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| OFVIRGINIA PARTMENT OF MINES, MINERALS AND Richmond, Virginia Published quarterly by the DIVISION OF MINERAL...AND HISTORY OF CONFEDERATE SALTPETER CAVE OPERATIONS IN WESTERN VIRGINIA Robert C. Whisonant Department...of saltpetercaves, the South built a first-rate niter and gunpowderindustry almost fkom the groundup....199th; 1997; 1998;2000), looks at the geology of cave niter deposits, and the use of this invaluable strategicmaterialto...gunpowder was potassium nitrate, derived fiom niter or saltpeter as it was called (Figure 1). Each powder |
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| left). Calcite, 5.5 cm high, Elmwood mine, Smith County. Terry Huizing specimen, Jeff Scovil photo. Figure...(above). Fluorite, 13.1 cm wide, Elmwood mine, Smith County. Francis Benjamin specimen, Jeff Scovil photo....Smith County. Terry Huizing specimen and photo. Figure 4 (right). Cumberland mine, Smith County. Travis...Travis Paris photo (2004). Figure 5 (far right page). Map of the counties in Tennessee, prepared by William...nitrates extracted from cave earths to make saltpeter, at Nicojack Cave in Marion County, then nitromagnesite |
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| «<> «» «,» 9 * * « « * < » «« « CONTENTS Page ** Introduction. ___________________ ___________________________...nitrate deposits_________ _-_.-_________._____ _ Cave deposits... .. __________ _____________________...___ ____.__._ Lawrence County.. ___ ________________ ________ Winston County... _.__ _______________________..._____________________________ Cochise County _______ _ _________ ___ ____ Coconino County..... _________________________________...._ ._ Greenlee County Pinal County __ ._ .. _____________ ________ Santa Cruz County _ --_-________---___-_---_ |
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| the cover—Turquois crystals from Lynch Station, Virginia; x ca.; pho tograph by Neal Ycdlin; color plates...C. A. Michael. COLD NUGGET FROM SPOTSYLVANIA COUNTY: Longest dimension approximately 13 cm., photograph...of Virginia R. V. DIETRICH* Professor of Geology and Associate Dean of Arts & Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic...Polytechnic Institute Research Division Bulletin 47 Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, Va. 24061 *... © R. V. Dietrich and the Research Division of Virginia Polytechnic Institute, 1970 Printed and bound |
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| NITRATES IN CAVE EARTHS A NEWtheory of the origin of nitrates in cave earths has been recently propounded...bacteria in the soil above, and that they enter the cave with the seepage through the roof and are deposited...dryer parts of the cave. In other words the dry galleries and chambers of a cave serve as a gigantic...statement that bats never go far from the mouth of the cave, while many analyses (not quoted) show that the...are distributed through the dry chambers of the cave. This would seem to be decisive if rigorously verified |
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| more than 6,200 recorded caves; and To the show cave developers of Missouri, who have made it possible...underground and enjoy the won¬ ders and curiosities of the Cave State. \ ^* i. r♦ • t «■I; %* Ji i * I ...Prehistoric Times.6 j. Spooky Burials.12 4. Saltpeter and Gunpowder.18 5. Bear Hunting.25 6. Farm and...77 13. Show Caves 84 X Contents 14. Cave Men and Cave Women.96 15. Changing Attitudes .108 16...The Mystique of Caves.119 Appendix: The Twelve Cave Regions of Missouri .125 For More Reading .143 Index |
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| LX VII.-No. 184.5. NATURAL ďż˝ RESOURCES OF VIRGINIA AND article to show a few of the many beautiful...beautiful views WEST BY B. I Saltpeter Cave, which has a peculiar history, is given with which both State...abound, rather than any of on another page. VIRGINIA. From this cave the confederate the many manufacturing...establishments which have I government obtained niter for use in manufacturing gunpowder, and it was guarded...varied resources, Virginia and West lately been so largely established. On this page is given one of many |
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| species of salts found in Searles Lake San Bernardino County, California, 282 268 269 Fish Lake, 268 Death...Lazulite, 354 Apatite, Phosphorites, 354 Nitrates, 354 Niter, 354 Fluorides, 354 Borates, 355 Colemanite, 355...Sylvite NaCl KC1 CaS0 4 Anhydrite Thenardite Soda Niter 3 Hemi-hydrates are also known, such as the common...Sulphate -nitrates: Bengal saltpeter or potash niter Chile saltpeter or soda niter Nitrobarite (Ba(NO 3 )...lagoon, Salina Grandes (Argentina). Bengal Saltpeter. See Saltpeter. Bischofite. MgCl 2 .6H 2 O; monoclinic; |
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| Occurrence in Carroll County, Georgia" (November/December 1988). Banks County 184 ROCKS & MINERALS...Bentley provided many of the photographs. Baldwin County Milledgeville district—between the State Sanitarium...pit—east of S.R. 243 near the Baldwin-Wilkerson County line: kaolinite (Martin and Stafford, 1972). Cheatham...property—Route 3, Commerce, 4.8 km from the Jackson County line, 8 km east of Commerce on S.R. 59, and 0.8...[University of Calgary] at 09:55 07 August 2017 Barrow County Arnold mine—1.6 km northeast of Statham, near the |
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| Encyclopedia of Caves This page intentionally left blank Encyclopedia of Caves Third Edition Edited...evolution in other light-insulated environments Cave-adaptive evolution in nonanimal clades Bibliography...Introduction Behavioral evolution in the cave—how behaviors differ between cave species and their epigean relatives...relatives How and why do behaviors evolve in the cave? Bibliography 24 24 28 32 5. Adaptation: Morphological...William K. Jones and Lee F. Elliott Introduction Cave art in Europe Bibliography Rudi Verovnik and Marjeta |
