

Snelling, N. J. (1965). Age determinations on three African carbonatites. Nature, 205(4970), 491-491. doi.org/10.1038/205491a0

Berger, V.I., Singer, D.A., and Orris, G.J. (2009): USGS Open-File Report 09-1139

ⓘ Calcite

Formula: CaCO₃

References:

Garson, M.S. 1962. The Tundulu carbonatite ring-complex in southern Nyasaland. Memoir, Geological Survey of Nyasaland, 2.

Snelling, N. J. (1965). Age determinations on three African carbonatites. Nature, 205(4970), 491-491. doi.org/10.1038/205491a0

Orris, G.J., and Grauch, R.I. (2002): USGS Open-File Report 02-189.

ⓘ Cancrinite

Formula: (Na,Ca,◻)₈(Al₆Si₆O₂₄)(CO₃,SO₄)₂ · 2H₂O

References:

Garson, M.S. 1962. The Tundulu carbonatite ring-complex in southern Nyasaland. Memoir, Geological Survey of Nyasaland, 2.

Snelling, N. J. (1965). Age determinations on three African carbonatites. Nature, 205(4970), 491-491. doi.org/10.1038/205491a0

ⓘ Celestine

Formula: SrSO₄

References:

Garson, M.S. 1962. The Tundulu carbonatite ring-complex in southern Nyasaland. Memoir, Geological Survey of Nyasaland, 2.

Snelling, N. J. (1965). Age determinations on three African carbonatites. Nature, 205(4970), 491-491. doi.org/10.1038/205491a0

Berger, V.I., Singer, D.A., and Orris, G.J. (2009): USGS Open-File Report 09-1139

ⓘ Dolomite

Formula: CaMg(CO₃)₂

References:

Garson, M.S. 1962. The Tundulu carbonatite ring-complex in southern Nyasaland. Memoir, Geological Survey of Nyasaland, 2.

Snelling, N. J. (1965). Age determinations on three African carbonatites. Nature, 205(4970), 491-491. doi.org/10.1038/205491a0

Orris, G.J., and Grauch, R.I. (2002): USGS Open-File Report 02-189.

ⓘ 'Fayalite-Forsterite Series'

References:

Garson, M.S. 1962. The Tundulu carbonatite ring-complex in southern Nyasaland. Memoir, Geological Survey of Nyasaland, 2.

Snelling, N. J. (1965). Age determinations on three African carbonatites. Nature, 205(4970), 491-491. doi.org/10.1038/205491a0

ⓘ 'Feldspar Group'

References:

Garson, M.S. 1962. The Tundulu carbonatite ring-complex in southern Nyasaland. Memoir, Geological Survey of Nyasaland, 2.

Snelling, N. J. (1965). Age determinations on three African carbonatites. Nature, 205(4970), 491-491. doi.org/10.1038/205491a0

ⓘ 'Florencite'

References:

Garson, M.S. 1962. The Tundulu carbonatite ring-complex in southern Nyasaland. Memoir, Geological Survey of Nyasaland, 2.

Snelling, N. J. (1965). Age determinations on three African carbonatites. Nature, 205(4970), 491-491. doi.org/10.1038/205491a0

Berger, V.I., Singer, D.A., and Orris, G.J. (2009): USGS Open-File Report 09-1139

ⓘ Fluorite

Formula: CaF₂

References:

Garson, M.S. 1962. The Tundulu carbonatite ring-complex in southern Nyasaland. Memoir, Geological Survey of Nyasaland, 2.

Snelling, N. J. (1965). Age determinations on three African carbonatites. Nature, 205(4970), 491-491. doi.org/10.1038/205491a0

Berger, V.I., Singer, D.A., and Orris, G.J. (2009): USGS Open-File Report 09-1139

ⓘ Goethite

Formula: α-Fe³⁺O(OH)

References:

Berger, V.I., Singer, D.A., and Orris, G.J. (2009): USGS Open-File Report 09-1139

ⓘ Ilmenite

Formula: Fe²⁺TiO₃

References:

Garson, M.S. 1962. The Tundulu carbonatite ring-complex in southern Nyasaland. Memoir, Geological Survey of Nyasaland, 2.

Snelling, N. J. (1965). Age determinations on three African carbonatites. Nature, 205(4970), 491-491. doi.org/10.1038/205491a0

Berger, V.I., Singer, D.A., and Orris, G.J. (2009): USGS Open-File Report 09-1139

ⓘ 'K Feldspar'

References:

Garson, M.S. 1962. The Tundulu carbonatite ring-complex in southern Nyasaland. Memoir, Geological Survey of Nyasaland, 2.

Snelling, N. J. (1965). Age determinations on three African carbonatites. Nature, 205(4970), 491-491. doi.org/10.1038/205491a0

Berger, V.I., Singer, D.A., and Orris, G.J. (2009): USGS Open-File Report 09-1139

ⓘ Leucite

Formula: K(AlSi₂O₆)

References:

Garson, M.S. 1962. The Tundulu carbonatite ring-complex in southern Nyasaland. Memoir, Geological Survey of Nyasaland, 2.

Snelling, N. J. (1965). Age determinations on three African carbonatites. Nature, 205(4970), 491-491. doi.org/10.1038/205491a0

ⓘ Magnetite

Formula: Fe²⁺Fe³⁺₂O₄

References:

Garson, M.S. 1962. The Tundulu carbonatite ring-complex in southern Nyasaland. Memoir, Geological Survey of Nyasaland, 2.

Snelling, N. J. (1965). Age determinations on three African carbonatites. Nature, 205(4970), 491-491. doi.org/10.1038/205491a0

Berger, V.I., Singer, D.A., and Orris, G.J. (2009): USGS Open-File Report 09-1139

ⓘ Magnetite var. Titanium-bearing Magnetite

Formula: Fe²⁺(Fe³⁺,Ti)₂O₄

References:

Garson, M.S. 1962. The Tundulu carbonatite ring-complex in southern Nyasaland. Memoir, Geological Survey of Nyasaland, 2.

Snelling, N. J. (1965). Age determinations on three African carbonatites. Nature, 205(4970), 491-491. doi.org/10.1038/205491a0

ⓘ 'Melilite Group'

Formula: Ca₂M(XSiO₇)

References:

Garson, M.S. 1962. The Tundulu carbonatite ring-complex in southern Nyasaland. Memoir, Geological Survey of Nyasaland, 2.

Snelling, N. J. (1965). Age determinations on three African carbonatites. Nature, 205(4970), 491-491. doi.org/10.1038/205491a0

ⓘ 'Monazite'

Formula: REE(PO₄)

References:

Garson, M.S. 1962. The Tundulu carbonatite ring-complex in southern Nyasaland. Memoir, Geological Survey of Nyasaland, 2.

Snelling, N. J. (1965). Age determinations on three African carbonatites. Nature, 205(4970), 491-491. doi.org/10.1038/205491a0

Orris, G.J., and Grauch, R.I. (2002): USGS Open-File Report 02-189.

ⓘ Natrolite

Formula: Na₂Al₂Si₃O₁₀ · 2H₂O

References:

Garson, M.S. 1962. The Tundulu carbonatite ring-complex in southern Nyasaland. Memoir, Geological Survey of Nyasaland, 2.

Snelling, N. J. (1965). Age determinations on three African carbonatites. Nature, 205(4970), 491-491. doi.org/10.1038/205491a0

ⓘ Nepheline

Formula: Na₃K(Al₄Si₄O₁₆)

References:

Garson, M.S. 1962. The Tundulu carbonatite ring-complex in southern Nyasaland. Memoir, Geological Survey of Nyasaland, 2.

Snelling, N. J. (1965). Age determinations on three African carbonatites. Nature, 205(4970), 491-491. doi.org/10.1038/205491a0

ⓘ Orthoclase

Formula: K(AlSi₃O₈)

References:

Garson, M.S. 1962. The Tundulu carbonatite ring-complex in southern Nyasaland. Memoir, Geological Survey of Nyasaland, 2.

Snelling, N. J. (1965). Age determinations on three African carbonatites. Nature, 205(4970), 491-491. doi.org/10.1038/205491a0

ⓘ 'Parisite'

Formula: Ca(Ce/La/Nd/REE)₂(CO₃)₃F₂

References:

Garson, M.S. 1962. The Tundulu carbonatite ring-complex in southern Nyasaland. Memoir, Geological Survey of Nyasaland, 2.

Snelling, N. J. (1965). Age determinations on three African carbonatites. Nature, 205(4970), 491-491. doi.org/10.1038/205491a0

ⓘ Parisite-(Ce)

Formula: CaCe₂(CO₃)₃F₂

References:

Ngwenya, B. T. (1994): Hydrothermal rare earth mineralisation in carbonatites of the Tundulu complex, Malawi: processes at the fluid/rock interface. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 58, 2061-2072.

ⓘ 'Pseudoleucite'

References:

Garson, M.S. 1962. The Tundulu carbonatite ring-complex in southern Nyasaland. Memoir, Geological Survey of Nyasaland, 2.