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| COVER PHOTO : Gold nugget from Dukes Creek, White County, weight 5 oz., 12 dwt., approx. 2x. BACK COVER...approx. 1.5x. Lower left - Goethite from Pulaski County, approx. lx. Right - Magnetite crystal face showing...Geologist and Division Director ATLANTA 1978 CONTENTS Page Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 44 44 47 49 50 Page Braunite .......................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Niter ............................................... |
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| Rock Hounds in the United States Table of Contents Page Preface...........................................Location Guide for Rock Hounds in the United States Page Ohio .......................................................................................408 Virginia .....................................................................................431 West Virginia ................................................rights, so remember you were told. If in doubt, a county map will tell you who the legal owner is. Good |
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| Rock Hounds in the United States Table of Contents Page Preface.....................................................................................408 Virginia .....................................................................................429 West Virginia ................................................rights, so remember you were told. If in doubt, a county map will tell you who the legal owner is. Good...gemmy qualities for cutting and polishing. AUTAUGA COUNTY PRATTVILLE, N. 6 mi., and just E of the Birmingham |
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| Cave and Karst Systems of the World Gheorghe M. L. Ponta Bogdan P. Onac Editors Cave and Karst Systems...Romania Cave and Karst Systems of the World Series editor James W. LaMoreaux, Tuscaloosa, USA More information...com/series/11987 Gheorghe M. L. Ponta Bogdan P. Onac Editors Cave and Karst Systems of Romania 123 Editors Gheorghe...Tuscaloosa, AL USA Bogdan P. Onac School of Geosciences University of South Florida Tampa, FL USA and “Emil...Romania ISSN 2364-4591 ISSN 2364-4605 (electronic) Cave and Karst Systems of the World ISBN 978-3-319-90745-1 |
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| Hamilton-Smith, Chair IUCN/WCPA Working Group on Cave and Karst Protection Alexander Klimchouk, Institute...the 100 m deep “Lost World” entrance to Mangapu Cave, Waitomo, New Zealand. (Photo by John Gunn) Stalactites...and stalagmites in “Castle Grotto”, Hollow Hill Cave, Waitomo, New Zealand. (Photo by John Gunn) A fine...(Photo by John Gunn) Classic hand silhouettes in the cave of Ujung Bulo in Sulawesi, Indonesia. (Photo by...(continent, country, region, or individual site or cave) reflecting the Advisory Board’s opinions as to |
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| GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Bulletin No. 24 1962 This page has been intentionally left blank. STATE OF INDIANA...and Record Clerk This page has been intentionally left blank. 5 CONTENTS Page Introduction 7 Explanation.... .. . . . . . . . . . . 21 Index 329 This page has been intentionally left blank. ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY...the common geologic publications were searched page by page for references to Indiana geology, and many...name of publication or journal, number of pages or page numbers, number of plates, number of figures, and |
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| JEFFERSON John C. Greene and John G. Burke CONTENTS PAGE I. Mineralogy becomes a science . II. Europe and...Margraff, for example, compared sodium nitrate and saltpeter, noting that the crystals of the two substances...and those of the fourth, epsomite and boracite. Saltpeter was a unique species of the first genus of the...have eight similar surfaces and included topaz, niter, and aragonite as examples. But in retaining mutually...discovered under the surface of the earth in Iredell County, North Carolina. Some specimens of rock from this |
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| Iprcss CHICAGO Contents of Volume VIIL NUMBER I. PAGE --------------- Suggestions Regarding the Classification...H. William Earths. Cavern in Nitrates of Origin County, Calcareous Concretions of Kettle Point, Lambton...liminary Report on the Copper-bearing Rocks of Douglas County, Wisconsin, by Ulysses Lower Huronian Sherman...Vertebrates from the Permian Bone Bed of Vermilion County, Illinois. E. C. Case - . . .--_.... Some... The dunite from syenites. Kentucky Elliott county, s is so low and so high in magnesia as to |
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| shez} abyssal See pluton1c ( a'b1s al 1 1 abyssal cave See submarrne fan / .'J b1s al 'kav) abyssal tan...needle- or hairl 1ke crystals on the roof or wall of a cave { 'an · th.3,dit} 14 antistress mineral anthoinite...hól) blowing cave A cave with an alternatrng a1r movement Also known as breathing cave. { :bló 11) :kav)...ª forrnation of calc1um carbonate occurnng in a cave Also known as clustente { ba tre,óicl 1 bottom 1...limb of a fold { 'brak ,thrast} breathing cave See blowing cave [ 'breth IIJ ,kav 1 breccia A rudo made |
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| Nebraska VT Vermont GA Georgia NV Nevada VA Virginia HI Hawaii NH New Hampshire WA Washington ...OK Oklahoma PR Puerto Rico Florida WV West Virginia Wisconsin 8 VI Virgin Islands Canada AB ...3 to 4.9 m) wide in the Albert Shale of Albert County, NB, Can. It is partly soluble in turpentine, but...gelatin dynamite See: gelatin dynamite ammonia niter Ammonium nitrate, NH4 NO3 ; nitrammite. Also spelled...iron sulfides, and antimony in a vein in Yavapai County, AZ. AGI d. A hypabyssal rock with 80% quartz, |