Snelling, N. J. (1965). Age determinations on three African carbonatites. Nature, 205(4970), 491-491. doi.org/10.1038/205491a0

ⓘ 'Pyrochlore Group'

Formula: A₂Nb₂(O,OH)₆Z

References:

Garson, M.S. 1962. The Tundulu carbonatite ring-complex in southern Nyasaland. Memoir, Geological Survey of Nyasaland, 2.

Snelling, N. J. (1965). Age determinations on three African carbonatites. Nature, 205(4970), 491-491. doi.org/10.1038/205491a0

Orris, G.J., and Grauch, R.I. (2002): USGS Open-File Report 02-189.

ⓘ 'Pyroxene Group'

Formula: ADSi₂O₆

References:

Garson, M.S. 1962. The Tundulu carbonatite ring-complex in southern Nyasaland. Memoir, Geological Survey of Nyasaland, 2.

Snelling, N. J. (1965). Age determinations on three African carbonatites. Nature, 205(4970), 491-491. doi.org/10.1038/205491a0

ⓘ Quartz

Formula: SiO₂

References:

Garson, M.S. 1962. The Tundulu carbonatite ring-complex in southern Nyasaland. Memoir, Geological Survey of Nyasaland, 2.

Snelling, N. J. (1965). Age determinations on three African carbonatites. Nature, 205(4970), 491-491. doi.org/10.1038/205491a0

Berger, V.I., Singer, D.A., and Orris, G.J. (2009): USGS Open-File Report 09-1139

ⓘ 'Rhombohedral Carbonate'

Formula: (Ca/Mg/Fe/Mn etc)CO₃

References:

Garson, M.S. 1962. The Tundulu carbonatite ring-complex in southern Nyasaland. Memoir, Geological Survey of Nyasaland, 2.

Snelling, N. J. (1965). Age determinations on three African carbonatites. Nature, 205(4970), 491-491. doi.org/10.1038/205491a0

ⓘ Sanidine

Formula: K(AlSi₃O₈)

References:

Garson, M.S. 1962. The Tundulu carbonatite ring-complex in southern Nyasaland. Memoir, Geological Survey of Nyasaland, 2.

Snelling, N. J. (1965). Age determinations on three African carbonatites. Nature, 205(4970), 491-491. doi.org/10.1038/205491a0

ⓘ Siderite

Formula: FeCO₃

References:

Garson, M.S. 1962. The Tundulu carbonatite ring-complex in southern Nyasaland. Memoir, Geological Survey of Nyasaland, 2.

Snelling, N. J. (1965). Age determinations on three African carbonatites. Nature, 205(4970), 491-491. doi.org/10.1038/205491a0

Berger, V.I., Singer, D.A., and Orris, G.J. (2009): USGS Open-File Report 09-1139

ⓘ 'Sodic amphibole'

References:

Garson, M.S. 1962. The Tundulu carbonatite ring-complex in southern Nyasaland. Memoir, Geological Survey of Nyasaland, 2.

Snelling, N. J. (1965). Age determinations on three African carbonatites. Nature, 205(4970), 491-491. doi.org/10.1038/205491a0

ⓘ Strontianite

Formula: SrCO₃

References:

Garson, M.S. 1962. The Tundulu carbonatite ring-complex in southern Nyasaland. Memoir, Geological Survey of Nyasaland, 2.

Snelling, N. J. (1965). Age determinations on three African carbonatites. Nature, 205(4970), 491-491. doi.org/10.1038/205491a0

Orris, G.J., and Grauch, R.I. (2002): USGS Open-File Report 02-189.

ⓘ 'Synchysite'

Formula: Ca(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO₃)₂F

References:

Garson, M.S. 1962. The Tundulu carbonatite ring-complex in southern Nyasaland. Memoir, Geological Survey of Nyasaland, 2.

Snelling, N. J. (1965). Age determinations on three African carbonatites. Nature, 205(4970), 491-491. doi.org/10.1038/205491a0

ⓘ Synchysite-(Ce)

Formula: CaCe(CO₃)₂F

References:

Ngwenya, B. T. (1994): Hydrothermal rare earth mineralisation in carbonatites of the Tundulu complex, Malawi: processes at the fluid/rock interface. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 58, 2061-2072.

ⓘ Titanite

Formula: CaTi(SiO₄)O

References:

Garson, M.S. 1962. The Tundulu carbonatite ring-complex in southern Nyasaland. Memoir, Geological Survey of Nyasaland, 2.

Snelling, N. J. (1965). Age determinations on three African carbonatites. Nature, 205(4970), 491-491. doi.org/10.1038/205491a0

Berger, V.I., Singer, D.A., and Orris, G.J. (2009): USGS Open-File Report 09-1139

Gallery:

List of minerals arranged by Strunz 10th Edition classification

Group 3 - Halides
ⓘ	Fluorite	3.AB.25	CaF₂
Group 4 - Oxides and Hydroxides
ⓘ	'Pyrochlore Group'	4.00.	A₂Nb₂(O,OH)₆Z
ⓘ	Goethite	4.00.	α-Fe³⁺O(OH)
ⓘ	Magnetite var. Titanium-bearing Magnetite	4.BB.05	Fe²⁺(Fe³⁺,Ti)₂O₄
ⓘ		4.BB.05	Fe²⁺Fe³⁺₂O₄
ⓘ	Ilmenite	4.CB.05	Fe²⁺TiO₃
ⓘ	Quartz	4.DA.05	SiO₂
ⓘ	Anatase	4.DD.05	TiO₂
Group 5 - Nitrates and Carbonates
ⓘ	Siderite	5.AB.05	FeCO₃
ⓘ	Calcite	5.AB.05	CaCO₃
ⓘ	Ankerite	5.AB.10	Ca(Fe²⁺,Mg)(CO₃)₂
ⓘ	Dolomite	5.AB.10	CaMg(CO₃)₂
ⓘ	Strontianite	5.AB.15	SrCO₃
ⓘ	Bastnäsite-(Ce)	5.BD.20a	Ce(CO₃)F
ⓘ	Parisite-(Ce)	5.BD.20b	CaCe₂(CO₃)₃F₂
ⓘ	Synchysite-(Ce)	5.BD.20c	CaCe(CO₃)₂F
Group 7 - Sulphates, Chromates, Molybdates and Tungstates
ⓘ	Celestine	7.AD.35	SrSO₄
ⓘ	Baryte	7.AD.35	BaSO₄
Group 9 - Silicates
ⓘ	Andradite	9.AD.25	Ca₃Fe³⁺₂(SiO₄)₃
ⓘ	var. Melanite	9.AD.25	Ca₃(Fe³⁺,Ti)₂(SiO₄)₃
ⓘ	Titanite	9.AG.15	CaTi(SiO₄)O
ⓘ	Aegirine-augite	9.DA.20	(Na_aCa_bFe²⁺_cMg_d)(Fe³⁺_eAl_fFe²⁺_gMg_h)Si₂O₆
ⓘ	Aegirine	9.DA.25	NaFe³⁺Si₂O₆
ⓘ	Arfvedsonite	9.DE.25	[Na][Na₂][Fe²⁺₄Fe³⁺]Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂
ⓘ	Nepheline	9.FA.05	Na₃K(Al₄Si₄O₁₆)
ⓘ	Sanidine	9.FA.30	K(AlSi₃O₈)
ⓘ	Orthoclase	9.FA.30	K(AlSi₃O₈)
ⓘ	Cancrinite	9.FB.05	(Na,Ca,◻)₈(Al₆Si₆O₂₄)(CO₃,SO₄)₂ · 2H₂O
ⓘ	Natrolite	9.GA.05	Na₂Al₂Si₃O₁₀ · 2H₂O
ⓘ	Analcime	9.GB.05	Na(AlSi₂O₆) · H₂O
ⓘ	Leucite	9.GB.05	K(AlSi₂O₆)
Unclassified
ⓘ	'Monazite'	-	REE(PO₄)
ⓘ	'K Feldspar'	-
ⓘ	'Sodic amphibole'	-
ⓘ	'Pseudoleucite'	-
ⓘ	'Melilite Group'	-	Ca₂M(XSiO₇)
ⓘ	'Apatite'	-	Ca₅(PO₄)₃(Cl/F/OH)
ⓘ	'Florencite'	-
ⓘ	'Pyroxene Group'	-	ADSi₂O₆
ⓘ	'Synchysite'	-	Ca(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO₃)₂F
ⓘ	'Fayalite-Forsterite Series'	-
ⓘ	'Alkali Feldspar'	-
ⓘ	'Parisite'	-	Ca(Ce/La/Nd/REE)₂(CO₃)₃F₂
ⓘ	'Barkevikite'	-
ⓘ	'Bastnäsite'	-	(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO₃)F
ⓘ	'Biotite'	-	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
ⓘ	'Feldspar Group'	-
ⓘ	'Rhombohedral Carbonate'	-	(Ca/Mg/Fe/Mn etc)CO₃

List of minerals for each chemical element

H	Hydrogen
H	ⓘ Analcime	Na(AlSi₂O₆) · H₂O
H	ⓘ Arfvedsonite	[Na][Na₂][Fe₄²⁺Fe³⁺]Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂
H	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
H	ⓘ Cancrinite	(Na,Ca,◻)₈(Al₆Si₆O₂₄)(CO₃,SO₄)₂ · 2H₂O
H	ⓘ Goethite	α-Fe³⁺O(OH)
H	ⓘ Natrolite	Na₂Al₂Si₃O₁₀ · 2H₂O
H	ⓘ Pyrochlore Group	A₂Nb₂(O,OH)₆Z
H	ⓘ Apatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃(Cl/F/OH)
C	Carbon
C	ⓘ Ankerite	Ca(Fe²⁺,Mg)(CO₃)₂
C	ⓘ Bastnäsite-(Ce)	Ce(CO₃)F
C	ⓘ Bastnäsite	(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO₃)F
C	ⓘ Calcite	CaCO₃
C	ⓘ Cancrinite	(Na,Ca,◻)₈(Al₆Si₆O₂₄)(CO₃,SO₄)₂ · 2H₂O
C	ⓘ Dolomite	CaMg(CO₃)₂
C	ⓘ Parisite-(Ce)	CaCe₂(CO₃)₃F₂
C	ⓘ Siderite	FeCO₃
C	ⓘ Strontianite	SrCO₃
C	ⓘ Synchysite-(Ce)	CaCe(CO₃)₂F
C	ⓘ Parisite	Ca(Ce/La/Nd/REE)₂(CO₃)₃F₂
C	ⓘ Synchysite	Ca(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO₃)₂F
C	ⓘ Rhombohedral Carbonate	(Ca/Mg/Fe/Mn etc)CO₃
O	Oxygen
O	ⓘ Aegirine	NaFe³⁺Si₂O₆
O	ⓘ Aegirine-augite	(Na_aCa_bFe_c²⁺Mg_d)(Fe_e³⁺Al_fFe_g²⁺Mg_h)Si₂O₆
O	ⓘ Analcime	Na(AlSi₂O₆) · H₂O
O	ⓘ Anatase	TiO₂
O	ⓘ Andradite	Ca₃Fe₂³⁺(SiO₄)₃
O	ⓘ Ankerite	Ca(Fe²⁺,Mg)(CO₃)₂
O	ⓘ Arfvedsonite	[Na][Na₂][Fe₄²⁺Fe³⁺]Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂
O	ⓘ Baryte	BaSO₄
O	ⓘ Bastnäsite-(Ce)	Ce(CO₃)F
O	ⓘ Bastnäsite	(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO₃)F
O	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
O	ⓘ Calcite	CaCO₃
O	ⓘ Cancrinite	(Na,Ca,◻)₈(Al₆Si₆O₂₄)(CO₃,SO₄)₂ · 2H₂O
O	ⓘ Celestine	SrSO₄
O	ⓘ Dolomite	CaMg(CO₃)₂
O	ⓘ Goethite	α-Fe³⁺O(OH)
O	ⓘ Ilmenite	Fe²⁺TiO₃
O	ⓘ Leucite	K(AlSi₂O₆)
O	ⓘ Magnetite	Fe²⁺Fe₂³⁺O₄
O	ⓘ Monazite	REE(PO₄)
O	ⓘ Nepheline	Na₃K(Al₄Si₄O₁₆)
O	ⓘ Natrolite	Na₂Al₂Si₃O₁₀ · 2H₂O
O	ⓘ Orthoclase	K(AlSi₃O₈)
O	ⓘ Parisite-(Ce)	CaCe₂(CO₃)₃F₂
O	ⓘ Pyrochlore Group	A₂Nb₂(O,OH)₆Z
O	ⓘ Quartz	SiO₂
O	ⓘ Sanidine	K(AlSi₃O₈)
O	ⓘ Siderite	FeCO₃
O	ⓘ Strontianite	SrCO₃
O	ⓘ Synchysite-(Ce)	CaCe(CO₃)₂F
O	ⓘ Titanite	CaTi(SiO₄)O
O	ⓘ Magnetite var. Titanium-bearing Magnetite	Fe²⁺(Fe³⁺,Ti)₂O₄
O	ⓘ Parisite	Ca(Ce/La/Nd/REE)₂(CO₃)₃F₂
O	ⓘ Andradite var. Melanite	Ca₃(Fe³⁺,Ti)₂(SiO₄)₃
O	ⓘ Synchysite	Ca(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO₃)₂F
O	ⓘ Pyroxene Group	ADSi₂O₆
O	ⓘ Apatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃(Cl/F/OH)
O	ⓘ Melilite Group	Ca₂M(XSiO₇)
O	ⓘ Rhombohedral Carbonate	(Ca/Mg/Fe/Mn etc)CO₃
F	Fluorine
F	ⓘ Bastnäsite-(Ce)	Ce(CO₃)F
F	ⓘ Bastnäsite	(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO₃)F
F	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
F	ⓘ Fluorite	CaF₂
F	ⓘ Parisite-(Ce)	CaCe₂(CO₃)₃F₂
F	ⓘ Synchysite-(Ce)	CaCe(CO₃)₂F
F	ⓘ Parisite	Ca(Ce/La/Nd/REE)₂(CO₃)₃F₂
F	ⓘ Synchysite	Ca(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO₃)₂F
F	ⓘ Apatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃(Cl/F/OH)
Na	Sodium
Na	ⓘ Aegirine	NaFe³⁺Si₂O₆
Na	ⓘ Aegirine-augite	(Na_aCa_bFe_c²⁺Mg_d)(Fe_e³⁺Al_fFe_g²⁺Mg_h)Si₂O₆
Na	ⓘ Analcime	Na(AlSi₂O₆) · H₂O
Na	ⓘ Arfvedsonite	[Na][Na₂][Fe₄²⁺Fe³⁺]Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂
Na	ⓘ Cancrinite	(Na,Ca,◻)₈(Al₆Si₆O₂₄)(CO₃,SO₄)₂ · 2H₂O
Na	ⓘ Nepheline	Na₃K(Al₄Si₄O₁₆)
Na	ⓘ Natrolite	Na₂Al₂Si₃O₁₀ · 2H₂O
Mg	Magnesium
Mg	ⓘ Aegirine-augite	(Na_aCa_bFe_c²⁺Mg_d)(Fe_e³⁺Al_fFe_g²⁺Mg_h)Si₂O₆
Mg	ⓘ Ankerite	Ca(Fe²⁺,Mg)(CO₃)₂
Mg	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
Mg	ⓘ Dolomite	CaMg(CO₃)₂
Mg	ⓘ Rhombohedral Carbonate	(Ca/Mg/Fe/Mn etc)CO₃
Al	Aluminium
Al	ⓘ Aegirine-augite	(Na_aCa_bFe_c²⁺Mg_d)(Fe_e³⁺Al_fFe_g²⁺Mg_h)Si₂O₆
Al	ⓘ Analcime	Na(AlSi₂O₆) · H₂O
Al	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
Al	ⓘ Cancrinite	(Na,Ca,◻)₈(Al₆Si₆O₂₄)(CO₃,SO₄)₂ · 2H₂O
Al	ⓘ Leucite	K(AlSi₂O₆)
Al	ⓘ Nepheline	Na₃K(Al₄Si₄O₁₆)
Al	ⓘ Natrolite	Na₂Al₂Si₃O₁₀ · 2H₂O
Al	ⓘ Orthoclase	K(AlSi₃O₈)
Al	ⓘ Sanidine	K(AlSi₃O₈)
Si	Silicon
Si	ⓘ Aegirine	NaFe³⁺Si₂O₆
Si	ⓘ Aegirine-augite	(Na_aCa_bFe_c²⁺Mg_d)(Fe_e³⁺Al_fFe_g²⁺Mg_h)Si₂O₆
Si	ⓘ Analcime	Na(AlSi₂O₆) · H₂O
Si	ⓘ Andradite	Ca₃Fe₂³⁺(SiO₄)₃
Si	ⓘ Arfvedsonite	[Na][Na₂][Fe₄²⁺Fe³⁺]Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂
Si	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
Si	ⓘ Cancrinite	(Na,Ca,◻)₈(Al₆Si₆O₂₄)(CO₃,SO₄)₂ · 2H₂O
Si	ⓘ Leucite	K(AlSi₂O₆)
Si	ⓘ Nepheline	Na₃K(Al₄Si₄O₁₆)
Si	ⓘ Natrolite	Na₂Al₂Si₃O₁₀ · 2H₂O
Si	ⓘ Orthoclase	K(AlSi₃O₈)
Si	ⓘ Quartz	SiO₂
Si	ⓘ Sanidine	K(AlSi₃O₈)
Si	ⓘ Titanite	CaTi(SiO₄)O
Si	ⓘ Andradite var. Melanite	Ca₃(Fe³⁺,Ti)₂(SiO₄)₃
Si	ⓘ Pyroxene Group	ADSi₂O₆
Si	ⓘ Melilite Group	Ca₂M(XSiO₇)
P	Phosphorus
P	ⓘ Monazite	REE(PO₄)
P	ⓘ Apatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃(Cl/F/OH)
S	Sulfur
S	ⓘ Baryte	BaSO₄
S	ⓘ Cancrinite	(Na,Ca,◻)₈(Al₆Si₆O₂₄)(CO₃,SO₄)₂ · 2H₂O
S	ⓘ Celestine	SrSO₄
Cl	Chlorine
Cl	ⓘ Apatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃(Cl/F/OH)
K	Potassium
K	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
K	ⓘ Leucite	K(AlSi₂O₆)
K	ⓘ Nepheline	Na₃K(Al₄Si₄O₁₆)
K	ⓘ Orthoclase	K(AlSi₃O₈)
K	ⓘ Sanidine	K(AlSi₃O₈)
Ca	Calcium
Ca	ⓘ Aegirine-augite	(Na_aCa_bFe_c²⁺Mg_d)(Fe_e³⁺Al_fFe_g²⁺Mg_h)Si₂O₆
Ca	ⓘ Andradite	Ca₃Fe₂³⁺(SiO₄)₃
Ca	ⓘ Ankerite	Ca(Fe²⁺,Mg)(CO₃)₂
Ca	ⓘ Calcite	CaCO₃
Ca	ⓘ Cancrinite	(Na,Ca,◻)₈(Al₆Si₆O₂₄)(CO₃,SO₄)₂ · 2H₂O
Ca	ⓘ Dolomite	CaMg(CO₃)₂
Ca	ⓘ Fluorite	CaF₂
Ca	ⓘ Parisite-(Ce)	CaCe₂(CO₃)₃F₂
Ca	ⓘ Synchysite-(Ce)	CaCe(CO₃)₂F
Ca	ⓘ Titanite	CaTi(SiO₄)O
Ca	ⓘ Parisite	Ca(Ce/La/Nd/REE)₂(CO₃)₃F₂
Ca	ⓘ Andradite var. Melanite	Ca₃(Fe³⁺,Ti)₂(SiO₄)₃
Ca	ⓘ Synchysite	Ca(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO₃)₂F
Ca	ⓘ Apatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃(Cl/F/OH)
Ca	ⓘ Melilite Group	Ca₂M(XSiO₇)
Ca	ⓘ Rhombohedral Carbonate	(Ca/Mg/Fe/Mn etc)CO₃
Ti	Titanium
Ti	ⓘ Anatase	TiO₂
Ti	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
Ti	ⓘ Ilmenite	Fe²⁺TiO₃
Ti	ⓘ Titanite	CaTi(SiO₄)O
Ti	ⓘ Magnetite var. Titanium-bearing Magnetite	Fe²⁺(Fe³⁺,Ti)₂O₄
Ti	ⓘ Andradite var. Melanite	Ca₃(Fe³⁺,Ti)₂(SiO₄)₃
Mn	Manganese
Mn	ⓘ Rhombohedral Carbonate	(Ca/Mg/Fe/Mn etc)CO₃
Fe	Iron
Fe	ⓘ Aegirine	NaFe³⁺Si₂O₆
Fe	ⓘ Aegirine-augite	(Na_aCa_bFe_c²⁺Mg_d)(Fe_e³⁺Al_fFe_g²⁺Mg_h)Si₂O₆
Fe	ⓘ Andradite	Ca₃Fe₂³⁺(SiO₄)₃
Fe	ⓘ Ankerite	Ca(Fe²⁺,Mg)(CO₃)₂
Fe	ⓘ Arfvedsonite	[Na][Na₂][Fe₄²⁺Fe³⁺]Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂
Fe	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
Fe	ⓘ Goethite	α-Fe³⁺O(OH)
Fe	ⓘ Ilmenite	Fe²⁺TiO₃
Fe	ⓘ Magnetite	Fe²⁺Fe₂³⁺O₄
Fe	ⓘ Siderite	FeCO₃
Fe	ⓘ Magnetite var. Titanium-bearing Magnetite	Fe²⁺(Fe³⁺,Ti)₂O₄
Fe	ⓘ Andradite var. Melanite	Ca₃(Fe³⁺,Ti)₂(SiO₄)₃
Fe	ⓘ Rhombohedral Carbonate	(Ca/Mg/Fe/Mn etc)CO₃
Sr	Strontium
Sr	ⓘ Celestine	SrSO₄
Sr	ⓘ Strontianite	SrCO₃
Y	Yttrium
Y	ⓘ Bastnäsite	(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO₃)F
Y	ⓘ Synchysite	Ca(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO₃)₂F
Nb	Niobium
Nb	ⓘ Pyrochlore Group	A₂Nb₂(O,OH)₆Z
Ba	Barium
Ba	ⓘ Baryte	BaSO₄
La	Lanthanum
La	ⓘ Parisite	Ca(Ce/La/Nd/REE)₂(CO₃)₃F₂
Ce	Cerium
Ce	ⓘ Bastnäsite-(Ce)	Ce(CO₃)F
Ce	ⓘ Bastnäsite	(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO₃)F
Ce	ⓘ Parisite-(Ce)	CaCe₂(CO₃)₃F₂
Ce	ⓘ Synchysite-(Ce)	CaCe(CO₃)₂F
Ce	ⓘ Parisite	Ca(Ce/La/Nd/REE)₂(CO₃)₃F₂
Ce	ⓘ Synchysite	Ca(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO₃)₂F
Nd	Neodymium
Nd	ⓘ Bastnäsite	(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO₃)F
Nd	ⓘ Parisite	Ca(Ce/La/Nd/REE)₂(CO₃)₃F₂
Nd	ⓘ Synchysite	Ca(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO₃)₂F

Geochronology

Mineralization age: Early/Lower Cretaceous : 140 Ma to 126 Ma

Important note: This table is based only on rock and mineral ages recorded on mindat.org for this locality and is not necessarily a complete representation of the geochronology, but does give an indication of possible mineralization events relevant to this locality. As more age information is added this table may expand in the future. A break in the table simply indicates a lack of data entered here, not necessarily a break in the geologic sequence. Grey background entries are from different, related, localities.

Geologic Time

Rocks, Minerals and Events

Phanerozoic

Mesozoic

Cretaceous

Early/Lower Cretaceous

ⓘ Søvite (youngest age)	126 Ma
ⓘ Biotite (youngest age)	126 Ma
ⓘ Søvite (oldest age)	140 Ma
ⓘ Biotite (oldest age)	140 Ma

Other Regions, Features and Areas containing this locality

Africa

East African Rift System (EARS)Zone (Tectonic)

Somali PlateTectonic Plate

This page contains all mineral locality references listed on mindat.org. This does not claim to be a complete list. If you know of more minerals from this site, please register so you can add to our database. This locality information is for reference purposes only. You should never attempt to visit any sites listed in mindat.org without first ensuring that you have the permission of the land and/or mineral rights holders for access and that you are aware of all safety precautions necessary.

References

Garson, M.S. 1962. The Tundulu carbonatite ring-complex in southern Nyasaland. Memoir, Geological Survey of Nyasaland, 2.

Snelling, N. J. (1965). Age determinations on three African carbonatites. Nature, 205(4970), 491-491. doi.org/10.1038/205491a0

Woolley, A.R. (1987): Lithosphere metasomatism and the petrogenesis of the Chilwa Province of alkaline igneous rocks and carbonatites, Malawi. Journal Afr. Earth Sci. 6, 891-898.

Ngwenya, B.T. (1994): Hydrothermal rare earth mineralization in carbonatites of the Tundulu complex, Malawi: processes at the fluid/rock interface. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 58, 2061-2072. doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(94)90285-2

Eby, G.N., Roden-Tice, M., Kreuger, H.L., Ewing, W., Faxon, E.H., and Woolley, A.R. (1995): Geochronology and cooling history of the northern part of the Chilwa alkaline province, Malawi. Journal Afr. Earth Sci. 20, 275-288.

Woolley, A. R. (2001). Alkaline rocks and carbonatites of the world. Part 3: Africa. Geological Society. Natural History Museum, London, p. 171.

Orris, G.J., and Grauch, R.I. (2002): Rare earth element mines, deposits, and occurrences. USGS Open-File Report 02-189.

Berger, V.I., Singer, D.A., and Orris, G.J. (2009): Carbonatites of the World. Explored Deposits of Nb and REE - Database and Grade and Tonnage Models. USGS Open-File Report 09-1139.

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Tundulu Complex, Phalombe, Southern Region, MalawiiRegional Level TypesTundulu ComplexComplex PhalombeDistrict Southern RegionRegion MalawiCountry function showexplain() { $("#locexplain").toggle(); if (typeof movemap === "function") movemap(); }

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Detailed Mineral List:

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List of minerals arranged by Strunz 10th Edition classification

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Geochronology

Other Regions, Features and Areas containing this locality

References

Tundulu Complex, Phalombe, Southern Region, Malawi i
Regional Level Types
Tundulu Complex Complex
Phalombe District
Southern Region Region
Malawi Country